Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2009993853', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.79.14.4381', 'title': 'Immunological method for mapping genes on Drosophila polytene chromosomes.', 'display_name': 'Immunological method for mapping genes on Drosophila polytene chromosomes.', 'publication_year': 1982, 'publication_date': '1982-07-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2009993853', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.79.14.4381', 'mag': '2009993853', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6812046', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/346675'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.79.14.4381', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S125754415', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences', 'issn_l': '0027-8424', 'issn': ['0027-8424', '1091-6490'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320052', 'host_organization_name': 'National Academy of Sciences', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320052'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Academy of Sciences'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.79.14.4381', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5113591116', 'display_name': 'P R Langer-Safer', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I32971472', 'display_name': 'Yale University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03v76x132', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I32971472']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'P R Langer-Safer', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Departments of *Human Genetics and tMolecular Biophysics-Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Departments of *Human Genetics and tMolecular Biophysics-Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I32971472']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5049432621', 'display_name': 'Michael Levine', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7629-0081'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I32971472', 'display_name': 'Yale University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03v76x132', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I32971472']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'M Levine', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Departments of *Human Genetics and tMolecular Biophysics-Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Departments of *Human Genetics and tMolecular Biophysics-Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I32971472']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5102984796', 'display_name': 'David C. Ward', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2380-4813'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I32971472', 'display_name': 'Yale University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03v76x132', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I32971472']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'D C Ward', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Departments of *Human Genetics and tMolecular Biophysics-Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Departments of *Human Genetics and tMolecular Biophysics-Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I32971472']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 11.695, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 772, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999658, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '79', 'issue': '14', 'first_page': '4381', 'last_page': '4385'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13127', 'display_name': 'Biotin and Related Studies', 'score': 0.9992, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1307', 'display_name': 'Cell Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13127', 'display_name': 'Biotin and Related Studies', 'score': 0.9992, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1307', 'display_name': 'Cell Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11440', 'display_name': 'Click Chemistry and Applications', 'score': 0.9944, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1605', 'display_name': 'Organic Chemistry'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/16', 'display_name': 'Chemistry'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10207', 'display_name': 'Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques', 'score': 0.9875, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/polytene-chromosome', 'display_name': 'Polytene chromosome', 'score': 0.93767023}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/immunoperoxidase', 'display_name': 'Immunoperoxidase', 'score': 0.6945091}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/horseradish-peroxidase', 'display_name': 'Horseradish peroxidase', 'score': 0.58027655}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/hybridization-probe', 'display_name': 'Hybridization probe', 'score': 0.5530987}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/avidin', 'display_name': 'Avidin', 'score': 0.47269845}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/molecular-probe', 'display_name': 'Molecular probe', 'score': 0.44493783}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C51423104', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899773', 'display_name': 'Polytene chromosome', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.93767023}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778204606', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181354', 'display_name': 'Biotin', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7798051}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153911025', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7202', 'display_name': 'Molecular biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.7215819}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C128102431', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6005550', 'display_name': 'Immunoperoxidase', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.6945091}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C81439078', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2304142', 'display_name': 'In situ hybridization', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.6610176}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.60167694}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777676563', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413665', 'display_name': 'Horseradish peroxidase', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.58027655}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C130197536', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418436', 'display_name': 'Hybridization probe', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5530987}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C176406525', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24775166', 'display_name': 'Avidin', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.47269845}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C21269302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7243098', 'display_name': 'Primary and secondary antibodies', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.46708274}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C145169222', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9339485', 'display_name': 'Molecular probe', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.44493783}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C159654299', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79460', 'display_name': 'Antibody', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44375318}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C147483822', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103537', 'display_name': 'Antigen', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44193995}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C552990157', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430', 'display_name': 'DNA', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44114584}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C55493867', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.40945092}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C104317684', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187', 'display_name': 'Gene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.33475447}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C542903549', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422248', 'display_name': 'Monoclonal antibody', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.29348123}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C150194340', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26972', 'display_name': 'Gene expression', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.23343027}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.18093055}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C181199279', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047', 'display_name': 'Enzyme', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.17116994}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780104201', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130888', 'display_name': 'Drosophila melanogaster', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.16717362}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D002874', 'descriptor_name': 'Chromosome Mapping', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002875', 'descriptor_name': 'Chromosomes', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000648', 'qualifier_name': 'ultrastructure', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004331', 'descriptor_name': 'Drosophila melanogaster', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009693', 'descriptor_name': 'Nucleic Acid Hybridization', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000818', 'descriptor_name': 'Animals', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001710', 'descriptor_name': 'Biotin', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001710', 'descriptor_name': 'Biotin', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000276', 'qualifier_name': 'immunology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002875', 'descriptor_name': 'Chromosomes', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004331', 'descriptor_name': 'Drosophila melanogaster', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007124', 'descriptor_name': 'Immunoenzyme Techniques', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008722', 'descriptor_name': 'Methods', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 4, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.79.14.4381', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S125754415', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences', 'issn_l': '0027-8424', 'issn': ['0027-8424', '1091-6490'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320052', 'host_organization_name': 'National Academy of Sciences', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320052'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Academy of Sciences'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc346675', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc346675?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC346675', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6812046', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.79.14.4381', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S125754415', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences', 'issn_l': '0027-8424', 'issn': ['0027-8424', '1091-6490'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320052', 'host_organization_name': 'National Academy of Sciences', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320052'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Academy of Sciences'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 34, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1033914640', 'https://openalex.org/W1603596175', 'https://openalex.org/W1967708395', 'https://openalex.org/W1980292565', 'https://openalex.org/W1987446470', 'https://openalex.org/W1987483586', 'https://openalex.org/W1989304002', 'https://openalex.org/W1997164023', 'https://openalex.org/W2000850714', 'https://openalex.org/W2006789189', 'https://openalex.org/W2013498876', 'https://openalex.org/W2014038908', 'https://openalex.org/W2018133154', 'https://openalex.org/W2020258942', 'https://openalex.org/W2021802944', 'https://openalex.org/W2028082957', 'https://openalex.org/W2029987769', 'https://openalex.org/W2032343668', 'https://openalex.org/W2046517406', 'https://openalex.org/W2046750187', 'https://openalex.org/W2049046722', 'https://openalex.org/W2056227286', 'https://openalex.org/W2058071852', 'https://openalex.org/W2067559716', 'https://openalex.org/W2068380790', 'https://openalex.org/W2070559202', 'https://openalex.org/W2082632351', 'https://openalex.org/W2086570977', 'https://openalex.org/W2296049104', 'https://openalex.org/W2444397130', 'https://openalex.org/W2587196717', 'https://openalex.org/W2742293624', 'https://openalex.org/W4211027922', 'https://openalex.org/W949698594'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W66462337', 'https://openalex.org/W2398633322', 'https://openalex.org/W2370836784', 'https://openalex.org/W2164803846', 'https://openalex.org/W2096513688', 'https://openalex.org/W2063463629', 'https://openalex.org/W1967996325', 'https://openalex.org/W1550441131', 'https://openalex.org/W1503533743', 'https://openalex.org/W1491263394'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'A': [0], 'method': [1, 87], 'is': [2, 56, 93, 124, 158], 'described': [3], 'for': [4, 95, 109, 137], 'localizing': [5], 'DNA': [6, 29], 'sequences': [7], 'hybridized': [8], 'in': [9, 35, 40, 111], 'situ': [10, 112], 'to': [11, 76, 118, 144, 160], 'Drosophila': [12], 'polytene': [13], 'chromosomes.': [14], 'This': [15, 99], 'procedure': [16], 'utilizes': [17], 'a': [18, 89], 'biotin-labeled': [19, 128, 141], 'analog': [20], 'of': [21, 54, 122], 'TTP': [22], 'that': [23, 92, 165], 'can': [24], 'be': [25], 'incorporated': [26], 'enzymatically': [27], 'into': [28], 'probes': [30, 129, 142], 'by': [31, 61, 69], 'nick-translation.': [32], 'After': [33], 'hybridization': [34, 55, 123], 'situ,': [36], 'the': [37, 41, 84, 115, 120, 155], 'biotin': [38], 'molecules': [39], 'probe': [42], 'serve': [43], 'as': [44], 'antigens': [45], 'which': [46], 'bind': [47], 'affinity-purified': [48], 'rabbit': [49], 'antibiotin': [50], 'antibodies.': [51], 'The': [52], 'site': [53, 121], 'then': [57], 'detected': [58], 'either': [59], 'fluorimetrically,': [60], 'using': [62, 70], 'fluorescein-labeled': [63], 'goat': [64], 'anti-rabbit': [65, 72], 'IgG,': [66], 'or': [67], 'cytochemically,': [68], 'an': [71], 'IgG': [73], 'antibody': [74], 'conjugated': [75], 'horseradish': [77], 'peroxidase.': [78], 'When': [79], 'combined': [80], 'with': [81], 'Giemsa': [82], 'staining,': [83], 'immunoperoxidase': [85], 'detection': [86], 'provides': [88], 'permanent': [90], 'record': [91], 'suitable': [94], 'detailed': [96], 'cytogenetic': [97], 'analysis.': [98], 'immunological': [100], 'approach': [101], 'offers': [102], 'four': [103], 'advantages': [104], 'over': [105], 'conventional': [106], 'autoradiographic': [107], 'procedures': [108], 'detecting': [110], 'hybrids:': [113], '(i)': [114], 'time': [116], 'required': [117], 'determine': [119], 'decreased': [125], 'markedly,': [126], '(ii)': [127], 'are': [130], 'chemically': [131], 'stable': [132], 'and': [133, 153, 161], 'give': [134], 'reproducible': [135], 'results': [136], 'many': [138], 'months;': [139], '(iii)': [140], 'appear': [143], 'produce': [145], 'less': [146], 'background': [147], 'noise': [148], 'than': [149, 164], 'do': [150], 'radiolabeled': [151], 'probes;': [152], '(iv)': [154], 'resolving': [156], 'power': [157], 'equal': [159], 'often': [162], 'greater': [163], 'achieved': [166], 'autoradiographically.': [167]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2009993853', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 16}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 18}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 19}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 28}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 28}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 46}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 27}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 30}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 23}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 31}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 19}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 18}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 10}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-11T03:36:53.873451', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}