Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2006514423', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl019054', 'title': 'Comment on “Ground vs. surface air temperature trends: Implications for borehole surface temperature reconstructions” by M. E. Mann and G. Schmidt', 'display_name': 'Comment on “Ground vs. surface air temperature trends: Implications for borehole surface temperature reconstructions” by M. E. Mann and G. Schmidt', 'publication_year': 2004, 'publication_date': '2004-04-06', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2006514423', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl019054', 'mag': '2006514423'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl019054', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2003GL019054', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S36624081', 'display_name': 'Geophysical Research Letters', 'issn_l': '0094-8276', 'issn': ['0094-8276', '1944-8007'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315809', 'host_organization_name': 'American Geophysical Union', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315809'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Geophysical Union'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'bronze', 'oa_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2003GL019054', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5066697479', 'display_name': 'David S. Chapman', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3374-3180'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I223532165', 'display_name': 'University of Utah', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03r0ha626', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I223532165']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'David S. Chapman', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I223532165']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5023775168', 'display_name': 'M. G. Bartlett', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0116-6227'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I223532165', 'display_name': 'University of Utah', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03r0ha626', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I223532165']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Marshall G. Bartlett', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I223532165']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5037719831', 'display_name': 'Robert N. Harris', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4641-1425'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I223532165', 'display_name': 'University of Utah', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03r0ha626', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I223532165']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Robert N. Harris', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I223532165']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 2900, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 2900, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 10.097, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 67, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.893284, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 94, 'max': 95}, 'biblio': {'volume': '31', 'issue': '7', 'first_page': None, 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11333', 'display_name': 'Climate change and permafrost', 'score': 0.9996, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1902', 'display_name': 'Atmospheric Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11333', 'display_name': 'Climate change and permafrost', 'score': 0.9996, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1902', 'display_name': 'Atmospheric Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10535', 'display_name': 'Landslides and related hazards', 'score': 0.9992, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2308', 'display_name': 'Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11594', 'display_name': 'Tree-ring climate responses', 'score': 0.9979, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1902', 'display_name': 'Atmospheric Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-air-temperature', 'display_name': 'Surface air temperature', 'score': 0.47772023}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy', 'display_name': 'Proxy (statistics)', 'score': 0.47638673}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C150560799', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502102', 'display_name': 'Borehole', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.61552715}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C49204034', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139', 'display_name': 'Climatology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.57423294}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127313418', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069', 'display_name': 'Geology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.49104333}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2994323764', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909741', 'display_name': 'Surface air temperature', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.47772023}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780148112', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581', 'display_name': 'Proxy (statistics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.47638673}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C197046000', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561', 'display_name': 'Snow', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.45603856}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778835443', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39061', 'display_name': 'Northern Hemisphere', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4532758}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C132651083', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942', 'display_name': 'Climate change', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.36405325}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C39432304', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847', 'display_name': 'Environmental science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.34659183}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C114793014', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109', 'display_name': 'Geomorphology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.107272655}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.08240473}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111368507', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518', 'display_name': 'Oceanography', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C187320778', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130', 'display_name': 'Geotechnical engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C105795698', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483', 'display_name': 'Statistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl019054', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2003GL019054', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S36624081', 'display_name': 'Geophysical Research Letters', 'issn_l': '0094-8276', 'issn': ['0094-8276', '1944-8007'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315809', 'host_organization_name': 'American Geophysical Union', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315809'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Geophysical Union'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl019054', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2003GL019054', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S36624081', 'display_name': 'Geophysical Research Letters', 'issn_l': '0094-8276', 'issn': ['0094-8276', '1944-8007'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315809', 'host_organization_name': 'American Geophysical Union', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315809'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Geophysical Union'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.54, 'display_name': 'Climate action', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 12, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W13860208', 'https://openalex.org/W1660201747', 'https://openalex.org/W1967170772', 'https://openalex.org/W1978291154', 'https://openalex.org/W1993097859', 'https://openalex.org/W2020505016', 'https://openalex.org/W2048485366', 'https://openalex.org/W2052240302', 'https://openalex.org/W2083925451', 'https://openalex.org/W2088151138', 'https://openalex.org/W2089347033', 'https://openalex.org/W2096809505'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4382882603', 'https://openalex.org/W4220958946', 'https://openalex.org/W3021406786', 'https://openalex.org/W2905090825', 'https://openalex.org/W2810024338', 'https://openalex.org/W2794982329', 'https://openalex.org/W2774080495', 'https://openalex.org/W1999744910', 'https://openalex.org/W1558465763', 'https://openalex.org/W1198362854'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'[1]': [0], 'Changes': [1], 'in': [2, 41, 71, 170, 200, 223, 287, 319, 387, 484, 489, 495, 519, 702, 736, 764, 779, 819, 863, 887, 901, 913, 922, 939, 1022, 1039, 1059, 1071, 1117, 1129, 1132, 1215, 1263, 1463], 'the': [3, 55, 76, 94, 132, 151, 155, 171, 181, 257, 272, 280, 289, 388, 424, 452, 480, 523, 551, 559, 588, 666, 679, 722, 745, 755, 761, 768, 776, 783, 805, 822, 841, 847, 854, 897, 904, 909, 923, 952, 967, 1035, 1060, 1079, 1147, 1151, 1170, 1182, 1206, 1212, 1253, 1301, 1325, 1329, 1341, 1398, 1464, 1483, 1496], "Earth's": [4, 552], 'surface': [5, 16, 47, 168, 176, 553, 578, 1052, 1081, 1303, 1320, 1331], 'temperature': [6, 18, 28, 40, 48, 87, 169, 178, 369, 376, 549, 568, 572, 620, 798, 802, 884, 891, 899, 911, 1321, 1388, 1428, 1431, 1457], 'over': [7, 580, 1201], 'time': [8, 346, 546, 584, 612, 639, 691, 825, 869, 954, 988, 1135, 1148, 1189, 1203, 1207, 1326, 1437], 'can': [9, 419], 'be': [10, 651, 1098], 'constructed': [11], 'from': [12, 25, 36, 85, 97, 122, 204, 264, 511, 535, 930, 999, 1092, 1486], 'historical': [13, 979], 'records': [14], 'of': [15, 27, 39, 45, 78, 150, 154, 161, 198, 261, 282, 291, 309, 311, 333, 408, 455, 473, 500, 548, 561, 590, 600, 626, 652, 668, 683, 721, 747, 767, 782, 807, 827, 903, 966, 978, 1020, 1050, 1075, 1078, 1088, 1209, 1290, 1346, 1386, 1392, 1449, 1466], 'air': [17, 114, 177, 368, 801, 890, 898, 910, 949, 1085, 1430, 1450], '(SAT)': [19], '[e.g.,': [20, 30, 58], 'Jones': [21], 'et': [22, 32, 60, 371, 1003], 'al.,': [23, 33, 61, 372, 1004], '1999],': [24], 'analysis': [26, 308, 332, 621, 1010, 1155, 1175], 'proxies': [29], 'Mann': [31, 105, 276, 474, 504, 524, 631, 684, 859, 1013, 1030, 1242, 1399, 1487], '1998],': [34], 'and': [35, 64, 101, 106, 115, 125, 137, 184, 207, 211, 228, 277, 284, 313, 317, 335, 367, 383, 391, 395, 413, 432, 466, 475, 491, 497, 505, 525, 555, 614, 632, 644, 662, 670, 676, 685, 695, 727, 733, 739, 829, 837, 860, 893, 916, 935, 956, 993, 1014, 1031, 1054, 1104, 1109, 1137, 1193, 1217, 1225, 1243, 1250, 1280, 1283, 1353, 1400, 1407, 1413, 1416, 1419, 1429, 1451, 1488], 'direct': [37, 598], 'measurement': [38, 599], 'boreholes': [42], 'with': [43, 54, 374, 853, 874, 889, 970], 'computation': [44], 'ground': [46, 116, 366, 375, 425, 797, 883, 945, 1080, 1302, 1330, 1387, 1427, 1452], '(GST)': [49], 'histories': [50], 'that': [51, 110, 331, 348, 401, 449, 617, 938, 984, 1163, 1247, 1340, 1423, 1455], 'are': [52, 349, 482, 663, 725, 742, 791, 894, 996, 1066, 1166, 1197, 1219, 1304, 1316], 'consistent': [53, 852], 'SAT': [56, 217, 245, 285, 314, 336, 342, 404, 467, 490, 671, 732, 762, 777, 830, 994, 1090, 1171, 1218, 1258, 1279, 1357, 1371], 'record': [57], 'Huang': [59], '2000;': [62], 'Harris': [63], 'Chapman,': [65, 102, 396, 556, 1414, 1420], '2001].': [66, 103], 'There': [67], 'is': [68, 89, 142, 360, 595, 712, 749, 758, 821, 845, 937, 960, 1120, 1123, 1138, 1246, 1332, 1339, 1358, 1376, 1389], 'considerable': [69], 'interest': [70, 653], 'comparing': [72], 'these': [73, 596, 703], 'methods': [74, 1467], 'because': [75], 'amount': [77], 'warming': [79, 95, 1042, 1053, 1210, 1213], 'since': [80], 'about': [81, 90, 239, 464, 1311], '1500': [82], 'A.D.': [83], 'inferred': [84, 96], 'borehole': [86, 123, 136, 619, 1456], 'studies': [88, 99, 253, 1422], '0.4°C': [91], 'greater': [92, 714, 895, 1076], 'than': [93, 508, 532, 607, 715, 760, 775, 896, 908, 1069, 1169], 'proxy': [98, 138], '[Harris': [100, 554, 1412], '[2]': [104], 'Schmidt': [107, 278, 476, 526, 633, 686, 1015, 1032, 1244, 1401, 1480, 1489], '[2003]': [108, 527, 634, 1016, 1245, 1402], 'argue': [109], 'snow': [111, 193, 293, 748, 1056, 1105], 'cover': [112, 194, 294, 418, 1057, 1106], 'decouples': [113], 'temperatures,': [117], 'degrading': [118, 1276], 'recovered': [119], 'climate': [120, 251, 352, 627, 809, 973, 1441, 1471], 'signals': [121], 'temperatures': [124, 540, 579, 946, 950, 992, 1299, 1315], 'thereby': [126, 1274], 'providing': [127, 1482], 'a': [128, 145, 196, 220, 428, 458, 485, 591, 604, 608, 623, 752, 875, 963, 971, 1024, 1048, 1073, 1186, 1260, 1291, 1390], 'partial': [129], 'explanation': [130], 'for': [131, 259, 351, 793, 804, 816, 846, 1410, 1481], 'discrepancy': [133], 'between': [134, 363, 1278, 1351], 'hemispheric': [135], 'reconstructions.': [139, 1443], 'Their': [140], 'argument': [141], 'based': [143, 301, 483, 1124], 'on': [144, 271, 295, 303, 307, 576, 587, 1034, 1125, 1267], 'GISS': [146, 940, 1342], 'ModelE': [147, 941, 1343], 'GCM': [148, 942], 'simulation': [149, 305, 681, 965], 'latter': [152], 'half': [153, 698], '20th': [156], 'century.': [157], 'From': [158], 'their': [159, 636, 648, 1028], 'interpretation': [160, 260], 'model': [162, 304, 501, 528, 637, 680, 770, 784, 855, 974, 1036, 1061, 1484], 'results': [163, 502, 529, 649, 682], 'they': [164, 1145], 'conclude:': [165], '(1)': [166, 339, 707], '"…ground': [167], 'Northern': [172], 'Hemisphere': [173], 'closely': [174, 241, 947], 'tracks': [175, 341, 403], 'only': [179], 'during': [180], 'warm-season"': [182], '[Mann': [183, 227, 1108, 1282], 'Schmidt,': [185, 229, 1110, 1284], '2003,': [186, 230, 1111, 1285], 'paragraph': [187, 231, 1112, 1286], '10],': [188], '(2)': [189, 416, 730], 'changing': [190], 'cold': [191, 645, 740, 838, 1084, 1268, 1352, 1369], 'season': [192, 216, 460, 643, 646, 839, 1269, 1356, 1365, 1370, 1381], 'provides': [195, 1405], 'source': [197], 'bias': [199, 818, 1180], 'interpreting': [201], 'climatic': [202], 'changes': [203, 243, 246, 263, 405, 799, 803, 1131, 1165, 1432], 'GST': [205, 242, 262, 283, 312, 334, 340, 402, 456, 465, 492, 669, 709, 717, 734, 757, 828, 1164, 1179, 1216, 1366], 'changes,': [206], '(3)': [208, 439, 744], '"…[snow': [209], 'cover]': [210, 1249], 'pre-conditioning': [212, 454, 1251], 'by': [213, 255, 379, 457, 503, 833, 858, 962, 976, 1012, 1101, 1241, 1255, 1306, 1319, 1378, 1495], 'prior': [214, 459, 1256, 1292, 1354, 1379], 'warm': [215, 421, 642, 738, 836, 1355, 1380], 'also': [218, 1359], 'exhibiting': [219], 'sizable': [221, 1261], 'and,': [222, 254, 1262], 'places,': [224, 1264], 'dominant': [225, 1265], 'influence."': [226], '1]': [232, 1113, 1287], 'These': [233, 786, 1444], 'three': [234], 'assertions': [235], 'raise': [236], 'serious': [237], 'questions': [238], 'how': [240, 795, 1425], 'track': [244, 800, 871, 948, 1433], 'at': [247, 315, 345, 356, 406, 550, 951, 985, 1310, 1328, 1436], 'frequencies': [248], 'relevant': [249, 1439], 'to': [250, 325, 381, 410, 427, 436, 471, 542, 582, 603, 654, 850, 1082, 1159, 1176, 1336, 1368, 1440, 1469, 1477], 'change': [252, 353, 628, 1442], 'extension,': [256], 'basis': [258], 'boreholes.': [265], '[3]': [266], 'We': [267, 329, 478, 1474], 'have': [268, 443, 658, 1157], 'been': [269], 'working': [270], 'same': [273], 'question': [274], 'as': [275], '-': [279], 'fidelity': [281], 'tracking,': [286], 'particular': [288, 592], 'effect': [290, 746], 'seasonal': [292, 385, 611, 655, 690, 704, 788, 1102, 1183, 1347], 'this': [296, 1118, 1337, 1393], 'tracking.': [297, 672], 'But': [298], 'our': [299, 441, 512], 'analysis,': [300], 'not': [302, 434, 444, 487, 1232], 'but': [306, 494, 657, 773], 'measurements': [310, 398], 'observatories': [316], 'compiled': [318], 'regional': [320], 'data': [321, 337], 'collections,': [322], 'lead': [323, 435, 1158], 'us': [324], 'very': [326], 'different': [327, 918, 1199], 'conclusions.': [328], 'believe': [330], 'shows:': [338], 'extremely': [343, 872], 'well': [344, 796, 1426], 'scales': [347, 955, 989, 1438], 'appropriate': [350, 521, 814, 1202], 'considerations.': [354], 'Although': [355], 'each': [357, 1000, 1434], 'location': [358], 'there': [359, 1196], 'an': [361, 520, 543, 1133, 1160, 1460], 'offset': [362, 389], 'mean': [364, 1063], 'annual': [365, 824, 835, 843, 868, 882, 953, 1188], '[Powell': [370], '1988]': [373], 'generally': [377], 'warmer': [378, 759], '1': [380], '3°C,': [382], 'significant': [384, 1041], 'differences': [386, 481, 724], '[Baker': [390], 'Ruschy,': [392], '1993;': [393], 'Putnam': [394], '1996],': [397], 'strongly': [399], 'indicate': [400], 'periods': [407], 'years': [409, 771], 'decades': [411], '[Chapman': [412], 'Harris,': [414], '1993].': [415], 'Snow': [417], 'either': [420], 'or': [422, 610], 'cool': [423], 'relative': [426], '"no': [429], 'snow"': [430], 'case': [431], 'need': [433], 'any': [437, 446], 'bias.': [438], 'Finally,': [440], 'observations': [442], 'revealed': [445], 'physical': [447], 'process': [448, 560], 'would': [450, 1156, 1475], 'explain': [451], 'supposed': [453], 'SAT.': [461, 1382], 'Our': [462], 'conclusions': [463, 510], 'are,': [468], 'therefore,': [469], 'opposite': [470, 1161], 'those': [472, 1070], '[2003].': [477, 1490], 'suggest': [479], 'bias,': [486], 'inherent': [488], 'phenomena,': [493], 'selective': [496], 'inappropriate': [498, 792, 1018], 'presentation': [499], 'Schmidt.': [506], 'Rather': [507], 'restate': [509], 'own': [513], 'observations,': [514], 'we': [515], 'show': [516], 'that,': [517], 'analyzed': [518], 'way,': [522], 'support': [530, 1409], 'rather': [531, 606], 'contradict': [533], 'findings': [534], 'field': [536, 1411], 'observations.': [537], '[4]': [538], 'Borehole': [539], 'respond': [541], 'integrated,': [544], 'continuous': [545, 605], 'series': [547, 640, 647, 826, 870, 1190], '1998].': [557], 'Furthermore,': [558], 'heat': [562], 'conduction': [563], 'smoothes': [564], 'out': [565], 'high': [566, 1360], 'frequency': [567], 'fluctuations': [569], 'so': [570], 'subsurface': [571], 'profiles': [573], 'contain': [574], 'information': [575], 'average': [577], 'decade': [581], 'century': [583], 'scales,': [585], 'depending': [586], 'depth': [589], 'anomaly.': [593], 'It': [594, 1122], 'characteristics,': [597], 'temperature,': [601, 1453], 'sensitivity': [602], 'discontinuous': [609], 'series,': [613, 692, 1136], 'low-pass': [615], 'filtering': [616], 'make': [618], 'such': [622], 'useful': [624], 'complement': [625, 1462], 'studies.': [629], 'When': [630], 'break': [635], 'output': [638, 856, 1485], 'into': [641, 688, 1185], 'may': [650, 1096], 'investigations': [656, 1458], 'little': [659], 'relevance': [660], 'to,': [661], 'misleading': [664, 1009, 1238], 'in,': [665], 'comparison': [667, 815], '[5]': [673], 'Figures': [674], '1a': [675], '1b': [677], 'shows': [678, 983], 'partitioned': [687], 'separate': [689], 'warm-season': [693, 708, 1257, 1293], '(April–September)': [694], 'cold-season': [696, 716, 756, 1055], '(October–March)': [697], 'years.': [699, 785, 926], 'Interesting': [700], 'features': [701], 'comparisons': [705], 'are:': [706], 'inter-annual': [710, 723], 'variability': [711, 718], 'slightly': [713], '(standard': [719], 'deviations': [720], '0.38°C': [726], '0.31°C,': [728], 'respectively),': [729], 'decadal': [731], 'trends': [735, 1091, 1200, 1214], 'both': [737, 933], 'seasons': [741], 'similar,': [743], 'variable,': [750], 'causing': [751], 'condition': [753], 'where': [754], 'anomaly': [763, 778, 844, 900, 912], '23': [765], '(48%)': [766], '48': [769], '(1951–1998)': [772], 'cooler': [774], '25': [780], '(52%)': [781], 'separated': [787], 'anomalies,': [789, 892], 'however': [790], 'assessing': [794], 'purpose': [806], 'studying': [808], 'change.': [810, 1472], '[6]': [811], 'A': [812, 1007], 'more': [813, 1168], 'testing': [817], 'tracking': [820, 1277, 1448], 'continuous,': [823, 1187], 'anomalies': [831, 885], '(calculated': [832], 'averaging': [834], 'anomalies;': [840], 'produced': [842], 'period': [848, 1037, 1049, 1119, 1149, 1208], 'October': [849], 'October,': [851], 'provided': [857], 'Schmidt)': [861], 'shown': [862], 'Figure': [864, 931], '1c.': [865], 'The': [866, 881, 927, 1114, 1173, 1236, 1288, 1334, 1349, 1383], 'two': [867], 'well,': [873], 'correlation': [876, 1350], 'coefficient': [877], 'r': [878], '=': [879, 1272, 1362, 1373], '0.97.': [880], 'oscillate': [886], 'magnitude': [888], '21': [902], 'modeled': [905], 'years,': [906, 915], 'less': [907, 1068], '14': [914], 'indistinguishably': [917], '(absolute': [919], 'difference': [920, 1116], '<0.05°C)': [921], '13': [924], 'remaining': [925], 'inescapable': [928], 'conclusion': [929, 1162, 1239], '1c,': [932], 'visually': [934], 'statistically,': [936], 'circulation': [943], 'simulations,': [944], 'longer.': [957], 'This': [958, 1491], 'result': [959], 'confirmed': [961], 'recent': [964], 'last': [968], 'millennium': [969], 'three-dimensional': [972], 'driven': [975], 'estimates': [977], 'external': [980], 'forcings': [981], 'which': [982, 1040, 1375], 'climatically': [986], 'important': [987, 1461], 'deep': [990], 'soil': [991], 'variations': [995], '"almost': [997], 'indistinguishable': [998], 'other"': [1001], '[Gonzalez-Rouco': [1002], '2003].': [1005], '[7]': [1006], 'second': [1008], 'made': [1011], 'concerns': [1017], 'use': [1019], 'end-points': [1021], 'reaching': [1023], 'numerical': [1025], 'conclusion.': [1026], 'In': [1027, 1396], 'paper,': [1029], 'focus': [1033], '1971–1998': [1038], 'takes': [1043], 'place.': [1044], 'They': [1045], 'state,': [1046], '"During': [1047], 'coincident': [1051], 'decrease': [1058], '(1971–1998)': [1062, 1211], '[GST]': [1064, 1094], 'increases': [1065], '0.2°C': [1067, 1115], 'SAT,': [1072], 'consequence': [1074], 'exposure': [1077], 'winter': [1083], 'outbreaks.': [1086], 'Interpretations': [1087], 'past': [1089], 'borehole-based': [1093, 1178], 'reconstructions': [1095], 'therefore': [1097], 'substantially': [1099], 'biased': [1100], 'influences': [1103], 'changes."': [1107], 'misleading.': [1121], 'using': [1126], 'end': [1127], 'points': [1128], 'computing': [1130], 'oscillating': [1134], 'just': [1139], 'bad': [1140], 'science.': [1141], 'For': [1142], 'example,': [1143], 'had': [1144], 'chosen': [1146], '1975–1996': [1150], 'equally': [1152], 'erroneous': [1153], 'end-point': [1154], '0.14°C': [1167], 'changes.': [1172], 'correct': [1174], 'investigate': [1177], 'combines': [1181], 'curves': [1184], '(Figure': [1191], '1c)': [1192], 'asks': [1194], 'whether': [1195], 'significantly': [1198, 1233], 'periods.': [1204], 'Over': [1205], '0.59': [1220], '±': [1221, 1227], '0.10': [1222], '(sd)': [1223, 1229], '°C/decade': [1224, 1230], '0.61': [1226], '0.11': [1228], 'respectively,': [1231], 'different.': [1234], '[8]': [1235], 'third': [1237], 'reached': [1240], '"[snow': [1248], '[of': [1252], 'ground]': [1254], 'exhibits': [1259], 'influence"': [1266], 'GST,': [1270], '(r': [1271, 1361, 1372], '0.7)': [1273], 'apparently': [1275], 'GST.': [1281], 'concept': [1289], 'preconditioning': [1294, 1385], 'was': [1295, 1493], 'puzzling': [1296], 'because,': [1297], 'although': [1298], 'below': [1300], 'lagged': [1305], 'thermal': [1307], 'diffusion': [1308], '(e.g.,': [1309], '7.5': [1312], 'm': [1313], 'depth,': [1314], 'profoundly': [1317], 'affected': [1318], '6': [1322], 'months': [1323], 'previously)': [1324], 'lag': [1327], 'zero.': [1333], 'answer': [1335], 'puzzle': [1338], 'has': [1344], 'persistence': [1345], 'trends.': [1348], '0.6).': [1363], 'Cold': [1364], 'responds': [1367], '0.9)': [1374], 'influenced': [1377], 'purported': [1384], 'by-product': [1391], 'persistence.': [1394], '[9]': [1395], 'conclusion,': [1397], 'modeling': [1403], 'study': [1404], 'additional': [1406], 'strong': [1408], '2001]': [1415], 'observatory': [1417], '[Putnam': [1418], '1996]': [1421], 'demonstrate': [1424], 'other': [1435], 'studies,': [1445], 'showing': [1446], 'good': [1447], 'affirm': [1454], 'remain': [1459], 'arsenal': [1465], 'used': [1468], 'determine': [1470], '[10]': [1473], 'like': [1476], 'thank': [1478], 'Gavin': [1479], 'work': [1492], 'supported': [1494], 'National': [1497], 'Science': [1498], 'Foundation': [1499], 'under': [1500], 'NSF': [1501], 'grant': [1502], 'EAR-0126029.': [1503]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2006514423', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-09T04:51:24.615371', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}