Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1995418324', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1109/autoid.2007.380584', 'title': 'When enough is enough: early stopping of biometrics error rate testing', 'display_name': 'When enough is enough: early stopping of biometrics error rate testing', 'publication_year': 2007, 'publication_date': '2007-06-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1995418324', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1109/autoid.2007.380584', 'mag': '1995418324'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1109/autoid.2007.380584', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': None, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'proceedings-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5083930742', 'display_name': 'Michael E. Schuckers', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4817-7089'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I100236772', 'display_name': 'St. Lawrence University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05pvqha70', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I100236772']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Michael E. Schuckers', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['St. Lawrence University, Canton,'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'St. Lawrence University, Canton,', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I100236772']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5111603350', 'display_name': 'Emily H. Sheldon', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I100236772', 'display_name': 'St. Lawrence University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05pvqha70', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I100236772']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Emily H. Sheldon', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, St. Lawrence University'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, St. Lawrence University', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I100236772']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5000468888', 'display_name': 'Hilary A. Hartson', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I137902535', 'display_name': 'North Carolina State University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04tj63d06', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I137902535']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Hilary A. Hartson', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University;'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University;', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I137902535']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 1.246, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 6, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.647831, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 79, 'max': 80}, 'biblio': {'volume': None, 'issue': None, 'first_page': '7', 'last_page': '12'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10828', 'display_name': 'Biometric Identification and Security', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1711', 'display_name': 'Signal Processing'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10828', 'display_name': 'Biometric Identification and Security', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1711', 'display_name': 'Signal Processing'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11800', 'display_name': 'User Authentication and Security Systems', 'score': 0.9958, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1710', 'display_name': 'Information Systems'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13192', 'display_name': 'Forensic Fingerprint Detection Methods', 'score': 0.9583, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3311', 'display_name': 'Safety Research'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate', 'display_name': 'Word error rate', 'score': 0.8494243}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/sequential-analysis', 'display_name': 'Sequential analysis', 'score': 0.46134713}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities', 'display_name': 'Modalities', 'score': 0.44520798}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C184297639', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765', 'display_name': 'Biometrics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.951533}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C40969351', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228', 'display_name': 'Word error rate', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8494243}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.7198139}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C80478641', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q195771', 'display_name': 'Sequential analysis', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46134713}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779903281', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026', 'display_name': 'Modalities', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44520798}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153180895', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389', 'display_name': 'Pattern recognition (psychology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.36272538}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.35147738}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C119857082', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539', 'display_name': 'Machine learning', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.32504898}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C105795698', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483', 'display_name': 'Statistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.22260159}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.16333812}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C36289849', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749', 'display_name': 'Social science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1109/autoid.2007.380584', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': None, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Peace, justice, and strong institutions', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16', 'score': 0.66}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 12, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1571725767', 'https://openalex.org/W1639164764', 'https://openalex.org/W2019420194', 'https://openalex.org/W2022358984', 'https://openalex.org/W2028785275', 'https://openalex.org/W2136461127', 'https://openalex.org/W2142701426', 'https://openalex.org/W2167768673', 'https://openalex.org/W2186175517', 'https://openalex.org/W2963287295', 'https://openalex.org/W2995675184', 'https://openalex.org/W4239726656'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W2811048914', 'https://openalex.org/W2767198796', 'https://openalex.org/W2275475525', 'https://openalex.org/W2211301776', 'https://openalex.org/W2183964146', 'https://openalex.org/W2076845124', 'https://openalex.org/W2060905804', 'https://openalex.org/W1995633573', 'https://openalex.org/W1995418324', 'https://openalex.org/W1982479144'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Testing': [0], 'of': [1, 97, 131], 'biometric': [2, 57, 103, 132], 'devices': [3], 'to': [4, 40, 51, 91, 102], 'determine': [5], 'whether': [6, 23, 53], 'or': [7, 24, 54, 93], 'not': [8, 25, 55], 'their': [9], 'error': [10, 61, 104], 'rates': [11], 'meet': [12], 'a': [13, 26, 56, 64], 'specified': [14], 'threshold': [15], 'is': [16, 35, 39, 88, 100], 'often': [17], 'an': [18, 60], 'important': [19], 'criterion': [20], 'for': [21, 33, 107], 'determining': [22], 'device': [27, 58], 'will': [28], 'be': [29, 41, 76, 84], 'deployed.': [30], 'One': [31], 'consideration': [32], 'this': [34, 44, 121], 'how': [36], 'much': [37], 'testing': [38, 49, 52, 74], 'completed.': [42], 'In': [43], 'paper': [45], 'we': [46], 'apply': [47], 'sequential': [48], 'methodology': [50], 'has': [59, 69], 'rate': [62, 105], 'below': [63], 'certain': [65], 'bound.': [66], 'This': [67], 'approach': [68, 122], 'the': [70, 73, 95], 'advantage': [71], 'that': [72, 120], 'can': [75, 83, 123], 'stopped': [77], 'at': [78], 'any': [79], 'time.': [80], 'A': [81], 'decision': [82], 'made': [85, 101], 'once': [86], 'there': [87], 'enough': [89], 'evidence': [90], 'support': [92], 'reject': [94], 'hypothesis': [96], 'interest.': [98], 'Application': [99], 'data': [106], 'three': [108], 'different': [109], 'modalities': [110], '-facial': [111], 'recognition,': [112], 'hand': [113], 'geometry': [114], 'and': [115, 127], 'fingerprints.': [116], 'Our': [117], 'results': [118], 'show': [119], 'produce': [124], 'more': [125], 'efficient': [126], 'less': [128], 'costly': [129], 'tests': [130], 'devices.': [133]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1995418324', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 2}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-10T16:06:17.413859', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}