Title: Growth, feed conversion and chemical composition of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) fed diets supplemented with krill or amphipods
Abstract: Aquaculture NutritionVolume 13, Issue 4 p. 241-255 Growth, feed conversion and chemical composition of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) fed diets supplemented with krill or amphipods J. SUONTAMA, J. SUONTAMA Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorØ. KARLSEN, Ø. KARLSEN Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorM. MOREN, M. MOREN National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorG.-I. HEMRE, G.-I. HEMRE National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorW. MELLE, W. MELLE Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorE. LANGMYHR, E. LANGMYHR Norwegian Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Fyllingsdalen, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorH. MUNDHEIM, H. MUNDHEIM Norwegian Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Fyllingsdalen, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorE. RINGØ, E. RINGØ Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway Department of Marine Research, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorR.E. OLSEN, R.E. OLSEN Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, NorwaySearch for more papers by this author J. SUONTAMA, J. SUONTAMA Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorØ. KARLSEN, Ø. KARLSEN Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorM. MOREN, M. MOREN National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorG.-I. HEMRE, G.-I. HEMRE National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorW. MELLE, W. MELLE Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorE. LANGMYHR, E. LANGMYHR Norwegian Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Fyllingsdalen, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorH. MUNDHEIM, H. MUNDHEIM Norwegian Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Fyllingsdalen, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorE. RINGØ, E. RINGØ Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway Department of Marine Research, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorR.E. OLSEN, R.E. OLSEN Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, NorwaySearch for more papers by this author First published: 24 June 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00466.xCitations: 39 Jorma Suontama, Institute of Marine Research, N-5817 Bergen, Norway. E-mail: [email protected] Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Abstract The effects of partial replacement of fish meal (FM) with meal made from northern krill (Thysanoessa inermis), Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) or Arctic amphipod (Themsto libellula) as protein source in the diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) on growth, feed conversion, macro-nutrient utilization, muscle chemical composition and fish welfare were studied. Six experimental diets were prepared using a low-temperature FM diet as control. The other diets included northern krill where 20, 40 or 60% of the dietary FM protein was replaced with protein from northern krill, and two diets where the FM protein was replaced with protein from Antarctic krill or Arctic amphipod at 40% protein replacement level. All diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric. Atlantic salmon grew from 410 g to approximately 1500 g during the 160 day experiment, and Atlantic halibut grew from 345 g to 500–600 g during the 150 day experiment. Inclusion of krill in the diets enhanced specific growth rate in salmon, especially during the first 100 days (P < 0.01), and in a dose–response manner in halibut for over the 150 day feeding period (P < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio did not differ between dietary treatments, and no difference was found in dry matter digestibility, protein digestibility and fish muscle composition. Good growth rates, blood parameters within normal ranges and low mortalities in all experimental treatments indicted that fish health was not affected either Atlantic salmon or Atlantic halibut fed the various zooplankton diets. References Aksnes, A. & Mundheim, H. (1997) The impact of raw materials freshness and processing temperature for fish meal on growth, feed efficiency and chemical composition of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Aquaculture, 149, 87– 106. Aksnes, A., Hjertnes, T. & Opstvedt, J. (1996) Effect of dietary protein level on growth and carcass composition in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.). Aquaculture, 145, 225– 233. Allahpichay, I. & Shimizu, C. (1984) Supplemental effect of the whole body krill meal and the non-muscle krill meal of (Euphausia superba) in fish diet. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 50, 815– 820. Anderson, J.S., Richardson, N.L., Higgs, D.A. & Dosanjh, B.S. (1997) The evaluation of air-dried krill meal as a dietary protein supplement for juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 17, 17– 33. AOAC 937.09 (1997) Salt (Chlorine as Sodium Chloride in Seafood). In: Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th edition ( P. Cunniff ed.), Ch. 35, p. 7. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, USA. AOCS Ba 3–38 (1998) Oil. In: Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the AOCS, 5th edition ( D. Firestone ed.). American Oil Chemists' Society, Champaign, IL, USA. Bell, M.V. & Dick, J.R. (1991) Molecular species composition of the major diacyl glycerophospholipids from muscle, liver, retina and brain of cod (Gadus morhua). Lipids, 26, 565– 573. Bell, J.G., McEvoy, J., Webster, J.L., McGhee, F., Millar, R.M. & Sargent, J.R. (1998) Flesh lipid and carotenoid composition of Scottish farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J. Agric. Food Chem., 46, 119– 127. Bell, J.G., McEvoy, J., Tocher, D.R., McGheee, F., Campell, P.J. & Sargent, J.R. (2001) Replacement of dietary fish oil with rapeseed oil in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) affects tissue lipid compositions and hepatocyte fatty acid metabolism. J. Nutr., 131, 1535– 1543. Bell, J.G., Henderson, J.R., Tocher, D.R. & Sargent, J.R. (2004) Replacement of dietary fish oil with increasing levels of linseed oil: modification of flesh fatty acid composition in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using a fish oil finishing diet. Lipids, 39, 223– 232. Berge, G.M. & Storebakken, T. (1991) Effect of dietary fat level on weight gain, digestibility, and fillet composition of Atlantic halibut. Aquaculture, 99, 331– 338. Bligh, E.G. & Dyer, W.J. (1959) A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol., 37, 911– 917. Brander, K.M. (1995) The effect of temperature on growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). ICES J. Mar. Sci., 52, 1– 10. Brett, J.R. (1979) Environmental factors and growth. In: Fish Physiology – Bioenergetics and Growth, Vol. 8 ( W.S. Hoar, D.J. Randall & J.R. Brett eds), pp. 599– 675. Academic Press, London. Bromley, P.J. & Adkins, T.C. (1984) The influence of cellulose filler on feeding, growth and utilisation of protein and energy in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnerii Richardson. J. Fish Biol., 24, 235– 244. CCAMLR (2005) Statistical Bulletin, Vol. 17. CCAMLR, Hobart, Australia (Electronic Version). Choubert, G., De la Noüe, J. & Luquet, P. (1979) Continuous quantitative automatic collector for fish feces. Prog. Fish Cult., 41, 64– 67. Exler, J., Kinsella, J.E. & Watt, B.K. (1975) Lipids and fatty acids of important finfish: new data for nutrient tables. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 52, 154– 159. FAO (2004) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2004. FAO, Rome, Italy. Editorial Production and Design Group Publishing Management Service. ISBN 92-5-105177-1. Folch, J., Lees, M. & Sloane Stanley, G.H. (1957) A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem., 226, 497– 509. Greene, D.H.S. & Selivonchick, D.P. (1990) Effects of dietary vegetable, animal and marine lipids on muscle lipid and hematology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 89, 165– 182. Hatlen, B., Grisdale-Helland, B. & Helland, S.J. (2005) Growth, feed utilization and body composition in two size groups of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) fed diets differing in protein and carbohydrate content. Aquaculture, 249, 401– 408. Hemre, G.-I., Bjørnsson, B. & Lie, Ø. (1992) Haematological values and chemical composition of halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) fed six different diets. Fisk. Dir. Skr. Ser. Ernæring., 5, 89– 98. Hemre, G.-I., Sandnes, K., Lie, Ø. & Waagbø, R. (1995) Blood chemistry and organ nutrient composition in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed graded amounts of wheat starch. Aquac. Nutr., 1, 37– 42. Hemre, G.-I. & Sandnes, K. (1998) Effect of dietary lipid upon muscle composition in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aqua. Nutr., 5, 9– 16 Henderson, R.J. & Sargent, J.R. (1985) Chain-length specificities of mitochondrial and peroxisomal ß-oxidation of fatty acids in livers of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 82B, 79– 85 Hevrøy, E.M., Espe, M., Waagbø, R., Sandnes, K., Ruud, M. & Hemre, G.-I. (2005) Nutrient utilization in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed increased level of fish protein hydrolysate during a period of fast growth. Aquac. Nutr., 11, 301– 313. Hewitt, R.P., Watkins, J.L., Naganobu, M. et al. (2002) Breaking waves, Setting a precautionary catch limit for Antarctic krill. Oceanography, 15, 26– 33. Hillestad, M. (2001) High-energy diets for Atlantic salmon – effect on growth, feed utilization, product quality and recipient loading. Dr Scientific Thesis, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Norway, Ås, ISBN 82-575-0367-3. ISO 5983 (1997) Animal Feeding Stuffs – Determination of Nitrogen Content and Calculation of Crude Protein Content. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. ISO 5984 (1978) Animal Feeding Stuffs – Determination of Crude Ash. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. ISO 6496 (1999) Animal Feeding Stuffs – Determination of Moisture and other Volatile Matter Content. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. ISO/DIS 16634 (2004) Cereals, Pulses, Milled Cereal Products, Oilseeds and Animal Feeding Stuffs – Determination of the Total Nitrogen Content by Combustion According to the Dumas Principle and Calculation of the Crude Protein Content. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Jobling, M. (1988) A review of the physiological and nutritional energetics of cod Gadus morhua L., with particular reference to growth under farmed conditions. Aquaculture, 70, 1– 19. Julshamn, K., Malde, M.K., Bjorvatn, K. & Krogedal, P. (2004) Fluoride retention of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed krill meal. Aquac. Nutr., 10, 9– 13. Kolkovski, S., Czeny, S. & Dabrowski, K. (2000) Use of krill hydrolysate as feed attractant for fish larvae and juvenile. J. World Aquac. Soc., 31, 81– 88. Krogdahl, Å., Hemre, G.-I. & Mommsen, T.P. (2005) Carbohydrates in fish nutrition: digestion and absorption in postlarval stages. Aquac. Nutr., 11, 103– 122. Kubitza, F. & Lovshin, L. (1997) The use of freeze-dried krill to feed train largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): feeds and training strategies. Aquaculture, 15, 299– 312. Lie, Ø. & Lambertsen, G. (1991) Fatty acid composition of glycerophospholipids in 7 tissues of cod (Gadus morhua), determined by combined high- performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr., 565, 119– 129. Melle, W., Ellertsen, B. & Skjoldal, H.R. (2004) Zooplankton: the link to higher trophic levels. In: The Norwegian Sea Ecosystem ( H.R. Skjoldal ed.), pp. 137– 202. Tapir, Trondheim. Merck & Co. Inc. (1996) The Merck Index. CD-ROM Version 12:1. Chapman & Hall EPD, London. Moren, M., Suontama, J., Hemre, G.-I., Karlsen, Ø., Olsen, R.E. & Julshamn, K. (2006) Element concentrations in meals from krill and amphipods, - Possible alternative protein sources in complete diets for farmed fish. Aquaculture, 261, 174– 181. National Research Council (1993) Nutrient Requirement of Cold-Water species ( R.P. Wilson ed.). Academic Press, WA, USA. Nicol, S., Forster, I. & Spence, J. (2000) Krill: Biology, Ecology, and Fisheries ( I. Everson, ed.), Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK, 271 pp. Nortvedt, R. & Tuene, S. (1998) Body composition and sensory assessment of three weight groups of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) fed three pellet sizes and three dietary fat levels. Aquaculture, 161, 295– 313. Oikawa, C.K. & March, B.E. (1997) A method for assessment of the efficacy of feed attractants for fish. Prog. Fish Cult., 59, 213– 217. Olsen, R.E., Løvaas, E. & Lie, Ø. (1999) The influence of temperature, dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, alpha-tocopherol and spermine on fatty acid composition and indices of oxidative stress in juvenile Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus (L.). Fish Physiol. Biochem., 20, 13– 29. Olsen, R.E., Henderson, R.J., Suontama, J., Hemre, G.-I., Ringø, E., Melle, W. & Tocher, D.R. (2004) Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, utilizes wax ester-rich oils from Calanus finmarchichus effectively. Aquaculture, 240, 433– 449. Olsen, R.E., Suontama, J., Langmyhr, E, Mundheim, H., Ringø, E., Melle, W., Malde, M.K. & Hemre, G.-I. (2006) The replacement of fishmeal with Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba in diets for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Aquac. Nutr., 12, 280– 290. Olsson, G.B., Olsen, R.L., Carlehög, M. & Ofstad, R. (2003) Seasonal variations in chemical and sensory characteristics of farmed and wild Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Aquaculture, 217, 191– 205. Opstvedt, J., Nygård, E., Samuelsen, T.A., Venturini, G., Luzzana, U. & Mundheim, H. (2003) Effect on protein digestibility of different processing conditions in the production of fish meal and fish feed. J. Sci. Food Agric., 83, 775– 782. Otterå, H., Garatun-Tjeldstø, O., Julshamn, K. & Austreng, E. (2002) Feed preferences in juvenile cod estimated by inert lanthanid markers – effects of moisture content in the feed. Aquacult. Int., 11, 217– 224. Pike, I.H. (1993) Freshness of Fish Meal – Effect on Growth of Salmon. In: Fish Nutrition in practise. IVth International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and feeding ( S.J. Kaushik & P. Luquet eds), INRA Les Colloques, 61, 843– 846. Ringø, E. (1991) Hatchery-reared landlocked Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), from lake Takvatn reared in fresh and sea water. II. The effect of salinity on digestibility of protein, lipid and individual fatty acids in a capelin roe diet and commercial feed. Aquaculture, 93, 135– 142. Rosenlund, G., Hemre, G.-I., Hamre, K. (2005) Fôr og ernæring. In: Oppdrett av torsk-næring med framtid ( H. Otterå, G. Lasse Taranger & J. Borthen eds), pp. 163– 176. Norsk Fiskeoppdrett AS, Bergen, ISBN 82-7595-024-4. Sandnes, K., Lie, Ø. & Waagbø, R. (1988) Normal ranges of some blood chemistry parameters in adult farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. J. Fish Biol., 32, 129– 136. Sargent, J.R., Tocher, D.R. & Bell, G.J. (2002) The lipids. In: Fish Nutrition, 3rd edn. ( J.E. Halver & R. Hardy, eds), pp. 181– 257. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Schierle, J. & Härdi, W. (1994) Determination of stabilized astaxanthin in Carophyll® Pink, premixes and fish feeds. Revised Supplement. In: Analytical Methods for Vitamins and Carotenoids in Feed, 3rd edn. pp. 2–5. Hoffman P., Keller H.E., Schierle J., Schuep W. Department of Vitamin Research and Development, Roche, Basel. Skjoldal, H.R. (2004) The Norwegian Sea Ecosystem. Tapir, Trondheim, 559 pp. Skjoldal, H.R., Dalpadado, P. & Dommasnes, A. (2004) Food webs and trophic interactions. In: The Norwegian Sea Ecosystem ( H.R. Skjoldal ed.), pp. 447– 506. Tapir, Trondheim. Skrede, A. (1979) Utilization of animal by-products in mink nutrition: IV. Fecal excretion and digestibility of nitrogen and amino-acids in mink fed cod (Gadus morrhua) fillet or meat and bone meal. Acta Agric. Scand., 29, 241– 257. Storebakken, T. (1988) Krill as a potential feed source for salmonids. Aquaculture, 70, 193– 205. Stubhaug, I. (2005) Lipid metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Dr. Philos. Thesis, University of Bergen, Norway, ISBN 82-308-0029-4. Suontama, J., Kiessling, A., Melle, W., Waagbø, R., Mundheim, H. & Olsen, R.E. (2007) Protein from northern krill (Thysanoessa inermis), Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and the Arctic amphipod (Themisto libellula) can partially replace fish meal in diets to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) without affecting product quality. Aquac. Nutr., 13, 50– 58. Vegusdal, A., Østbye, T.K., Tran, T.N., Gjøen, T. & Ruyter, B. (2004) β-oxidation, esterification, and secretion of radiolabeled fatty acids in cultivated Atlantic salmon skeletal cells. Lipids, 39, 649– 658. Windell, E.G., Folz, J.W. & Sakoron, J.A. (1978) Methods of faecal collection and nutrient leaching in digestibility studies. Prog. Fish Cult., 40, 51– 55. Citing Literature Volume13, Issue4August 2007Pages 241-255 ReferencesRelatedInformation