Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1996498639', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871264', 'title': 'Advances in the simulation of toroidal gyro-Landau fluid model turbulence', 'display_name': 'Advances in the simulation of toroidal gyro-Landau fluid model turbulence', 'publication_year': 1995, 'publication_date': '1995-06-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1996498639', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871264', 'mag': '1996498639'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871264', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S66354037', 'display_name': 'Physics of Plasmas', 'issn_l': '1070-664X', 'issn': ['1070-664X', '1089-7674', '1527-2419'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320257', 'host_organization_name': 'American Institute of Physics', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320257'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Institute of Physics'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://www.osti.gov/biblio/34226', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5061225401', 'display_name': 'R. E. Waltz', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5203-4830'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63533367', 'display_name': 'General Atomics (United States)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03ngjpk76', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63533367']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'R. E. Waltz', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-9784'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-9784', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I63533367']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5035034405', 'display_name': 'G. D. Kerbel', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63533367', 'display_name': 'General Atomics (United States)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03ngjpk76', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63533367']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'G. D. Kerbel', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-9784'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-9784', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I63533367']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5020918385', 'display_name': 'J. L. Milovich', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9762-3591'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63533367', 'display_name': 'General Atomics (United States)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03ngjpk76', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63533367']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'J. Milovich', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-9784'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-9784', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I63533367']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5085657314', 'display_name': 'G. W. Hammett', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1495-6647'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63533367', 'display_name': 'General Atomics (United States)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03ngjpk76', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63533367']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'G. W. Hammett', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-9784'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-9784', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I63533367']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 3.866, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 197, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999854, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 98, 'max': 99}, 'biblio': {'volume': '2', 'issue': '6', 'first_page': '2408', 'last_page': '2416'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10346', 'display_name': 'Magnetic confinement fusion research', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3106', 'display_name': 'Nuclear and High Energy Physics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10346', 'display_name': 'Magnetic confinement fusion research', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3106', 'display_name': 'Nuclear and High Energy Physics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10159', 'display_name': 'Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics', 'score': 0.9992, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3103', 'display_name': 'Astronomy and Astrophysics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10037', 'display_name': 'Physics of Superconductivity and Magnetism', 'score': 0.99, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3104', 'display_name': 'Condensed Matter Physics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/microturbulence', 'display_name': 'Microturbulence', 'score': 0.469444}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/gyrokinetics', 'display_name': 'Gyrokinetics', 'score': 0.4156056}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.9339984}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C196558001', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132', 'display_name': 'Turbulence', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7074647}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C147120987', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225', 'display_name': 'Electron', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.61413026}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15001198', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241394', 'display_name': 'Toroid', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.52636987}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C57879066', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217', 'display_name': 'Mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.49197719}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776259265', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269040', 'display_name': 'Microturbulence', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.469444}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C115260700', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408', 'display_name': 'Magnetic field', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44080657}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C96035792', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43606218', 'display_name': 'Shear (geology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.43231872}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C193208539', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5625487', 'display_name': 'Gyrokinetics', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.4156056}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C74650414', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397', 'display_name': 'Classical mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4084779}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C82706917', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10251', 'display_name': 'Plasma', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.383336}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C116515362', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188589', 'display_name': 'Tokamak', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.26231593}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62520636', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944', 'display_name': 'Quantum mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.17272222}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C5900021', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163082', 'display_name': 'Petrology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127313418', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069', 'display_name': 'Geology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 3, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871264', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S66354037', 'display_name': 'Physics of Plasmas', 'issn_l': '1070-664X', 'issn': ['1070-664X', '1089-7674', '1527-2419'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320257', 'host_organization_name': 'American Institute of Physics', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320257'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Institute of Physics'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.osti.gov/biblio/34226', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306402487', 'display_name': 'OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I139351228', 'host_organization_name': 'Office of Scientific and Technical Information', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I139351228'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Office of Scientific and Technical Information'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc688719/', 'pdf_url': 'https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc688719/m2/1/high_res_d/34226.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400792', 'display_name': 'University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I123534392', 'host_organization_name': 'University of North Texas', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I123534392'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of North Texas'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.osti.gov/biblio/34226', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306402487', 'display_name': 'OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I139351228', 'host_organization_name': 'Office of Scientific and Technical Information', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I139351228'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Office of Scientific and Technical Information'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 11, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1980547454', 'https://openalex.org/W1987619175', 'https://openalex.org/W1990334569', 'https://openalex.org/W1999541462', 'https://openalex.org/W2006189827', 'https://openalex.org/W2023714370', 'https://openalex.org/W2036933424', 'https://openalex.org/W2065919279', 'https://openalex.org/W2067606265', 'https://openalex.org/W2094369983', 'https://openalex.org/W2174808445'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3206477117', 'https://openalex.org/W2944828961', 'https://openalex.org/W2566367136', 'https://openalex.org/W2502992997', 'https://openalex.org/W2081843958', 'https://openalex.org/W2013928735', 'https://openalex.org/W1974898724', 'https://openalex.org/W1968021392', 'https://openalex.org/W1965666165', 'https://openalex.org/W1573334609'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'The': [0, 62], 'gyro-Landau': [1], 'fluid': [2], '(GLF)': [3], 'model': [4], 'equations': [5], 'for': [6, 204], 'toroidal': [7, 163], 'geometry': [8], '[R.': [9, 48], 'E.': [10, 49], 'Waltz,': [11, 50], 'R.': [12, 13], 'Dominguez,': [14], 'and': [15, 54, 95, 131, 200], 'G.': [16, 51], 'W.': [17], 'Hammett,': [18], 'Phys.': [19, 57], 'Fluids': [20], 'B': [21], '4,': [22], '3138': [23], '(1992)]': [24], 'have': [25], 'been': [26], 'recently': [27], 'applied': [28], 'to': [29, 97, 145], 'study': [30], 'ion': [31], 'temperature': [32], 'gradient': [33], '(ITG)': [34], 'mode': [35, 43], 'turbulence': [36, 75], 'using': [37], 'the': [38, 85, 146, 176, 180, 184, 190, 206, 212], 'three-dimensional': [39], '(3-D)': [40], 'nonlinear': [41], 'ballooning': [42], 'representation': [44], '(BMR)': [45], 'outlined': [46], 'earlier': [47], 'D.': [52], 'Kerbel,': [53], 'J.': [55], 'Milovich,': [56], 'Plasmas': [58], '1,': [59], '2229': [60], '(1994)].': [61], 'present': [63], 'paper': [64, 185], 'extends': [65], 'this': [66], 'work': [67], 'by': [68, 126], 'treating': [69, 205], 'some': [70], 'unresolved': [71], 'issues': [72], 'concerning': [73], 'ITG': [74], 'with': [76, 151, 187, 197], 'adiabatic': [77], 'electrons.': [78, 214], 'Although': [79, 100], 'eddies': [80], 'are': [81, 93], 'highly': [82], 'elongated': [83], 'in': [84, 167, 183, 189], 'radial': [86, 90], 'direction,': [87], 'long': [88], 'time': [89], 'correlation': [91], 'lengths': [92], 'short': [94], 'comparable': [96, 144], 'poloidal': [98], 'lengths.': [99], 'transport': [101, 109, 118, 161, 169], 'at': [102, 110, 119, 171], 'vanishing': [103], 'shear': [104, 121, 130, 142], 'is': [105, 114, 122, 136, 143], 'not': [106, 123], 'particularly': [107], 'large,': [108], 'reverse': [111], 'global': [112], 'shear,': [113], 'significantly': [115], 'less.': [116], 'Electrostatic': [117], 'moderate': [120], 'much': [124], 'affected': [125], 'inclusion': [127], 'of': [128, 162, 179, 192, 211], 'local': [129], 'average': [132], 'favorable': [133], 'curvature.': [134], 'Transport': [135], 'suppressed': [137], 'when': [138], 'critical': [139], 'E×B': [140], 'rotational': [141], 'maximum': [147], 'linear': [148], 'growth': [149], 'rate': [150], 'only': [152], 'a': [153, 168], 'weak': [154], 'dependence': [155], 'on': [156], 'magnetic': [157], 'shear.': [158], 'Self-consistent': [159], 'turbulent': [160], 'momentum': [164], 'can': [165], 'result': [166], 'bifurcation': [170], 'sufficiently': [172], 'large': [173], 'r/(Rq).': [174], 'However,': [175], 'main': [177], 'thrust': [178], 'new': [181], 'formulation': [182], 'deals': [186], 'advances': [188], 'development': [191], 'finite': [193], 'beta': [194], 'GLF': [195], 'models': [196], 'trapped': [198], 'electrons': [199], 'BMR': [201], 'numerical': [202], 'methods': [203], 'fast': [207], 'parallel': [208], 'field': [209], 'motion': [210], 'untrapped': [213]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1996498639', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 5}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-07T18:29:59.772637', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}