Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2002007234', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.5.1978', 'title': 'Trading Tasks: A Simple Theory of Offshoring', 'display_name': 'Trading Tasks: A Simple Theory of Offshoring', 'publication_year': 2008, 'publication_date': '2008-11-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2002007234', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.5.1978', 'mag': '2002007234'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.5.1978', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S23254222', 'display_name': 'American Economic Review', 'issn_l': '0002-8282', 'issn': ['0002-8282', '1944-7981'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315912', 'host_organization_name': 'American Economic Association', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315912'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Economic Association'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'http://papers.nber.org/papers/w12721.pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5103503282', 'display_name': 'Gene M. Grossman', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I20089843', 'display_name': 'Princeton University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00hx57361', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I20089843']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Gene M Grossman', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Economics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Economics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I20089843']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5088489492', 'display_name': 'Esteban Rossi‐Hansberg', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5886-1108'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I20089843', 'display_name': 'Princeton University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00hx57361', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I20089843']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Esteban Rossi-Hansberg', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Economics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Economics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I20089843']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 125.218, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 1967, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999874, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '98', 'issue': '5', 'first_page': '1978', 'last_page': '1997'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10128', 'display_name': 'Impact of International Trade on Productivity and Growth', 'score': 0.9991, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2000', 'display_name': 'General Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10128', 'display_name': 'Impact of International Trade on Productivity and Growth', 'score': 0.9991, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2000', 'display_name': 'General Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10393', 'display_name': 'Institutions and Economic Growth: Empirical Investigations and Theories', 'score': 0.9831, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12851', 'display_name': 'Evolution of Firm Size and Growth Dynamics', 'score': 0.9772, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/exporting', 'display_name': 'Exporting', 'score': 0.537253}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity', 'display_name': 'Productivity', 'score': 0.500631}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/affect', 'display_name': 'Affect (linguistics)', 'score': 0.41483358}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C39302471', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9051832', 'display_name': 'Offshoring', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.9293574}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.6836173}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C204983608', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958', 'display_name': 'Productivity', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6171357}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778348673', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302', 'display_name': 'Production (economics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5485677}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780451532', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676', 'display_name': 'Task (project management)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5452365}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C175444787', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072', 'display_name': 'Microeconomics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.52999204}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780586882', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643', 'display_name': 'Simple (philosophy)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.42829505}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C40700', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783', 'display_name': 'Industrial organization', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.42742473}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776502983', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182', 'display_name': 'Contrast (vision)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.41667032}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776035688', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558', 'display_name': 'Affect (linguistics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.41483358}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C98045186', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663', 'display_name': 'Process (computing)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.41025758}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C155202549', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803', 'display_name': 'International trade', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.33309633}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C46934059', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515', 'display_name': 'Outsourcing', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.1999498}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.18835998}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144133560', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453', 'display_name': 'Business', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.15596852}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C139719470', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680', 'display_name': 'Macroeconomics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.13391566}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162853370', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809', 'display_name': 'Marketing', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.13215691}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C187736073', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921', 'display_name': 'Management', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41895202', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162', 'display_name': 'Linguistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111472728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471', 'display_name': 'Epistemology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111919701', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135', 'display_name': 'Operating system', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 3, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.5.1978', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S23254222', 'display_name': 'American Economic Review', 'issn_l': '0002-8282', 'issn': ['0002-8282', '1944-7981'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315912', 'host_organization_name': 'American Economic Association', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315912'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Economic Association'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://papers.nber.org/papers/w12721.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'http://papers.nber.org/papers/w12721.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4308707206', 'display_name': 'Library Union Catalog of Bavaria, Berlin and Brandenburg (B3Kat Repository)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I157725225', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I157725225'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'mit', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/mit', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://www.nber.org/papers/w12721.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.nber.org/papers/w12721.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401271', 'display_name': 'RePEc: Research Papers in Economics', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I77793887', 'host_organization_name': 'Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I77793887'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://papers.nber.org/papers/w12721.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'http://papers.nber.org/papers/w12721.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4308707206', 'display_name': 'Library Union Catalog of Bavaria, Berlin and Brandenburg (B3Kat Repository)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I157725225', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I157725225'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'mit', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/mit', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.65, 'display_name': 'Decent work and economic growth', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 91, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1497277683', 'https://openalex.org/W1504555570', 'https://openalex.org/W1504962163', 'https://openalex.org/W1521860919', 'https://openalex.org/W1536710182', 'https://openalex.org/W1599079710', 'https://openalex.org/W1599589763', 'https://openalex.org/W1771284857', 'https://openalex.org/W1862505589', 'https://openalex.org/W1879418212', 'https://openalex.org/W1879687480', 'https://openalex.org/W1925810302', 'https://openalex.org/W1930962388', 'https://openalex.org/W1946173873', 'https://openalex.org/W1990821161', 'https://openalex.org/W2008294699', 'https://openalex.org/W2008791966', 'https://openalex.org/W2009444851', 'https://openalex.org/W2013673979', 'https://openalex.org/W2014906846', 'https://openalex.org/W2022579144', 'https://openalex.org/W2028401421', 'https://openalex.org/W2029167274', 'https://openalex.org/W2032465132', 'https://openalex.org/W2037168220', 'https://openalex.org/W2041791564', 'https://openalex.org/W2043414168', 'https://openalex.org/W2046670844', 'https://openalex.org/W2053096141', 'https://openalex.org/W2056579077', 'https://openalex.org/W2075186376', 'https://openalex.org/W2075187000', 'https://openalex.org/W2076063208', 'https://openalex.org/W2097937224', 'https://openalex.org/W2099879836', 'https://openalex.org/W2111851371', 'https://openalex.org/W2114256892', 'https://openalex.org/W2118774516', 'https://openalex.org/W2132413086', 'https://openalex.org/W2139897700', 'https://openalex.org/W2143983118', 'https://openalex.org/W2144061619', 'https://openalex.org/W2146323038', 'https://openalex.org/W2152030590', 'https://openalex.org/W2152570303', 'https://openalex.org/W2153194216', 'https://openalex.org/W2154366648', 'https://openalex.org/W2156203513', 'https://openalex.org/W2163047586', 'https://openalex.org/W2170795482', 'https://openalex.org/W2178659982', 'https://openalex.org/W2189256409', 'https://openalex.org/W2256159506', 'https://openalex.org/W2264704915', 'https://openalex.org/W2786577481', 'https://openalex.org/W2791175175', 'https://openalex.org/W2892380133', 'https://openalex.org/W2951112740', 'https://openalex.org/W3093827933', 'https://openalex.org/W3121544364', 'https://openalex.org/W3121640590', 'https://openalex.org/W3122120586', 'https://openalex.org/W3122274962', 'https://openalex.org/W3122368347', 'https://openalex.org/W3122690547', 'https://openalex.org/W3122817164', 'https://openalex.org/W3123149334', 'https://openalex.org/W3123284727', 'https://openalex.org/W3123380019', 'https://openalex.org/W3123676747', 'https://openalex.org/W3123694870', 'https://openalex.org/W3123884897', 'https://openalex.org/W3123961879', 'https://openalex.org/W3124401164', 'https://openalex.org/W3124515821', 'https://openalex.org/W3124990081', 'https://openalex.org/W3125033168', 'https://openalex.org/W3125103573', 'https://openalex.org/W3125130981', 'https://openalex.org/W3125348384', 'https://openalex.org/W3125578462', 'https://openalex.org/W3125608833', 'https://openalex.org/W3125705303', 'https://openalex.org/W3125850297', 'https://openalex.org/W3125971667', 'https://openalex.org/W3126025650', 'https://openalex.org/W3126044971', 'https://openalex.org/W3169258150', 'https://openalex.org/W3176815803', 'https://openalex.org/W4214822973', 'https://openalex.org/W4247508718'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W644766326', 'https://openalex.org/W4212819232', 'https://openalex.org/W3123918526', 'https://openalex.org/W2484221899', 'https://openalex.org/W2153596050', 'https://openalex.org/W2105028739', 'https://openalex.org/W2022579144', 'https://openalex.org/W1514939297', 'https://openalex.org/W1514388135', 'https://openalex.org/W1498907471'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'We': [0, 31], 'propose': [1], 'a': [2, 33], 'theory': [3], 'of': [4, 22, 36, 53, 60, 85], 'the': [5, 28, 41, 51, 58, 74, 83], 'global': [6], 'production': [7], 'process': [8], 'that': [9, 39, 77], 'focuses': [10], 'on': [11], 'tradeable': [12], 'tasks,': [13], 'and': [14], 'use': [15], 'it': [16], 'to': [17, 73], 'study': [18], 'how': [19], 'falling': [20], 'costs': [21], 'offshoring': [23], 'affect': [24], 'factor': [25, 42], 'prices': [26], 'in': [27, 57, 71, 82], 'source': [29], 'country.': [30], 'identify': [32], 'productivity': [34], 'effect': [35], 'task': [37], 'trade': [38], 'benefits': [40], 'whose': [43], 'tasks': [44, 62], 'are': [45], 'more': [46], 'easily': [47], 'moved': [48], 'offshore.': [49], 'In': [50], 'light': [52], 'this': [54], 'effect,': [55], 'reductions': [56, 81], 'cost': [59, 84], 'trading': [61, 86], 'can': [63], 'generate': [64], 'shared': [65], 'gains': [66], 'for': [67], 'all': [68], 'domestic': [69], 'factors,': [70], 'contrast': [72], 'distributional': [75], 'conflict': [76], 'typically': [78], 'results': [79], 'from': [80], 'goods.': [87], '(JEL': [88], 'F11,': [89], 'F16)': [90]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2002007234', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 77}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 102}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 116}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 131}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 150}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 119}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 118}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 98}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 106}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 128}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 162}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 169}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 127}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-18T19:38:13.618725', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}