Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2012715069', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.65.046138', 'title': 'Empirical macroscopic features of spatial-temporal traffic patterns at highway bottlenecks', 'display_name': 'Empirical macroscopic features of spatial-temporal traffic patterns at highway bottlenecks', 'publication_year': 2002, 'publication_date': '2002-04-10', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2012715069', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.65.046138', 'mag': '2012715069', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12005957'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.65.046138', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210224030', 'display_name': 'Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics', 'issn_l': '1063-651X', 'issn': ['1063-651X', '1095-3787', '1538-4519'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320261', 'host_organization_name': 'American Physical Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320261'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Physical Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5014449031', 'display_name': 'Boris S. Kerner', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0513-0982'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I891521709', 'display_name': 'Daimler (Germany)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00m0j3d84', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I891521709']}], 'countries': ['DE'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Boris S. Kerner', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['DaimlerChrysler AG, FT3/TN, HPC: E224, 70546 Stuttgart, Germany.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'DaimlerChrysler AG, FT3/TN, HPC: E224, 70546 Stuttgart, Germany.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I891521709']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5014449031'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I891521709'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 51.363, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 289, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999941, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 98, 'max': 99}, 'biblio': {'volume': '65', 'issue': '4', 'first_page': None, 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10524', 'display_name': 'Traffic control and management', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2207', 'display_name': 'Control and Systems Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10524', 'display_name': 'Traffic control and management', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2207', 'display_name': 'Control and Systems Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10698', 'display_name': 'Transportation Planning and Optimization', 'score': 0.9982, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3313', 'display_name': 'Transportation'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11344', 'display_name': 'Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques', 'score': 0.9944, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2215', 'display_name': 'Building and Construction'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121864883', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916', 'display_name': 'Statistical physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.44938982}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.4364121}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C22212356', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325', 'display_name': 'Transport engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3325138}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.29634255}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.11895546}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.65.046138', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210224030', 'display_name': 'Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics', 'issn_l': '1063-651X', 'issn': ['1063-651X', '1095-3787', '1538-4519'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320261', 'host_organization_name': 'American Physical Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320261'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Physical Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12005957', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11', 'score': 0.55, 'display_name': 'Sustainable cities and communities'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 49, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1533788422', 'https://openalex.org/W1584675869', 'https://openalex.org/W1963691321', 'https://openalex.org/W1965455100', 'https://openalex.org/W1968498936', 'https://openalex.org/W1968719911', 'https://openalex.org/W1972044564', 'https://openalex.org/W1978140063', 'https://openalex.org/W1979690402', 'https://openalex.org/W1992491240', 'https://openalex.org/W2000829296', 'https://openalex.org/W2001139752', 'https://openalex.org/W2001589752', 'https://openalex.org/W2003115879', 'https://openalex.org/W2005293697', 'https://openalex.org/W2006820335', 'https://openalex.org/W2013271219', 'https://openalex.org/W2014782710', 'https://openalex.org/W2018540745', 'https://openalex.org/W2019729492', 'https://openalex.org/W2023164023', 'https://openalex.org/W2026705304', 'https://openalex.org/W2029018781', 'https://openalex.org/W2029463466', 'https://openalex.org/W2037876392', 'https://openalex.org/W2046874192', 'https://openalex.org/W2047175273', 'https://openalex.org/W2049176600', 'https://openalex.org/W2051301244', 'https://openalex.org/W2052831528', 'https://openalex.org/W2053416550', 'https://openalex.org/W2059815818', 'https://openalex.org/W2061316140', 'https://openalex.org/W2062488183', 'https://openalex.org/W2071408492', 'https://openalex.org/W2071969188', 'https://openalex.org/W2072903146', 'https://openalex.org/W2073083225', 'https://openalex.org/W2073465262', 'https://openalex.org/W2077522608', 'https://openalex.org/W2081036000', 'https://openalex.org/W2089080831', 'https://openalex.org/W2094167530', 'https://openalex.org/W2095797625', 'https://openalex.org/W2114667889', 'https://openalex.org/W2124298315', 'https://openalex.org/W2128455957', 'https://openalex.org/W2149186431', 'https://openalex.org/W2963469840'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4391913857', 'https://openalex.org/W2748952813', 'https://openalex.org/W2530322880', 'https://openalex.org/W2478288626', 'https://openalex.org/W2390279801', 'https://openalex.org/W2382290278', 'https://openalex.org/W2376932109', 'https://openalex.org/W2358668433', 'https://openalex.org/W2350741829', 'https://openalex.org/W2001405890'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Results': [0], 'of': [1, 5, 22, 43, 51, 118, 124, 144, 188, 205, 221, 263, 266, 285], 'an': [2, 41, 66], 'empirical': [3, 217], 'study': [4], 'congested': [6, 23, 189, 358], 'patterns': [7, 24, 45, 53, 146, 190, 206, 359], 'measured': [8], 'during': [9], '1995-2001': [10], 'at': [11, 25, 65, 210, 336, 347], 'German': [12], 'highways': [13], 'are': [14, 208], 'presented.': [15], 'Based': [16], 'on': [17, 26, 134, 156, 274, 348], 'this': [18], 'study,': [19], 'various': [20], 'types': [21, 50, 204], 'and': [27, 40, 46, 98, 140, 196, 224, 288], 'off': [28, 337], 'ramps': [29, 338], 'have': [30, 37, 159], 'been': [31, 38, 57, 62, 138, 160, 182], 'identified,': [32], 'their': [33], 'macroscopic': [34], 'spatial-temporal': [35, 186], 'features': [36, 143], 'derived,': [39], 'evolution': [42, 123], 'those': [44], 'transformations': [47, 355], 'between': [48, 282, 356], 'different': [49, 357], 'the': [52, 80, 85, 129, 133, 165, 185, 201, 216, 219, 222, 225, 234, 237, 241, 246, 260, 264, 283, 292, 294, 304, 307, 312, 323, 340, 351], 'over': [54], 'time': [55], 'has': [56, 61, 137, 181], 'found': [58, 63, 139, 161, 183], 'out.': [59, 162], 'It': [60, 180], 'that': [64, 71, 105, 147, 184, 207], 'isolated': [67], 'bottleneck': [68, 70], '(a': [69], 'is': [72, 252, 279, 306, 326, 333], 'far': [73], 'enough': [74], 'from': [75, 298], 'other': [76], 'effective': [77, 153, 175], 'bottlenecks)': [78], 'either': [79], 'general': [81], 'pattern': [82, 88, 167], '(GP)': [83], 'or': [84, 151, 173], 'synchronized': [86, 95, 106, 119, 169, 250, 267, 286, 313], 'flow': [87, 96, 120, 130, 170, 247, 251, 257, 268, 287, 295, 309], '(SP)': [89], 'can': [90, 177, 360], 'be': [91, 178, 229], 'formed.': [92, 179], 'In': [93, 108, 163, 231], 'GP,': [94], 'occurs': [97, 319, 346], 'wide': [99, 111, 289, 300], 'moving': [100, 112, 290, 301], 'jams': [101, 113], 'spontaneously': [102], 'emerge': [103], 'in': [104, 249, 269, 311, 320], 'flow.': [107, 314], 'SP,': [109], 'no': [110], 'emerge,': [114], 'i.e.,': [115, 193], 'SP': [116, 127], 'consists': [117], 'only.': [121], 'An': [122], 'GP': [125, 270, 321], 'into': [126], 'when': [128], 'rate': [131, 248, 296, 310], 'to': [132, 215, 233], 'ramp': [135], 'decreases': [136], 'investigated.': [141], 'Spatial-temporal': [142], 'complex': [145], 'occur': [148], 'if': [149], 'two': [150, 172], 'more': [152, 174, 344], 'bottlenecks': [154, 176], 'exist': [155], 'a': [157, 211, 255, 280, 299], 'highway': [158], 'particular,': [164], 'expanded': [166], 'where': [168], 'covers': [171], 'structure': [187], 'possesses': [191, 240], 'predictable,': [192], 'characteristic,': [194], 'unique,': [195], 'reproducible': [197], 'features,': [198], 'for': [199, 328], 'example,': [200], 'most': [202], 'probable': [203], 'formed': [209], 'given': [212], 'bottleneck.': [213], 'According': [214], 'investigations': [218], 'cases': [220], 'weak': [223, 235, 324, 331, 352], 'strong': [226, 238, 316, 341], 'congestion': [227, 239, 317, 325, 332, 342, 353], 'should': [228], 'distinguished.': [230], 'contrast': [232], 'congestion,': [236], 'following': [242], 'characteristic': [243], 'features:': [244], '(i)': [245], 'self-maintaining': [253], 'near': [254], 'limit': [256, 308], 'rate;': [258], '(ii)': [259], 'mean': [261], 'width': [262], 'region': [265], 'does': [271], 'not': [272], 'depend': [273], 'traffic': [275], 'demand;': [276], '(iii)': [277], 'there': [278], 'correlation': [281], 'parameters': [284], 'jams:': [291], 'higher': [293, 305], 'out': [297], 'jam': [302], 'is,': [303], 'The': [315, 330], 'often': [318, 334, 345], 'whereas': [322, 339], 'usual': [327], 'SP.': [329], 'observed': [335], 'much': [343], 'ramps.': [349], 'Under': [350], 'diverse': [354], 'occur.': [361]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2012715069', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 16}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 17}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 12}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-30T19:25:17.456343', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}