Ursodeoxycholic acid in cholestasis: Potential mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Ulrich Beuers; James L. Boyer; Gustav Paumgartner
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3248], 'two': [277], 'years': [278], 'follow-up.': [279, 2891, 3256], 'A': [280, 377, 430, 503, 1186, 1544, 1695, 1804, 1846, 1962, 2407, 2617, 2828, 2949, 3152], 'pilot': [281, 2619, 3025], 'study.': [282, 433, 2734, 3026], 'Dig': [283, 739, 1392], 'Dis': [284, 740, 1393, 2006], 'Sci': [285, 741, 1279, 1394, 1959, 2033], '1985;': [286, 926], '30:': [287, 785, 1281], '642–': [288], '649.': [289], '2': [290], 'Poupon': [291, 293, 442, 450, 577, 864, 868, 1687, 1693, 2431, 2471], 'R,': [292, 451, 543, 574, 677, 718, 750, 832, 869, 979, 1290, 2387, 2472, 2667, 2673, 2753, 3006, 3184, 3278], 'RE,': [294, 443, 865, 1688], 'Calmus': [295, 2425, 2459, 2495], 'Y,': [296, 298, 413, 415, 867, 1115, 2426, 2460, 2496], 'Chretien': [297, 866], 'Ballet': [299, 2499], 'F,': [300, 411, 712, 1046, 1048, 1083, 1085, 2101, 2186, 2500, 3071, 3272], 'Darnis': [301], 'F.': [302], 'Is': [303], 'an': [306, 529, 1887], 'effective': [307], 'treatment': [308, 616, 1703, 1777, 1841, 1894, 2719, 2762, 2992, 3014, 3047, 3161, 3197, 3245, 3285], 'primary': [310, 338, 464, 698, 736, 769, 813, 855, 876, 1302, 1642, 1705, 1748, 1779, 1813, 1843, 1860, 2446, 2542, 2571, 2614, 2690, 2728], 'biliary': [311, 339, 465, 737, 770, 814, 856, 877, 912, 1100, 1706, 1749, 1780, 1814, 2401, 2447, 2543, 2572, 2994], 'cirrhosis?': [312], 'Lancet': [313], '1987;': [314], '1:': [315], '834–': [316], '836.MEDLINE': [317], '3': [318], 'Fischer': [321, 645], 'H,': [322, 407, 1036, 1075, 2271, 2298, 2328, 2677, 2745, 2825, 2972, 3110, 3176], 'Güldütuna': [325, 1478], 'S,': [326, 603, 605, 646, 1113, 1403, 1479, 1485, 2191, 2492, 2594, 2710, 3100, 3106, 3266], 'K,': [328, 354, 447, 609, 905, 1042, 1271, 1350, 1401, 1664, 1724, 2980, 3102, 3104], 'Hellstern': [329], 'A,': [330, 541, 572, 720, 790, 828, 1141, 1627, 1936, 2592, 2675, 2700, 2823, 2905, 2974, 3008, 3108, 3180, 3230], 'Gatzen': [331], 'et': [333, 416, 721, 803, 841, 989, 1049, 1449, 1604, 1735, 1771, 1802, 1836, 2167, 2473, 2505, 2647, 2678, 2713, 2756, 2914, 2985, 3078, 3113, 3150, 3187, 3233, 3279], 'al.': [334, 417, 722, 804, 842, 990, 1050, 1450, 1605, 1736, 1772, 1803, 1837, 2168, 2474, 2506, 2648, 2679, 2714, 2757, 2915, 2986, 3079, 3114, 3151, 3188, 3234, 3280], 'cirrhosis:': [340, 878, 2448, 2544], 'results': [341, 3203], 'controlled': [344, 458, 1697, 1742, 2771, 3120, 3206], 'double-blind': [345, 1740, 2769, 2801, 3118, 3290], 'trial.': [346, 1849, 2803, 3293], 'Gastroenterology': [347, 467, 561, 964, 1009, 1068, 1102, 1497, 1518, 1620, 1782, 1987, 2059, 2179, 2209, 2262, 2485, 2524, 2585, 2658, 3027], '1989;': [348, 784, 2550, 2998], '97:': [349], '1268–': [350], '1274.MEDLINE': [351], '4': [352], 'Mijayi': [353], 'Akiyama': [355], 'T,': [356, 360, 607, 1239, 1487, 1662, 1668, 2389, 2978, 2984], 'Ito': [357], 'Urakawa': [359], 'Shimaji': [361], 'Y.': [362], 'The': [363, 418, 1225, 1737, 1917, 2804, 3115], 'effect': [364, 389, 494, 776, 879, 1419, 1616, 1649, 2449, 2834], 'on': [368, 387, 390, 427, 553, 586, 617, 653, 686, 726, 997, 2254, 2513, 2607, 2838, 3019], 'liver': [369, 375, 666, 998, 1020, 1148, 1179, 1470, 1614, 1905, 2608, 2794, 2844, 2849, 2882, 2944, 3090, 3127, 3164], 'functions': [370], 'disease.': [376, 667, 1471, 1906, 2850, 2883, 2945], 'double': [378, 431], 'blind': [379, 432], 'study': [380, 386, 2620, 2624, 2770, 2831, 2888], 'one': [382], 'institution': [383], 'hepatic': [391, 1608, 2140], 'blood': [392], 'flow.': [393], 'Rinsho': [394], 'Kenkyu': [396], '1976;': [397, 437], '53:': [398], '1395–': [399], '1403.': [400], '5': [401], 'Yamanaka': [402], 'Oto': [404], 'Obata': [406], 'Shimizu': [408], 'Sugata': [410], 'Hatta': [412], 'Dohi': [414], 'examination': [419], 'efficacy': [423], 'hepatitis.': [429], 'Shindan': [434], 'Chiryo': [436], '64:': [438], '2150–': [439], '2157.': [440], 'Lindor': [444, 1757, 1856], 'KD,': [445, 802, 1758, 2936], 'Cauch-Dudek': [446], 'Dickson': [448, 1759, 2530, 2633], 'ER,': [449, 1760, 2531, 2634], 'Heathcote': [452, 1720], 'EJ.': [453], 'Combined': [454], 'analysis': [455], 'randomized': [457, 1741, 2887, 3119, 3153, 3207, 3251], 'trials': [459], 'cirrhosis.': [466, 738, 857, 1707, 1750, 1781, 1815], '1997;': [468, 1867, 2210, 2421, 2737, 2776, 2895, 2928, 3131, 3168], '113:': [469, 2211], '884–': [470], '890.MEDLINE': [471], '7': [472], 'Shoda': [473], 'M.': [474], 'Über': [475], 'die': [476], 'Ursodesoxycholsäure': [477], 'aus': [478], 'Bärengallen': [479], 'und': [480], 'ihre': [481], 'physiologische': [482], 'Wirkung.': [483], 'J': [484, 533, 781, 924, 1362, 1581, 1654, 1713, 1865, 1928, 2031, 2086, 2120, 2145, 2222, 2286, 2345, 2379, 2626, 2735, 2774, 2893, 3092, 3258, 3294], 'Biochem': [485, 2119, 2221, 2314], '1927;': [486], '7:': [487], '505–': [488], '510.': [489], '8': [490], 'Kitani': [491, 904, 1116, 1270, 1406], 'Hepatoprotective': [493], 'ursodeoxycholate': [496, 945, 993, 1321, 1411], 'experimental': [498], 'animals.': [499], 'In:': [500, 1183, 1211, 1253, 1539, 2404, 2946], 'G': [501, 1184, 1254, 1542, 2405, 2947], 'Stiehl,': [504, 1187, 1545, 2408, 2950], 'L': [505, 1188], 'Barbara,': [506, 1189], 'E': [507, 1190], 'Roda,': [508, 1191], 'eds.': [509, 1192, 1224, 1258, 1546, 2411, 2953], 'Strategies': [510, 1193], 'For': [511], 'Treatment': [513, 1196], 'Hepatobiliary': [515, 1198, 2415, 2958], 'Diseases.': [516, 1199, 1263, 2416], 'Lancaster:': [517, 1200, 1264, 1551, 2417], 'Kluwer.': [518, 1201, 1265, 1552], '1990;': [519, 562, 597, 859, 1131, 1202, 1306, 1364, 2318, 2454], '43–': [520], '56.': [521], '9': [522], 'Hofmann': [523, 1165, 2599], 'AF.': [524, 1166], 'Pharmacology': [525], 'acid,': [528], 'enterohepatic': [530], 'drug.': [531], 'Scand': [532, 2892], 'Gastroenterol': [534, 2894, 3259], '1994;': [535, 1234, 1519, 1621, 1752, 1783, 1963, 2148, 2525, 2628], '204(Suppl):': [536], '1–': [537, 2552], '15.': [538], '10': [539], 'Stiehl': [540, 680, 827, 1293, 1626, 2591, 2595, 2699], 'Raedsch': [542, 831, 1289], 'Rudolph': [544, 674, 829, 1628, 2597, 2701], 'G.': [545, 648, 871, 2300], 'Acute': [546], 'effects': [547, 1383], 'chenodeoxycholic': [551, 693], 'small': [555], 'intestinal': [556], 'absorption': [557, 589, 619], 'bile': [559, 592, 621, 658, 727, 764, 807, 850, 873, 918, 956, 1065, 1122, 1156, 1250, 1299, 1328, 1467, 1516, 1531, 1567, 1576, 1609, 1637, 1979, 2002, 2028, 2056, 2136, 2142, 2201, 2236, 2370, 2509, 2610, 2840], 'acids.': [560, 1157], '98:': [563, 2035], '424–': [564], '428.MEDLINE': [565], '11': [566], 'Marteau': [567], 'P,': [568, 710, 1044, 1079, 1631, 1734, 2428, 2430, 2464, 2470, 2498, 2704, 3067, 3178], 'Chazouilleres': [569], 'O,': [570], 'Myara': [571, 2904], 'Jian': [573], 'Rambaud': [575], 'JC,': [576], 'R.': [578, 1209, 1506, 1694, 2273, 2432, 2567], 'Effect': [579, 612, 649, 682, 2603], 'administration': [582, 725], 'ileal': [588, 618], 'endogenous': [591], 'acids': [593, 622, 659, 765, 851, 874, 1056, 1093, 1638, 2510], 'man.': [595], 'Hepatology': [596, 668, 701, 821, 858, 884, 1130, 1305, 1339, 1681, 1751, 1816, 1850, 1907, 2238, 2453, 2549, 2816, 2851, 2927, 3167, 3212], '12:': [598, 860, 1132, 1307], '1206–': [599], '1208.MEDLINE': [600], '12': [601], 'Eusufzai': [602], 'Ericsson': [604], 'Cederlund': [606], 'Einarsson': [608], 'Angelin': [610], 'B.': [611, 2827], 'man': [624], 'as': [625, 3159], 'determined': [626], 'SeHCAT': [629], 'test.': [630], 'Gut': [631, 2693], '1991;': [632, 822, 965, 1340, 1715, 2034, 2239], '32:': [633, 2896], '1044–': [634], '1048.MEDLINE': [635], '13': [636], 'Spengler': [639, 1824], 'Zwiebel': [641], 'FM,': [642], 'Pauletzki': [643], 'kinetics': [654, 688], 'major': [656, 1414, 2441, 2477, 2514, 2724], 'hydrophobic': [657, 955, 1327], 'health': [661], 'cholestatic': [665, 1178, 1613, 2881], '1992;': [669, 1851, 1908, 2486, 2659, 3059], '15:': [670, 1909], '603–': [671], '608.MEDLINE': [672], '14': [673], 'G,': [675, 708, 752, 830, 1292, 1378, 1481, 1629, 2166, 2598, 2671, 2702, 3141], 'Endele': [676], 'Senn': [678], 'A.': [681, 1294, 1883, 2218, 2539, 2790, 3010], 'cholic': [690], 'sclerosing': [699, 1643, 1844, 1861, 2615, 2650, 2691, 2729], 'cholangitis.': [700, 1644, 1862, 2616, 2692, 2730], '1993;': [702, 742, 885, 1428, 1473, 1498, 1682, 2060, 2089, 2121, 2223, 2263, 2288, 2586, 2967, 3296], '17:': [703, 886, 1683], '1028–': [704], '1032.MEDLINE': [705], '15': [706], 'Mazzella': [707], 'Parini': [709], 'Bazzoli': [711], 'Villanova': [713], 'N,': [714, 2097, 2565, 2788, 2982], 'Festi': [715], 'D,': [716, 756, 800, 1038, 1077, 1143, 1795, 2095, 2502, 2903, 2907, 2909, 3137, 3139, 3149, 3182], 'Aldini': [717], 'Roda': [719], 'metabolism': [729], 'early': [733], 'stages': [734], '38:': [743, 2695], '896–': [744], '902.MEDLINE': [745], '16': [746], 'Batta': [747], 'AK,': [748, 977, 1441, 2188], 'Arora': [749], 'Salen': [751], 'Tint': [753], 'GS,': [754], 'Eskreis': [755], 'Katz': [757], 'S.': [758, 909, 1273, 2133], 'Characterization': [759], 'serum': [761], 'urinary': [763, 849, 2839], 'cirrhosis': [771, 815, 2573], 'gas-liquid': [773], 'chromatography-mass': [774], 'spectrometry:': [775], 'treatment.': [780, 1653], 'Lipid': [782, 1582, 2146], 'Res': [783, 1583, 2147, 2316], '1953–': [786], '1962.MEDLINE': [787], '17': [788], 'Crosignani': [789], 'Podda': [791, 2785, 3267], 'Battezzati': [793, 2783], 'PM,': [794, 1595, 2533, 2640, 2784], 'Bertolini': [795], 'E,': [796, 838, 1443, 1692, 1879, 2466, 2494, 2556, 2901, 3174, 3223, 3232], 'Zuin': [797], 'Watson': [799], 'Setchell': [801, 2935], 'Changes': [805], 'composition': [809], 'induced': [816, 895, 915, 1021, 1120, 1422], 'administration.': [820], '14:': [823, 1341, 2240], '1000–': [824], '1007.MEDLINE': [825], '18': [826], 'Moller': [833], 'B,': [834, 1690, 1789, 1831, 2269, 2324, 2468, 3075, 3186], 'Hopf': [835], 'Lotterer': [837], 'Bircher': [839], 'acid-induced': [844, 1147], 'changes': [845], 'plasma': [847, 2046], '492–': [861], '497.MEDLINE': [862], '19': [863], 'Serum': [872], 'therapy.': [883], '599–': [887], '604.MEDLINE': [888], '20': [889], 'Javitt': [890], 'JB.': [891], 'Cholestasis': [892, 2475], 'rats': [894], 'taurolithocholate.': [897], 'Nature': [898, 1030], '1966;': [899], '210:': [900], '1262–': [901], '1263.MEDLINE': [902], '21': [903], 'Ohta': [906, 1110, 1404], 'Kanai': [908, 1112, 1272, 1402], 'Tauroursodeoxycholate': [910, 1274, 1353, 1671], 'prevents': [911, 1275, 1354], 'protein': [913, 2172, 2195, 2365], 'excretion': [914, 2842], 'other': [917], 'salts': [919, 1300], 'rat.': [922, 963, 2058], 'Am': [923, 2285, 2344, 2378, 3257], 'Physiol': [925, 2287, 2346, 2380], '248:': [927], 'G407–': [928], '417.MEDLINE': [929], '22': [930], 'Heuman': [931, 1311, 1503, 1524, 1557], 'DM,': [932, 1312, 1504, 1558], 'Mills': [933], 'AS,': [934], 'McCall': [935], 'Hylemon': [937, 1315, 2362], 'PB,': [938, 1316], 'Pandak': [939, 1313], 'WM,': [940, 1314], 'Vlahcevic': [941, 1317, 2356], 'ZR.': [942, 1318], 'Conjugates': [943, 1319], 'protect': [946, 1322, 1509], 'against': [947, 1323, 1389, 1420, 1510], 'cholestasis': [948, 1356, 1421, 1647, 2512, 2764, 3016], 'hepatocellular': [950, 2001, 2076], 'necrosis': [951], 'caused': [952], 'salts.': [957, 1517], 'In': [958], 'vivo': [959], 'studies': [960, 1332], '100:': [966], '203–': [967], '211.MEDLINE': [968], '23': [969], 'Van': [970, 984], 'Nieuwkerk': [971], 'CM,': [972, 2070, 2160, 2868], 'Oude': [973, 1437], 'Elferink': [974, 1438], 'RP,': [975, 1439, 1590], 'Groen': [976, 1440], 'Ottenhoff': [978], 'Tytgat': [980], 'GN,': [981], 'Dingemans': [982], 'KP,': [983], 'Den': [985], 'Bergh': [986], 'Weerman': [987], 'MA,': [988], 'Effects': [991, 2250, 2507], 'cholate': [995], 'feeding': [996], 'disease': [999, 2612, 2795, 3052], 'FVB': [1001], 'mice': [1002], 'disrupted': [1005], 'mdr2': [1006, 1456], 'P-glycoprotein': [1007, 1457], 'gene.': [1008], '1996;': [1010, 1395, 1584, 2007, 2180, 2381, 2694, 2817, 3028], '111:': [1011, 3029], '165–': [1012], '171.MEDLINE': [1013], '24': [1014], 'Holsti': [1015], 'P.': [1016], 'Cirrhosis': [1017], 'rabbits': [1023], 'gastric': [1025], 'instillation': [1026], '3-monohydroxy-cholynic': [1028], 'acid.': [1029, 1619, 2452], '1960;': [1031], '186:': [1032], '250.': [1033], '25': [1034], 'Greim': [1035, 1074], 'Trulzsch': [1037, 1076], 'Roboz': [1039], 'Dressler': [1041], 'Czygan': [1043, 1078], 'Hutterer': [1045, 1082], 'Schaffner': [1047, 1084], 'Mechanisms': [1051, 2232], 'cholestasis.': [1053, 1090, 1277, 1391, 2085, 2926], '5.': [1054], 'Bile': [1055, 1092, 1146, 1167, 1259, 1547, 2412, 2939, 2954], 'normal': [1058], 'rat': [1059, 1334, 1360, 1954, 1984, 2025, 2117, 2177, 2207, 2260, 2522], 'livers': [1060, 1096], 'those': [1063], 'after': [1064, 1893, 2027, 3089], 'duct': [1066, 2029, 2611, 2725], 'ligation.': [1067, 2030], '1972;': [1069, 1103], '63:': [1070, 1104, 3132], '837–': [1071], '845.MEDLINE': [1072], '26': [1073], 'Rudick': [1080], 'Popper': [1086], 'H.': [1087, 2330], 'Mechanism': [1088], '6.': [1091], 'human': [1095, 1303, 1337, 2309, 2400, 2520], 'or': [1098], 'without': [1099], 'obstruction.': [1101], '846–': [1105], '850.MEDLINE': [1106], '27': [1107], 'Schmucker': [1108], 'DL,': [1109], 'Sato': [1114], 'Hepatic': [1118, 2433], 'injury': [1119], 'salts:': [1123, 1329], 'correlation': [1124], 'between': [1125], 'biochemical': [1126], 'morphological': [1128], 'events.': [1129], '1216–': [1133], '1221.MEDLINE': [1134], '28': [1135], 'Attili': [1136], 'AF,': [1137], 'Angelico': [1138, 3218], 'Cantafora': [1140], 'Alvaro': [1142], 'Capocaccia': [1144], 'toxicity:': [1149], 'relation': [1150], 'hydrophobic-hydrophilic': [1153], 'balance': [1154], 'Med': [1158, 1714, 1866, 3058], 'Hypotheses': [1159], '1986;': [1160], '19:': [1161, 1753, 3297], '57–': [1162, 2630], '69.MEDLINE': [1163], '29': [1164], 'hepatotoxicity': [1169, 1297], 'rationale': [1172], 'UDCA': [1174, 2960], 'therapy': [1175, 2918, 2941, 2989, 3194], 'disease:': [1180, 1615], 'some': [1181], 'hypotheses.': [1182], '13–': [1203], '33.': [1204], 'Reichen': [1206], 'Simon': [1208], 'Cholestasis.': [1210], 'IM': [1212], 'Arias,': [1213], 'JL': [1214], 'N': [1216, 1711, 1863], 'Fausto,': [1217], 'WB': [1218], 'Jakoby,': [1219], 'DA': [1220, 1222], 'Schachter,': [1221], 'Shafritz,': [1223], 'Liver.': [1226], 'Biology': [1227], 'Pathobiology.': [1229], 'York:': [1231], 'Raven': [1232], 'Press.': [1233], '1291–': [1235], '1326.': [1236], '31': [1237], 'Patel': [1238], 'Spivey': [1240], 'Vadakekalam': [1242], 'Gores': [1244], 'GJ.': [1245], 'Apoptosis—an': [1246], 'alternative': [1247], 'mechanism': [1248], 'salt': [1251, 1568, 1577, 2137, 2143], 'hepatotoxicity.': [1252], 'U': [1256, 1960], 'Beuers,': [1257], 'Acids': [1260, 1548, 2413, 2955], '1995;': [1266, 1553, 1656, 1817, 1988, 2347, 3094, 3213, 3260], '88–': [1267], '95.': [1268], '32': [1269], 'taurocholate-induced': [1276], 'Life': [1278], '1982;': [1280], '515–': [1282], '523.MEDLINE': [1283, 2931], '33': [1284], 'Galle': [1285], 'PR,': [1286], 'Theilmann': [1287, 1632, 2601, 2711], 'L,': [1288, 1446, 2596, 2669, 2712, 2751, 3145], 'Otto': [1291], 'Ursodeoxycholate': [1295, 1507, 2274], 'reduces': [1296], 'hepatocytes.': [1304, 1955, 2178, 2261, 2284, 2484, 2523], '486–': [1308], '491.MEDLINE': [1309], '34': [1310], 'cytotoxicity': [1324], 'vitro': [1331], 'hepatocytes': [1335, 2026], 'erythrocytes.': [1338], '920–': [1342], '926.MEDLINE': [1343], '35': [1344], 'Schölmerich': [1345, 1371], 'Baumgartner': [1347, 1369], 'Miyai': [1349], 'Gerok': [1351, 2102], 'W.': [1352, 2103], 'taurolithocholate-induced': [1355, 1390], 'toxicity': [1358, 1578], 'liver.': [1361, 2118, 2208, 3055], 'Hepatol': [1363, 1655, 1929, 2627, 2736, 2775, 3093, 3295], '10:': [1365, 2551], '280–': [1366], '283.MEDLINE': [1367], '36': [1368], 'Sellinger': [1373], 'Reinhardt': [1375], 'Ruf': [1377], 'Farthmann': [1379], 'EH.': [1380], 'Different': [1381], 'protective': [1382, 1528], 'tauroursodeoxycholate,': [1385], 'ursodeoxycholate,': [1386], '23-methyl-ursodeoxycholate': [1388], '41:': [1396], '250–': [1397], '255.MEDLINE': [1398], '37': [1399], 'Tsukahara': [1400], 'Taurine': [1408], 'conjugate': [1409], 'plays': [1412], 'role': [1415, 2341], 'hepatoprotective': [1418], 'taurochenodeoxycholate': [1424, 1679], 'rats.': [1426], '13:': [1429], '262–': [1430], '269.MEDLINE': [1431, 3263], '38': [1432], 'Smit': [1433], 'JJ,': [1434], 'Schinkel': [1435], 'AH,': [1436], 'Wagenaar': [1442], 'van': [1444, 2857, 2869], 'Deemter': [1445], 'Mol': [1447], 'CA,': [1448], 'Homozygous': [1451], 'disruption': [1452, 1511], 'murine': [1455], 'gene': [1458], 'leads': [1459], 'complete': [1462], 'absence': [1463], 'phospholipid': [1465], 'from': [1466, 3204], 'Cell': [1472, 2032], '75:': [1474], '451–': [1475], '462.MEDLINE': [1476], '39': [1477], 'Zimmer': [1480], 'Imhof': [1482], 'Bhatti': [1484], 'You': [1486], 'U.': [1489], 'Molecular': [1490], 'aspects': [1491, 1924], 'membrane': [1493, 2047], 'stabilization': [1494], 'ursodeoxycholate.': [1496], '104:': [1499, 2264], '1736–': [1500], '1744.MEDLINE': [1501], '40': [1502], 'Bajaj': [1505, 1559], 'conjugates': [1508, 1570], 'cholesterol-rich': [1513], 'membranes': [1514], '106:': [1520, 1622, 1784], '1333–': [1521], '1341.MEDLINE': [1522], '41': [1523], 'DM.': [1525], 'Disruptive': [1526], 'interactions': [1529], 'salts,': [1532], 'cholesterol:': [1533], 'lecithin': [1534], 'vesicles,': [1535], 'canalicular': [1537], 'membranes.': [1538], 'AF': [1540], 'Hofmann,': [1541], 'Gastroenterology.': [1550], '283–': [1554, 1658], '289.': [1555], '42': [1556], 'RS,': [1560], 'Lin': [1561, 1794], 'Q.': [1562], 'Adsorption': [1563], 'mixtures': [1565], 'taurine': [1569], 'lecithin-cholesterol': [1572], 'membranes:': [1573], 'implications': [1574, 2372], 'cytoprotection.': [1580], '37:': [1585], '562–': [1586], '573.MEDLINE': [1587], '43': [1588], 'Jazrawi': [1589], 'de': [1591, 2858], 'Caestecker': [1592], 'JS,': [1593], 'Goggin': [1594], 'Britten': [1596], 'AJ,': [1597], 'Joseph': [1598], 'AE,': [1599], 'Maxwell': [1600], 'JD,': [1601], 'Northfield': [1602], 'TC,': [1603], 'Kinetics': [1606], 'handling': [1611], '134–': [1623], '142.MEDLINE': [1624], '44': [1625], 'Sauer': [1630, 2703], 'Biliary': [1634], 'secretion': [1635, 2203], 'lipids': [1640], 'Influence': [1645], '23:': [1657, 2818, 3095], '289.MEDLINE': [1659], '45': [1660], 'Ohiwa': [1661], 'Katagiri': [1663], 'Hoshino': [1665], 'Hayakawa': [1667], 'Nakai': [1669], 'T.': [1670], 'tauro-beta-muricholate': [1673], 'exert': [1674], 'cytoprotection': [1675], 'reducing': [1677], 'intrahepatocyte': [1678], 'content.': [1680], '470–': [1684], '476.MEDLINE': [1685], '46': [1686], 'Balkau': [1689], 'Eschwege': [1691], 'multicenter,': [1696], 'trial': [1698, 1743, 1808, 2583, 3121, 3155, 3208, 3253], 'ursodiol': [1700], 'UDCA-PBC': [1708], 'Study': [1709, 2809, 2961], 'Group.': [1710, 2962], 'Engl': [1712, 1864], '324:': [1716], '1548–': [1717], '1554.MEDLINE': [1718], '47': [1719], 'EJ,': [1721], 'Cauch': [1722], 'Dudek': [1723], 'Walker': [1725, 2593, 2709], 'V,': [1726], 'Bailey': [1727], 'RJ,': [1728], 'Blendis': [1729], 'LM,': [1730], 'Ghent': [1731], 'CN,': [1732], 'Michieletti': [1733], 'Canadian': [1738], 'multicenter': [1739, 2802, 3117, 3291], '1149–': [1754], '1156.MEDLINE': [1755], '48': [1756], 'Baldus': [1761], 'WP,': [1762], 'Jorgensen': [1763], 'RA,': [1764, 3040], 'Ludwig': [1765, 2643], 'Murtaugh': [1767, 2635], 'PA,': [1768, 2636], 'Harrison': [1769], 'JM,': [1770, 2013, 2127, 3073], '1284–': [1785], '1290.MEDLINE': [1786], '49': [1787], 'Combes': [1788], 'Carithers': [1790], 'RL,': [1791], 'Maddrey': [1792], 'WC,': [1793], 'McDonald': [1796, 3043], 'MF,': [1797], 'Wheeler': [1798], 'DE,': [1799], 'Eigenbrodt': [1800], 'EH,': [1801], 'randomized,': [1805, 2768], 'double-blind,': [1806, 1847], 'placebo-controlled': [1807, 1848, 2623], '22:': [1818], '759–': [1819], '766.MEDLINE': [1820], '50': [1821], 'Kruis': [1826], 'Aydemir': [1828], 'Ü,': [1829], 'Wiebecke': [1830], 'Heldwein': [1832], 'Weinzierl': [1834], 'cholangitis:': [1845, 2651], '16:': [1852, 2008], '707–': [1853], '714.MEDLINE': [1854], '51': [1855], 'KD.': [1857], 'Ursodiol': [1858, 3281], '336:': [1868], '691–': [1869], '695.MEDLINE': [1870], '52': [1871], 'Colombo': [1872, 2781], 'C,': [1873, 2099, 2462, 2706, 2782, 3112, 3221, 3228, 3270], 'Castellani': [1874], 'MR,': [1875], 'Balistreri': [1876, 2933], 'WF,': [1877, 2934], 'Seregni': [1878], 'Assaisso': [1880], 'ML,': [1881], 'Giunta': [1882, 2789], 'Scintigraphic': [1884], 'documentation': [1885], 'improvement': [1888], 'hepatobiliary': [1890, 1926], 'excretory': [1891, 1980], 'function': [1892, 1919, 1981], 'cystic': [1901, 2798, 2847, 2879], 'fibrosis': [1902], 'associated': [1904, 2796], '677–': [1910], '684.MEDLINE': [1911], '53': [1912], 'Müller': [1913], 'Jansen': [1915], 'PL.': [1916], 'secretory': [1918], 'liver:': [1922], 'new': [1923], 'transport.': [1927], '1998;': [1930, 2852], '28:': [1931], '344–': [1932], '354.MEDLINE': [1933], '54': [1934], 'Benedetti': [1935], 'Strazzabosco': [1937], 'Ng': [1939], 'OC,': [1940], 'JL.': [1942, 2072, 2231, 2249], 'Regulation': [1943], 'activity': [1945], 'apical': [1947, 1976], 'targeting': [1948, 1973], 'Cl−/HCO3−': [1951], 'exchanger': [1952], 'Proc': [1956], 'Natl': [1957], 'Acad': [1958], 'S': [1961], '91:': [1964], '792–': [1965], '796.MEDLINE': [1966], '55': [1967], 'JL,': [1969], 'Soroka': [1970], 'CJ.': [1971], 'Vesicle': [1972], 'domain': [1977], 'regulates': [1978], 'isolated': [1983, 2176, 2259, 2283], 'hepatocyte': [1985, 2045], 'couplets.': [1986], '109:': [1989], '1600–': [1990], '1611.MEDLINE': [1991], '56': [1992], 'Crawford': [1993, 2126, 2130], 'JM.': [1994], 'Role': [1995, 2134], 'vesicle-mediated': [1997], 'transport': [1998, 2114], 'pathways': [1999], 'secretion.': [2003, 2144, 2237], 'Semin': [2004], '169–': [2009], '189.MEDLINE': [2010], '57': [2011], 'Larkin': [2012], 'Palade': [2014], 'GE.': [2015], 'Transcytotic': [2016], 'vesicular': [2017], 'carriers': [2018], 'polymeric': [2020], 'IgA': [2021], 'receptors': [2022], 'accumulate': [2023], '205–': [2036], '216.MEDLINE': [2037], '58': [2038], 'Barr': [2039], 'VA,': [2040], 'Hubbard': [2041], 'AL.': [2042], 'Newly': [2043], 'synthesized': [2044], 'proteins': [2048], 'are': [2049], 'transported': [2050], 'transcytotic': [2052], 'vesicles': [2053], 'duct-ligated': [2057], '105:': [2061, 2587], '554–': [2062], '571.MEDLINE': [2063], '59': [2064], 'Nathanson': [2067, 2228, 2246], 'MH,': [2068, 2229, 2247], 'Isales': [2069, 2159], 'Tauroursodeoxycholic': [2073, 2169, 2301], 'stimulates': [2075], 'exocytosis': [2077], 'mobilizes': [2079, 2275], 'extracellular': [2080], 'Ca++': [2081, 2256, 2277, 2306], 'defective': [2083], 'Clin': [2087], 'Invest': [2088], '92:': [2090], '2984–': [2091], '2993.MEDLINE': [2092], '60': [2093], 'Häussinger': [2094, 2192], 'Saha': [2096], 'Hallbrucker': [2098], 'Lang': [2100], 'Involvement': [2104], 'microtubules': [2106], 'swelling-induced': [2109], 'stimulation': [2110, 2199], 'transcellular': [2112], 'taurocholate': [2113], 'perfused': [2116], '291:': [2122], '355–': [2123], '360.MEDLINE': [2124], '61': [2125], 'Strahs': [2128], 'DC,': [2129, 2156], 'AR,': [2131], 'Barnes': [2132, 3136], 'hydrophobicity': [2138], 'microtubule-dependent': [2141], '35:': [2149], '1738–': [2150], '1748.MEDLINE': [2151], '62': [2152], 'Throckmorton': [2155], 'Anderson': [2157], 'MS,': [2158], 'Thasler': [2161], 'Kullak-Ublick': [2163], 'GA,': [2164], 'Sauter': [2165], 'activates': [2171, 2279, 2394], 'kinase': [2173, 2366], 'C': [2174, 2367, 3201], '110:': [2181], '1553–': [2182], '1563.MEDLINE': [2183], '63': [2184], 'Schliess': [2185], 'Kurz': [2187], 'vom': [2189], 'Dahl': [2190], 'D.': [2193], 'Mitogen-activated': [2194], 'kinases': [2196], 'mediate': [2197], 'tauroursodeoxycholate': [2205], '1306–': [2212], '1314.MEDLINE': [2213], '64': [2214], 'Burgoyne': [2215], 'RD,': [2216], 'Morgan': [2217], 'Regulated': [2219], 'exocytosis.': [2220], '293:': [2224], '305–': [2225], '316.MEDLINE': [2226], '65': [2227], 'regulation': [2234, 2374], '551–': [2241], '566.MEDLINE': [2242, 2740], '66': [2243], 'tauroursodeoxycholic': [2252], 'cytosolic': [2255, 2305], 'signals': [2257], '604–': [2265], '612.MEDLINE': [2266], '67': [2267], 'Bouscarel': [2268, 2323], 'Fromm': [2270, 2327], 'Nussbaum': [2272], 'intracellular': [2276], 'phosphorylase': [2280], '264:': [2289], 'G243–': [2290], 'G251.MEDLINE': [2291], '68': [2292], 'Thiel': [2295], 'Bardenheuer': [2297], 'inhibits': [2303, 2333], 'increase': [2307], 'neutrophils': [2310], 'stimulated': [2311], 'formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine.': [2313], 'Biophys': [2315], 'Commun': [2317], '171:': [2319], '1115–': [2320], '1121.MEDLINE': [2321], '69': [2322], 'Gettys': [2325], 'TW,': [2326], 'Dubner': [2329], 'glucagon-induced': [2334], 'cAMP': [2335], 'formation': [2336], 'hamster': [2338], 'hepatocytes:': [2339], 'PKC.': [2343], '268:': [2348], 'G300–': [2349], 'G310.MEDLINE': [2350], '70': [2351], 'Stravitz': [2352], 'RT,': [2353], 'Rao': [2354], 'YP,': [2355], 'ZR,': [2357], 'Gurley': [2358], 'EC,': [2359], 'Jarvis': [2360], 'WD,': [2361], 'PB.': [2363], 'Hepatocellular': [2364], 'activation': [2368], 'acids:': [2371], 'cholesterol': [2376], '7α-hydroxylase.': [2377], '271:': [2382], 'G293–': [2383], 'G303.MEDLINE': [2384], '71': [2385], 'Roman': [2386], 'Schlenker': [2388], 'Fitz': [2390], 'JG.': [2391], 'Ca2+-dependent': [2395], 'Cl−': [2396], 'currents': [2397], 'cell': [2402], 'line.': [2403], 'W': [2409, 2951], 'Gerok,': [2410, 2952], 'Kluwer': [2418, 2964], 'Academic': [2419, 2965], 'Publishers.': [2420, 2966], '219–': [2422], '223.': [2423], '72': [2424], 'Gane': [2427, 2463, 2497], 'Rouger': [2429, 2469], 'expression': [2434, 2482], 'class': [2436, 2439, 2480, 2517], 'I': [2437, 2481, 2518], 'II': [2440], 'histocompatibility': [2442, 2478, 2515], 'complex': [2443, 2479, 2516], 'molecules': [2444], '11:': [2455], '12–': [2456], '15.MEDLINE': [2457], '73': [2458], 'Arvieux': [2461], 'Boucher': [2465, 2493, 3173], 'Nordlinger': [2467], 'induces': [2476], '102:': [2487], '1371–': [2488], '1377.MEDLINE': [2489], '74': [2490], 'Hillaire': [2491], 'Franco': [2501], 'Moukthar': [2503], '107:': [2526], '781–': [2527], '788.MEDLINE': [2528], '75': [2529], 'Grambsch': [2532, 2639], 'Fleming': [2534, 2641], 'TR,': [2535, 2642], 'Fisher': [2536, 3037], 'LD,': [2537, 3038], 'Langworthy': [2538], 'Prognosis': [2540], 'model': [2545], 'decision': [2547], 'making.': [2548], '7.MEDLINE': [2553], '76': [2554], 'Christensen': [2555], 'Altman': [2557], 'DG,': [2558], 'Neuberger': [2559], 'De': [2561], 'Stavola': [2562], 'BL,': [2563], 'Tygstrup': [2564], 'Williams': [2566], 'Updating': [2568], 'prognosis': [2569], 'using': [2574], 'time-dependent': [2576], 'Cox': [2577], 'regression': [2578], 'model.': [2579], 'PBC1': [2580], 'PBC2': [2582], 'groups.': [2584], '1865–': [2588], '1876.MEDLINE': [2589], '77': [2590], 'WJ,': [2600], '3-year': [2618], 'period.': [2625], '20:': [2629], '64.MEDLINE': [2631], '78': [2632], 'Wiesner': [2637], 'RH,': [2638, 2862, 3034], 'LaRusso': [2645], 'NF,': [2646], 'Primary': [2649], 'refinement': [2652], 'validation': [2654], 'survival': [2656], 'models.': [2657], '103:': [2660], '1893–': [2661], '1901.MEDLINE': [2662], '79': [2663], 'Broome': [2664], 'Olsson': [2666], 'Loof': [2668], 'Bodemar': [2670], 'Hultcrantz': [2672], 'Danielsson': [2674], 'Prytz': [2676], 'Natural': [2680], 'history': [2681], 'prognostic': [2683], 'factors': [2684], '305': [2686], 'Swedish': [2687], '610–': [2696], '615.MEDLINE': [2697], '80': [2698, 3210], 'Benz': [2705], 'Stremmel': [2707], 'Efficacy': [2715], 'endoscopic': [2721], 'dilation': [2722], 'stenoses': [2726], 'An': [2731], '8-year': [2732], 'prospective': [2733, 2830], '26:': [2738, 3169], '560–': [2739], '81': [2741], 'Palma': [2742], 'Reyes': [2744], 'Ribalta': [2746], 'Hernandez': [2748], 'I,': [2749], 'Sandoval': [2750], 'Almuna': [2752], 'Liepins': [2754], 'pregnancy:': [2766], 'placebo.': [2773], '27:': [2777, 2853], '1022–': [2778], '1028.MEDLINE': [2779], '82': [2780], 'Bettinardi': [2787], 'fibrosis:': [2799], 'Italian': [2805], 'Group': [2806], 'Acid': [2812], 'Cystic': [2814], 'Fibrosis.': [2815], '1484–': [2819], '1490.MEDLINE': [2820], '83': [2821], 'Lindblad': [2822], 'Glaumann': [2824], 'Strandvik': [2826], 'two-year': [2829], 'morphology': [2845], 'fibrosis–associated': [2848], '166–': [2854], '174.MEDLINE': [2855], '84': [2856], 'Meeberg': [2859], 'PC,': [2860], 'Houwen': [2861], 'Sinaasappel': [2863], 'Heijerman': [2865], 'HG,': [2866], 'Bijleveld': [2867], 'Berge': [2870], 'Henegouwen': [2871], 'GP.': [2872], 'Low-dose': [2873], 'versus': [2874, 3240], 'high-dose': [2875], 'fibrosis-related': [2880], 'Results': [2884], '1-year': [2890], '369–': [2897], '373.MEDLINE': [2898], '85': [2899], 'Jacquemin': [2900], 'Hermans': [2902], 'Habes': [2906], 'Debray': [2908], 'Hadchouel': [2910], 'Sokal': [2912], 'EM,': [2913], 'pediatric': [2920], 'progressive': [2923], 'familial': [2924], 'intrahepatic': [2925], '25:': [2929], '519–': [2930], '86': [2932], 'Ryckman': [2937], 'FC.': [2938], 'paediatric': [2943], 'System.': [2959], 'London:': [2963], '271–': [2968], '282.': [2969], '87': [2970], 'Nittono': [2971], 'Tokita': [2973], 'Hayashi': [2975], 'Watanabe': [2977], 'Obinata': [2979], 'Nakatsu': [2981], 'Miyano': [2983], 'atresia.': [2995], 'Biomed': [2996], 'Pharmacother': [2997], '43:': [2999], '37–': [3000], '41.MEDLINE': [3001], '88': [3002], 'Spagnuolo': [3003], 'MI,': [3004], 'Iorio': [3005], 'Vegnente': [3007], 'Guarino': [3009], 'children': [3018], 'long-term': [3020, 3255, 3284], 'total': [3021], 'parenteral': [3022], 'nutrition:': [3023], '716–': [3030], '719.MEDLINE': [3031], '89': [3032], 'Fried': [3033], 'Murakami': [3035], 'CS,': [3036], 'Willson': [3039], 'Sullivan': [3041], 'KM,': [3042], 'GB.': [3044], 'refractory': [3049], 'graft-versus-host': [3051], 'Ann': [3056], 'Intern': [3057], '116:': [3060], '624–': [3061], '629.MEDLINE': [3062], '90': [3063], 'Pageaux': [3064], 'GP,': [3065], 'Blanc': [3066], 'Perrigault': [3068], 'PF,': [3069], 'Navarro': [3070], 'Fabre': [3072], 'Souche': [3074], 'Domergue': [3076], 'Failure': [3080], 'prevent': [3085, 3163], 'acute': [3086], 'cellular': [3087], 'rejection': [3088], 'transplantation.': [3091], '119–': [3096], '122.MEDLINE': [3097], '91': [3098], 'Keiding': [3099], 'Hockerstedt': [3101], 'Bjoro': [3103], 'Bondesen': [3105], 'Hjortrup': [3107], 'Isoniemi': [3109], 'Erichsen': [3111], 'Nordic': [3116], 'prophylactic': [3123], 'transplant': [3128, 3165], 'patients.': [3129, 3211], 'Transplantation': [3130], '1591–': [3133], '1594.MEDLINE': [3134], '92': [3135], 'Talenti': [3138], 'Cammell': [3140], 'Goormastic': [3142], 'Farquhar': [3144], 'Henderson': [3146], 'Vogt': [3148], 'clinical': [3154, 3252, 3292], 'adjuvant': [3160], 'rejection.': [3166], '853–': [3170], '857.MEDLINE': [3171], '93': [3172], 'Jouanolle': [3175], 'Andre': [3177], 'Ruffault': [3179], 'Guyader': [3181], 'Moirand': [3183], 'Turlin': 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