Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1998818789', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/667586', 'title': 'Weak Disruptive Selection and Incomplete Phenotypic Divergence in Two Classic Examples of Sympatric Speciation: Cameroon Crater Lake Cichlids', 'display_name': 'Weak Disruptive Selection and Incomplete Phenotypic Divergence in Two Classic Examples of Sympatric Speciation: Cameroon Crater Lake Cichlids', 'publication_year': 2012, 'publication_date': '2012-09-13', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1998818789', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/667586', 'mag': '1998818789', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22976018'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/667586', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S122176235', 'display_name': 'The American Naturalist', 'issn_l': '0003-0147', 'issn': ['0003-0147', '1537-5323'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315672', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Chicago Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315690', 'https://openalex.org/P4310315672'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Chicago', 'University of Chicago Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5068406789', 'display_name': 'Christopher H. Martin', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7989-9124'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I84218800', 'display_name': 'University of California, Davis', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05rrcem69', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I84218800']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Christopher H. Martin', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Evolution & Ecology and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Evolution & Ecology and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I84218800']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5068406789'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I84218800'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 3.817, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 59, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999952, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 96, 'max': 97}, 'biblio': {'volume': '180', 'issue': '4', 'first_page': 'E90', 'last_page': 'E109'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10199', 'display_name': 'Wildlife Ecology and Conservation', 'score': 0.9988, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2303', 'display_name': 'Ecology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10199', 'display_name': 'Wildlife Ecology and Conservation', 'score': 0.9988, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2303', 'display_name': 'Ecology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10012', 'display_name': 'Genetic diversity and population structure', 'score': 0.9978, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1311', 'display_name': 'Genetics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10174', 'display_name': 'Animal Behavior and Reproduction', 'score': 0.9963, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1105', 'display_name': 'Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/11', 'display_name': 'Agricultural and Biological Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/disruptive-selection', 'display_name': 'Disruptive selection', 'score': 0.89983904}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/ecological-speciation', 'display_name': 'Ecological speciation', 'score': 0.8485186}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm', 'display_name': 'Genetic algorithm', 'score': 0.70898783}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/assortative-mating', 'display_name': 'Assortative mating', 'score': 0.6566368}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/trait', 'display_name': 'Trait', 'score': 0.48149288}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/divergence', 'display_name': 'Divergence (linguistics)', 'score': 0.46835724}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/incipient-speciation', 'display_name': 'Incipient speciation', 'score': 0.45241803}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/ecological-selection', 'display_name': 'Ecological selection', 'score': 0.41807103}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C53889494', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1240247', 'display_name': 'Sympatric speciation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.9623711}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C46097333', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591877', 'display_name': 'Disruptive selection', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.89983904}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C82369549', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17011665', 'display_name': 'Ecological speciation', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.8485186}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.7681961}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C92274894', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246431', 'display_name': 'Sympatry', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.7182442}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776838516', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787', 'display_name': 'Genetic algorithm', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.70898783}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777433574', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744592', 'display_name': 'Assortative mating', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6566368}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C130981225', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206913', 'display_name': 'Sexual selection', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5704248}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C78458016', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400', 'display_name': 'Evolutionary biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5555918}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C81917197', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760', 'display_name': 'Selection (genetic algorithm)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5008929}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C106934330', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971873', 'display_name': 'Trait', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.48149288}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C18903297', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150', 'display_name': 'Ecology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.47365296}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C207390915', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525', 'display_name': 'Divergence (linguistics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46835724}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C120304967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39350', 'display_name': 'Incipient speciation', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.45241803}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C65201436', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5333255', 'display_name': 'Ecological selection', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.41807103}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C75268714', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43478', 'display_name': 'Natural selection', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.27282298}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C514575182', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228395', 'display_name': 'Mating', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.20836765}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C107023163', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143089', 'display_name': 'Gene flow', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.16296536}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C68873052', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349856', 'display_name': 'Genetic variation', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.1289976}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.060724556}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41895202', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162', 'display_name': 'Linguistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C104317684', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187', 'display_name': 'Gene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199360897', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143', 'display_name': 'Programming language', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D023681', 'descriptor_name': 'Cichlids', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D049810', 'descriptor_name': 'Genetic Speciation', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012641', 'descriptor_name': 'Selection, Genetic', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000818', 'descriptor_name': 'Animals', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002163', 'descriptor_name': 'Cameroon', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D023681', 'descriptor_name': 'Cichlids', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000033', 'qualifier_name': 'anatomy & histology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D023681', 'descriptor_name': 'Cichlids', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000254', 'qualifier_name': 'growth & development', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D023681', 'descriptor_name': 'Cichlids', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008954', 'descriptor_name': 'Models, Biological', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010641', 'descriptor_name': 'Phenotype', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/667586', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S122176235', 'display_name': 'The American Naturalist', 'issn_l': '0003-0147', 'issn': ['0003-0147', '1537-5323'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315672', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Chicago Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315690', 'https://openalex.org/P4310315672'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Chicago', 'University of Chicago Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22976018', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Life below water', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14', 'score': 0.63}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 114, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1572499321', 'https://openalex.org/W1589200416', 'https://openalex.org/W1600814660', 'https://openalex.org/W1606092311', 'https://openalex.org/W1611620823', 'https://openalex.org/W1891857422', 'https://openalex.org/W1908007220', 'https://openalex.org/W1963703713', 'https://openalex.org/W1964236783', 'https://openalex.org/W1965414540', 'https://openalex.org/W1970507491', 'https://openalex.org/W1979958860', 'https://openalex.org/W1982593590', 'https://openalex.org/W1985938067', 'https://openalex.org/W1985949953', 'https://openalex.org/W1991331137', 'https://openalex.org/W1991347848', 'https://openalex.org/W1991879643', 'https://openalex.org/W1995704413', 'https://openalex.org/W1996519776', 'https://openalex.org/W1997817740', 'https://openalex.org/W1997925047', 'https://openalex.org/W2000357843', 'https://openalex.org/W2007579824', 'https://openalex.org/W2008091032', 'https://openalex.org/W2008171016', 'https://openalex.org/W2009603267', 'https://openalex.org/W2015341730', 'https://openalex.org/W2018835787', 'https://openalex.org/W2024222212', 'https://openalex.org/W2024522870', 'https://openalex.org/W2025789718', 'https://openalex.org/W2026698205', 'https://openalex.org/W2027316951', 'https://openalex.org/W2030125945', 'https://openalex.org/W2030993345', 'https://openalex.org/W2031304566', 'https://openalex.org/W2038382815', 'https://openalex.org/W2039833529', 'https://openalex.org/W2055863324', 'https://openalex.org/W2057167903', 'https://openalex.org/W2058815816', 'https://openalex.org/W2058971217', 'https://openalex.org/W2066725487', 'https://openalex.org/W2070975929', 'https://openalex.org/W2080895646', 'https://openalex.org/W2081056398', 'https://openalex.org/W2084447002', 'https://openalex.org/W2085683389', 'https://openalex.org/W2088570393', 'https://openalex.org/W2089515676', 'https://openalex.org/W2095108874', 'https://openalex.org/W2095712355', 'https://openalex.org/W2095953655', 'https://openalex.org/W2097509699', 'https://openalex.org/W2097968251', 'https://openalex.org/W2101083023', 'https://openalex.org/W2103463729', 'https://openalex.org/W2104511903', 'https://openalex.org/W2104550917', 'https://openalex.org/W2105165322', 'https://openalex.org/W2107033426', 'https://openalex.org/W2108233504', 'https://openalex.org/W2113023092', 'https://openalex.org/W2114996962', 'https://openalex.org/W2117785408', 'https://openalex.org/W2119252713', 'https://openalex.org/W2120385174', 'https://openalex.org/W2120513025', 'https://openalex.org/W2125117729', 'https://openalex.org/W2125389285', 'https://openalex.org/W2128915437', 'https://openalex.org/W2131431511', 'https://openalex.org/W2134165090', 'https://openalex.org/W2139104319', 'https://openalex.org/W2140277878', 'https://openalex.org/W2141212984', 'https://openalex.org/W2142041124', 'https://openalex.org/W2142515338', 'https://openalex.org/W2143153648', 'https://openalex.org/W2143614849', 'https://openalex.org/W2144214501', 'https://openalex.org/W2145166874', 'https://openalex.org/W2147039800', 'https://openalex.org/W2150153307', 'https://openalex.org/W2151187352', 'https://openalex.org/W2152384620', 'https://openalex.org/W2153338140', 'https://openalex.org/W2155139297', 'https://openalex.org/W2157134474', 'https://openalex.org/W2159657431', 'https://openalex.org/W2161181811', 'https://openalex.org/W2162181886', 'https://openalex.org/W2166392803', 'https://openalex.org/W2168175751', 'https://openalex.org/W2170680417', 'https://openalex.org/W2171110314', 'https://openalex.org/W2171153116', 'https://openalex.org/W2173536608', 'https://openalex.org/W2176301239', 'https://openalex.org/W2317238981', 'https://openalex.org/W2322715144', 'https://openalex.org/W2327788429', 'https://openalex.org/W2331569578', 'https://openalex.org/W2335219852', 'https://openalex.org/W2343558669', 'https://openalex.org/W2582743722', 'https://openalex.org/W2599037593', 'https://openalex.org/W4243999809', 'https://openalex.org/W4245797300', 'https://openalex.org/W4251270200', 'https://openalex.org/W4256704985', 'https://openalex.org/W4297124397', 'https://openalex.org/W4399573932'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4249884240', 'https://openalex.org/W4234272239', 'https://openalex.org/W2330221245', 'https://openalex.org/W2176301239', 'https://openalex.org/W2173536608', 'https://openalex.org/W2089351377', 'https://openalex.org/W2048879167', 'https://openalex.org/W2005046228', 'https://openalex.org/W1998919404', 'https://openalex.org/W1584579085'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Recent': [0], 'documentation': [1], 'of': [2, 7, 14, 35, 46, 52, 56, 112, 137, 158, 216], 'a': [3, 12], 'few': [4], 'compelling': [5], 'examples': [6, 19, 51], 'sympatric': [8, 53, 144], 'speciation': [9, 145], 'led': [10], 'to': [11, 26, 60, 102, 213], 'proliferation': [13], 'theoretical': [15], 'models.': [16], 'Unfortunately,': [17], 'plausible': [18], 'from': [20, 83], 'nature': [21], 'have': [22], 'rarely': [23], 'been': [24], 'used': [25], 'test': [27], 'model': [28], 'predictions,': [29], 'such': [30], 'as': [31], 'the': [32, 42, 134], 'initial': [33], 'presence': [34], 'strong': [36], 'disruptive': [37, 113, 149], 'selection.': [38, 114], 'Here': [39], 'I': [40, 66, 155], 'estimated': [41], 'form': [43], 'and': [44, 64, 71, 95, 108, 121, 170, 180, 195], 'strength': [45], 'selection': [47, 87, 104, 150, 178], 'in': [48, 75, 90, 129, 161, 198, 211], 'two': [49], 'classic': [50], 'speciation:': [54], 'radiations': [55, 189], 'Cameroon': [57], 'cichlids': [58], 'restricted': [59], 'Lakes': [61], 'Barombi': [62], 'Mbo': [63], 'Ejagham.': [65], 'measured': [67], 'five': [68], 'functional': [69], 'traits': [70, 107], 'relative': [72, 101], 'growth': [73], 'rates': [74], 'over': [76], '500': [77], 'individuals': [78], 'within': [79, 187], 'incipient': [80], 'species': [81, 131, 163, 186, 200], 'complexes': [82, 201], 'each': [84], 'lake.': [85], 'Disruptive': [86], 'was': [88], 'prevalent': [89], 'both': [91, 130, 162], 'groups': [92], 'on': [93, 105], 'single': [94], 'multivariate': [96], 'trait': [97, 125], 'axes': [98], 'but': [99], 'weak': [100, 166], 'stabilizing': [103], 'other': [106, 185], 'most': [109], 'published': [110], 'estimates': [111], 'Furthermore,': [115], 'despite': [116], 'genetic': [117], 'structure,': [118], 'assortative': [119], 'mating,': [120], 'bimodal': [122], 'species-diagnostic': [123], 'coloration,': [124], 'distributions': [126], 'were': [127], 'unimodal': [128], 'complexes,': [132, 164], 'indicating': [133], 'earliest': [135], 'stages': [136], 'speciation.': [138], 'Long': [139], 'waiting': [140], 'times': [141], 'or': [142, 205], 'incomplete': [143, 206], 'may': [146, 202], 'result': [147], 'when': [148], 'is': [151], 'initially': [152], 'weak.': [153], 'Alternatively,': [154], 'present': [156], 'evidence': [157], 'additional': [159], 'constraints': [160], 'including': [165], 'linkage': [167], 'between': [168], 'coloration': [169], 'morphology,': [171], 'reduced': [172], 'morphological': [173, 194], 'variance': [174], 'aligned': [175], 'with': [176], 'nonlinear': [177], 'surfaces,': [179], 'minimal': [181], 'ecological': [182, 196], 'divergence.': [183], 'While': [184], 'these': [188, 199], 'show': [190], 'complete': [191], 'phenotypic': [192], 'separation,': [193], 'divergence': [197, 215], 'be': [203], 'slow': [204], 'outside': [207], 'optimal': [208], 'parameter': [209], 'ranges,': [210], 'contrast': [212], 'rapid': [214], 'their': [217], 'sexual': [218], 'coloration.': [219]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1998818789', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-05T08:53:26.534431', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}