Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1999959871', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1111915108', 'title': 'Multiple emergences of genetically diverse amphibian-infecting chytrids include a globalized hypervirulent recombinant lineage', 'display_name': 'Multiple emergences of genetically diverse amphibian-infecting chytrids include a globalized hypervirulent recombinant lineage', 'publication_year': 2011, 'publication_date': '2011-11-07', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1999959871', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1111915108', 'mag': '1999959871', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22065772', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3219125'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1111915108', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S125754415', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences', 'issn_l': '0027-8424', 'issn': ['0027-8424', '1091-6490'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320052', 'host_organization_name': 'National Academy of Sciences', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320052'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Academy of Sciences'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1111915108', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5080533196', 'display_name': 'Rhys A. Farrer', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8456-7458'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I47508984', 'display_name': 'Imperial College London', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/041kmwe10', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I47508984']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1321067030', 'display_name': 'Zoological Society of London', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03px4ez74', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1321067030']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Rhys A. Farrer', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom.', 'Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom;'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I47508984']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom;', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1321067030']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5105503767', 'display_name': 'Lucy A. Weinert', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I47508984', 'display_name': 'Imperial College London', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/041kmwe10', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I47508984']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Lucy A. Weinert', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I47508984']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5042306367', 'display_name': 'Jon Bielby', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4586-0429'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1321067030', 'display_name': 'Zoological Society of London', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03px4ez74', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1321067030']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Jon Bielby', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom;'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom;', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1321067030']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5020276314', 'display_name': 'Trenton W. J. Garner', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0336-9706'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1321067030', 'display_name': 'Zoological Society of London', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03px4ez74', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1321067030']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Trenton W. J. Garner', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom;'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom;', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1321067030']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5060910782', 'display_name': 'François Balloux', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1978-7715'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I47508984', 'display_name': 'Imperial College London', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/041kmwe10', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I47508984']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Francois Balloux', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I47508984']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5052213354', 'display_name': 'Frances C. Clare', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7564-6664'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1321067030', 'display_name': 'Zoological Society of London', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03px4ez74', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1321067030']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I47508984', 'display_name': 'Imperial College London', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/041kmwe10', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I47508984']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Frances Clare', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;', 'Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom;'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom;', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1321067030']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I47508984']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5031396166', 'display_name': 'Jaime Bosch', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0099-7934'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210120109', 'display_name': 'Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02v6zg374', 'country_code': 'ES', 'type': 'archive', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I134820265', 'https://openalex.org/I4210120109']}], 'countries': ['ES'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Jaime Bosch', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, 28006 Madrid, Spain;'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, 28006 Madrid, Spain;', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210120109']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5027770167', 'display_name': 'Andrew A. Cunningham', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3543-6504'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1321067030', 'display_name': 'Zoological Society of London', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03px4ez74', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1321067030']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Andrew A. Cunningham', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom;'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom;', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1321067030']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5059848719', 'display_name': 'Ché Weldon', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6716-0787'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I27765905', 'display_name': 'North-West University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/010f1sq29', 'country_code': 'ZA', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I27765905']}], 'countries': ['ZA'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Che Weldon', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; and'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; and', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I27765905']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5113977587', 'display_name': 'Louis H. du Preez', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I27765905', 'display_name': 'North-West University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/010f1sq29', 'country_code': 'ZA', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I27765905']}], 'countries': ['ZA'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Louis H. du Preez', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; and'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; and', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I27765905']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5008070094', 'display_name': 'Lucy G. Anderson', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9744-0349'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1321067030', 'display_name': 'Zoological Society of London', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03px4ez74', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1321067030']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Lucy Anderson', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom;'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom;', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1321067030']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5011410563', 'display_name': 'Sergei L. Kosakovsky Pond', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4817-4029'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I36258959', 'display_name': 'University of California, San Diego', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0168r3w48', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I36258959']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Sergei L. Kosakovsky Pond', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I36258959']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5084539345', 'display_name': 'Revital Shahar-Golan', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I47508984', 'display_name': 'Imperial College London', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/041kmwe10', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I47508984']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Revital Shahar-Golan', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I47508984']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5079368595', 'display_name': 'Daniel A. Henk', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1142-3143'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I47508984', 'display_name': 'Imperial College London', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/041kmwe10', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I47508984']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Daniel A. Henk', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I47508984']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5065133902', 'display_name': 'Matthew C. Fisher', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1862-6402'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I47508984', 'display_name': 'Imperial College London', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/041kmwe10', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I47508984']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Matthew C. Fisher', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I47508984']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 4, 'institutions_distinct_count': 5, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 20.772, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 424, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999936, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '108', 'issue': '46', 'first_page': '18732', 'last_page': '18736'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10332', 'display_name': 'Amphibian and Reptile Biology', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2306', 'display_name': 'Global and Planetary Change'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10332', 'display_name': 'Amphibian and Reptile Biology', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2306', 'display_name': 'Global and Planetary Change'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10296', 'display_name': 'Vector-borne infectious diseases', 'score': 0.9807, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2405', 'display_name': 'Parasitology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/24', 'display_name': 'Immunology and Microbiology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10015', 'display_name': 'Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies', 'score': 0.98, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/lineage', 'display_name': 'Lineage (genetic)', 'score': 0.7555268}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/effective-population-size', 'display_name': 'Effective population size', 'score': 0.412144}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.8659264}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776817793', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6553369', 'display_name': 'Lineage (genetic)', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.7555268}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C115225378', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853848', 'display_name': 'Allopatric speciation', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.59364307}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C44465124', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713623', 'display_name': 'Clade', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.5472585}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C193252679', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242125', 'display_name': 'Phylogenetic tree', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.52125365}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C78458016', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400', 'display_name': 'Evolutionary biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5181157}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2908647359', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603', 'display_name': 'Population', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.48318258}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C130217890', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041', 'display_name': 'Biodiversity', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4771278}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781465898', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10908', 'display_name': 'Amphibian', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4762452}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C3641667', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1295959', 'display_name': 'Effective population size', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.412144}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C18903297', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150', 'display_name': 'Ecology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.33720696}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C90856448', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431', 'display_name': 'Zoology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3337657}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.26877457}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C68873052', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349856', 'display_name': 'Genetic variation', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.18240789}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C104317684', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187', 'display_name': 'Gene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.1648883}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C149923435', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732', 'display_name': 'Demography', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.067071676}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D000663', 'descriptor_name': 'Amphibians', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000382', 'qualifier_name': 'microbiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008411', 'descriptor_name': 'Chytridiomycota', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000818', 'descriptor_name': 'Animals', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D044822', 'descriptor_name': 'Biodiversity', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D019070', 'descriptor_name': 'Cell Lineage', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014644', 'descriptor_name': 'Genetic Variation', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005838', 'descriptor_name': 'Genotype', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006579', 'descriptor_name': 'Heterozygote', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006720', 'descriptor_name': 'Homozygote', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008957', 'descriptor_name': 'Models, Genetic', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010802', 'descriptor_name': 'Phylogeny', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D020641', 'descriptor_name': 'Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011994', 'descriptor_name': 'Recombinant Proteins', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011995', 'descriptor_name': 'Recombination, Genetic', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014774', 'descriptor_name': 'Virulence', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 5, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1111915108', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S125754415', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences', 'issn_l': '0027-8424', 'issn': ['0027-8424', '1091-6490'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320052', 'host_organization_name': 'National Academy of Sciences', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320052'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Academy of Sciences'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3219125', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3219125?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3219125', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7798', 'pdf_url': 'https://repository.nwu.ac.za/bitstream/10394/7798/1/Multiplemergences18732.full.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306402268', 'display_name': 'Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I114027177', 'host_organization_name': 'University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I114027177'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22065772', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1111915108', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S125754415', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences', 'issn_l': '0027-8424', 'issn': ['0027-8424', '1091-6490'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320052', 'host_organization_name': 'National Academy of Sciences', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320052'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Academy of Sciences'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14', 'score': 0.75, 'display_name': 'Life below water'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 36, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1556547030', 'https://openalex.org/W1593676244', 'https://openalex.org/W1595231589', 'https://openalex.org/W1598813349', 'https://openalex.org/W1965181237', 'https://openalex.org/W1970988205', 'https://openalex.org/W1982800197', 'https://openalex.org/W2024241166', 'https://openalex.org/W2025363484', 'https://openalex.org/W2032509292', 'https://openalex.org/W2033084767', 'https://openalex.org/W2039114788', 'https://openalex.org/W2066953299', 'https://openalex.org/W2067581927', 'https://openalex.org/W2094684530', 'https://openalex.org/W2101085129', 'https://openalex.org/W2101455872', 'https://openalex.org/W2103441770', 'https://openalex.org/W2103809514', 'https://openalex.org/W2105291817', 'https://openalex.org/W2109538719', 'https://openalex.org/W2110835349', 'https://openalex.org/W2112011866', 'https://openalex.org/W2115011276', 'https://openalex.org/W2120607107', 'https://openalex.org/W2122835536', 'https://openalex.org/W2123375173', 'https://openalex.org/W2127223602', 'https://openalex.org/W2131203559', 'https://openalex.org/W2138825607', 'https://openalex.org/W2148875031', 'https://openalex.org/W2150973133', 'https://openalex.org/W2162530050', 'https://openalex.org/W2169768163', 'https://openalex.org/W4235416980', 'https://openalex.org/W620629935'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4385295002', 'https://openalex.org/W4311551625', 'https://openalex.org/W4308566686', 'https://openalex.org/W4285093259', 'https://openalex.org/W4284881927', 'https://openalex.org/W4239648358', 'https://openalex.org/W2995499279', 'https://openalex.org/W2173655985', 'https://openalex.org/W2050399337', 'https://openalex.org/W1989890420'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Batrachochytrium': [0], 'dendrobatidis': [1], '(': [2, 97, 137, 143], 'Bd': [3, 62, 98, 138, 144, 159, 165, 169, 199, 216], ')': [4], 'is': [5, 167], 'a': [6, 16], 'globally': [7], 'ubiquitous': [8], 'fungal': [9], 'infection': [10], 'that': [11, 87, 164, 190], 'has': [12], 'emerged': [13, 101], 'to': [14, 26, 90, 148, 204, 219], 'become': [15], 'primary': [17], 'driver': [18], 'of': [19, 30, 35, 40, 46, 61, 67, 117, 175, 198, 213], 'amphibian': [20, 83, 224], 'biodiversity': [21], 'loss.': [22], 'Despite': [23], 'widespread': [24], 'effort': [25], 'understand': [27], 'the': [28, 33, 36, 82, 93, 108, 115, 124, 173, 208, 214], 'emergence': [29], 'this': [31], 'panzootic,': [32], 'origins': [34], 'infection,': [37], 'its': [38], 'patterns': [39], 'global': [41, 94], 'spread,': [42, 210], 'and': [43, 75, 111, 127, 140, 158, 161, 184, 211], 'principle': [44], 'mode': [45], 'evolution': [47], 'remain': [48], 'largely': [49], 'unknown.': [50], 'Using': [51], 'comparative': [52], 'population': [53], 'genomics,': [54], 'we': [55, 162], 'discovered': [56], 'three': [57], 'deeply': [58], 'diverged': [59], 'lineages': [60, 69], 'associated': [63, 77, 113], 'with': [64, 78, 114], 'amphibians.': [65], 'Two': [66], 'these': [68], 'were': [70, 146], 'found': [71, 86, 147], 'in': [72, 119, 150, 207, 223], 'multiple': [73], 'continents': [74, 106], 'are': [76, 112], 'known': [79], 'introductions': [80], 'by': [81], 'trade.': [84], 'We': [85, 188], 'isolates': [88], 'belonging': [89], 'one': [91, 156], 'clade,': [92], 'panzootic': [95], 'lineage': [96, 136, 142], 'GPL)': [99], 'have': [100, 201], 'across': [102], 'at': [103], 'least': [104], 'five': [105], 'during': [107], '20th': [109], 'century': [110], 'onset': [116], 'epizootics': [118], 'North': [120], 'America,': [121, 123], 'Central': [122], 'Caribbean,': [125], 'Australia,': [126], 'Europe.': [128], 'The': [129], 'two': [130], 'newly': [131], 'identified': [132], 'divergent': [133], 'lineages,': [134], 'Cape': [135], 'CAPE)': [139], 'Swiss': [141], 'CH),': [145], 'differ': [149], 'morphological': [151], 'traits': [152], 'when': [153], 'compared': [154], 'against': [155], 'another': [157], 'GPL,': [160], 'show': [163], 'GPL': [166, 170, 217], 'hypervirulent.': [168], 'uniquely': [171], 'bears': [172], 'hallmarks': [174], 'genomic': [176], 'recombination,': [177], 'manifested': [178], 'as': [179], 'extensive': [180], 'intergenomic': [181], 'phylogenetic': [182], 'conflict': [183], 'patchily': [185], 'distributed': [186], 'heterozygosity.': [187], 'postulate': [189], 'contact': [191], 'between': [192], 'previously': [193], 'genetically': [194], 'isolated': [195], 'allopatric': [196], 'populations': [197], 'may': [200], 'allowed': [202], 'recombination': [203], 'occur,': [205], 'resulting': [206], 'generation,': [209], 'invasion': [212], 'hypervirulent': [215], 'leading': [218], 'contemporary': [220], 'disease-driven': [221], 'losses': [222], 'biodiversity.': [225]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1999959871', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 18}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 16}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 29}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 32}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 36}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 38}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 43}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 37}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 37}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 32}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 49}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 36}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-14T05:18:33.847282', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}