Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1995075333', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1159/000171236', 'title': 'Pharmacological Aspects and Therapeutic Effects of Ursodeoxycholic Acid', 'display_name': 'Pharmacological Aspects and Therapeutic Effects of Ursodeoxycholic Acid', 'publication_year': 1990, 'publication_date': '1990-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1995075333', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1159/000171236', 'mag': '1995075333', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2406049'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1159/000171236', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S61881601', 'display_name': 'Digestive Diseases', 'issn_l': '0257-2753', 'issn': ['0257-2753', '1421-9875'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310317820', 'host_organization_name': 'Karger Publishers', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310317820'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Karger Publishers'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5110130060', 'display_name': 'U. Leuschner', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I114090438', 'display_name': 'Goethe University Frankfurt', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04cvxnb49', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I114090438']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210141668', 'display_name': 'Klinikum Bremerhaven-Reinkenheide', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0417z1990', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210141668']}], 'countries': ['DE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'U. Leuschner', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Medizinische Klinik I, Zentralkrankenhaus Reinkenheide, Bremerhaven, FRG', 'Zentrum der Inneren Medizin, Abteilung für Gastroenterologie, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/Main'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Zentrum der Inneren Medizin, Abteilung für Gastroenterologie, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/Main', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I114090438']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Medizinische Klinik I, Zentralkrankenhaus Reinkenheide, Bremerhaven, FRG', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210141668']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5040468660', 'display_name': 'W Kurtz', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210141668', 'display_name': 'Klinikum Bremerhaven-Reinkenheide', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0417z1990', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210141668']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I114090438', 'display_name': 'Goethe University Frankfurt', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04cvxnb49', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I114090438']}], 'countries': ['DE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'W. Kurtz', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Medizinische Klinik I, Zentralkrankenhaus Reinkenheide, Bremerhaven, FRG', 'Zentrum der Inneren Medizin, Abteilung für Gastroenterologie, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/Main'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Medizinische Klinik I, Zentralkrankenhaus Reinkenheide, Bremerhaven, FRG', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210141668']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Zentrum der Inneren Medizin, Abteilung für Gastroenterologie, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/Main', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I114090438']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.224, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 10, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.36952, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 79, 'max': 80}, 'biblio': {'volume': '8', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '12', 'last_page': '22'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10570', 'display_name': 'Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms', 'score': 0.9714, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2730', 'display_name': 'Oncology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10570', 'display_name': 'Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms', 'score': 0.9714, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2730', 'display_name': 'Oncology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11834', 'display_name': 'Liver Diseases and Immunity', 'score': 0.9291, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2721', 'display_name': 'Hepatology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12756', 'display_name': 'Plant Toxicity and Pharmacological Properties', 'score': 0.9214, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/icon', 'display_name': 'Icon', 'score': 0.7973512}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778447006', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156474', 'display_name': 'Icon', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7973512}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778805511', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713', 'display_name': 'Citation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.70437944}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5387609}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777855551', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021', 'display_name': 'Subject (documents)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4436249}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C23123220', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826', 'display_name': 'Information retrieval', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4211154}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C161191863', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655', 'display_name': 'Library science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4185291}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C136764020', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466', 'display_name': 'World Wide Web', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3846094}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.3285913}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199360897', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143', 'display_name': 'Programming language', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D002769', 'descriptor_name': 'Cholelithiasis', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000188', 'qualifier_name': 'drug therapy', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003840', 'descriptor_name': 'Deoxycholic Acid', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000031', 'qualifier_name': 'analogs & derivatives', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014580', 'descriptor_name': 'Ursodeoxycholic Acid', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000627', 'qualifier_name': 'therapeutic use', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002769', 'descriptor_name': 'Cholelithiasis', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003840', 'descriptor_name': 'Deoxycholic Acid', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014580', 'descriptor_name': 'Ursodeoxycholic Acid', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000494', 'qualifier_name': 'pharmacology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014580', 'descriptor_name': 'Ursodeoxycholic Acid', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1159/000171236', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S61881601', 'display_name': 'Digestive Diseases', 'issn_l': '0257-2753', 'issn': ['0257-2753', '1421-9875'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310317820', 'host_organization_name': 'Karger Publishers', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310317820'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Karger Publishers'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2406049', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Good health and well-being', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3', 'score': 0.42}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 0, 'referenced_works': [], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4360922125', 'https://openalex.org/W4283720006', 'https://openalex.org/W4207071872', 'https://openalex.org/W3175319091', 'https://openalex.org/W2981902742', 'https://openalex.org/W2748952813', 'https://openalex.org/W220677501', 'https://openalex.org/W2175435306', 'https://openalex.org/W2076882245', 'https://openalex.org/W2056060060'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Review': [0, 111], 'Articles|': [1], 'November': [2, 93], '04': [3, 94], '2008': [4, 95], 'Pharmacological': [5, 134], 'Aspects': [6, 135], 'and': [7, 136, 237, 250, 262, 275, 292, 302, 322, 324, 328, 348, 361, 363, 368, 403], 'Therapeutic': [8, 137], 'Effects': [9, 138], 'of': [10, 139, 206, 280, 285, 296, 357, 365, 373, 388, 395], 'Ursodeoxycholic': [11, 140], 'Acid': [12], 'Subject': [13], 'Area:': [14], 'Gastroenterology': [15], 'U.': [16, 18, 130], 'Leuschner;': [17], 'Leuschner': [19], 'Zentrum': [20, 53], 'der': [21, 54], 'Inneren': [22, 55], 'Medizin,': [23, 56], 'Abteilung': [24, 57], 'für': [25, 58], 'Gastroenterologie,': [26, 59], 'Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität,': [27, 60], 'Frankfurt/Main;': [28, 61], 'Medizinische': [29, 62], 'Klinik': [30, 63], 'I,': [31, 64], 'Zentralkrankenhaus': [32, 65], 'Reinkenheide,': [33, 66], 'Bremerhaven,': [34, 67], 'FRG': [35, 68], 'Search': [36, 69, 127, 167, 174, 185, 187], 'for': [37, 70, 314, 317, 325, 408], 'other': [38, 71, 213], 'works': [39, 72], 'by': [40, 73, 222, 233], 'this': [41, 74, 207, 267, 352, 444], 'author': [42, 75], 'on:': [43, 76], 'This': [44, 77, 188, 330], 'Site': [45, 78, 128], 'PubMed': [46, 79], 'Google': [47, 80], 'Scholar': [48, 81], 'W.': [49, 51, 132], 'Kurtz': [50, 52], 'Dig': [82, 142], 'Dis': [83, 143], '(1990)': [84], '8': [85, 147], '(1):': [86, 148], '12–22.': [87, 149], 'https://doi.org/10.1159/000171236': [88, 150], 'Article': [89, 101, 430], 'history': [90], 'Published': [91], 'Online:': [92], 'Content': [96], 'Tools': [97, 119, 121], 'Views': [98, 100], 'Icon': [99, 113, 120, 125], 'contents': [102], 'Figures': [103], '&': [104], 'tables': [105], 'Video': [106], 'Audio': [107], 'Supplementary': [108], 'Data': [109], 'Peer': [110], 'Share': [112, 114], 'Facebook': [115], 'Twitter': [116], 'LinkedIn': [117], 'Email': [118], 'Get': [122], 'Permissions': [123], 'Cite': [124, 126], 'Citation': [129], 'Leuschner,': [131], 'Kurtz;': [133], 'Acid.': [141], '1': [144], 'January': [145], '1990;': [146], 'Download': [151], 'citation': [152], 'file:': [153], 'Ris': [154], '(Zotero)': [155], 'Reference': [156], 'Manager': [157], 'EasyBib': [158], 'Bookends': [159], 'Mendeley': [160], 'Papers': [161], 'EndNote': [162], 'RefWorks': [163], 'BibTex': [164], 'toolbar': [165, 170], 'search': [166, 171, 172, 180], 'Dropdown': [168], 'Menu': [169], 'input': [173, 175], 'auto': [176], 'suggest': [177], 'filter': [178], 'your': [179], 'All': [181, 201], 'ContentAll': [182], 'JournalsDigestive': [183], 'Diseases': [184], 'Advanced': [186], 'content': [189, 427], 'is': [190, 307, 331, 338, 381], 'only': [191], 'available': [192], 'via': [193], 'PDF.': [194], '1990Copyright': [195], '/': [196, 199], 'Drug': [197], 'Dosage': [198], 'DisclaimerCopyright:': [200], 'rights': [202], 'reserved.': [203], 'No': [204], 'part': [205], 'publication': [208, 353, 380], 'may': [209], 'be': [210], 'translated': [211], 'into': [212], 'languages,': [214], 'reproduced': [215], 'or': [216, 221, 226, 232, 386, 391, 394, 399, 413, 421, 428], 'utilized': [217], 'in': [218, 242, 266, 270, 283, 289, 320, 351, 378, 425], 'any': [219, 223, 234, 318, 409, 417], 'form': [220], 'means,': [224], 'electronic': [225], 'mechanical,': [227], 'including': [228], 'photocopying,': [229], 'recording,': [230], 'microcopying,': [231], 'information': [235, 297], 'storage': [236], 'retrieval': [238], 'system,': [239], 'without': [240], 'permission': [241], 'writing': [243], 'from': [244, 416], 'the': [245, 251, 278, 293, 305, 311, 335, 358, 366, 369, 379, 389, 404, 426], 'publisher.Drug': [246], 'Dosage:': [247], 'The': [248, 345, 371, 401], 'authors': [249, 360], 'publisher': [252, 402], 'have': [253, 441], 'exerted': [254], 'every': [255], 'effort': [256], 'to': [257, 299, 309, 411, 424, 443], 'ensure': [258], 'that': [259], 'drug': [260, 300, 303, 316], 'selection': [261], 'dosage': [263, 323], 'set': [264], 'forth': [265], 'text': [268], 'are': [269, 354], 'accord': [271], 'with': [272], 'current': [273], 'recommendations': [274], 'practice': [276], 'at': [277], 'time': [279], 'publication.': [281], 'However,': [282], 'view': [284], 'ongoing': [286], 'research,': [287], 'changes': [288, 319], 'government': [290], 'regulations,': [291], 'constant': [294], 'flow': [295], 'relating': [298], 'therapy': [301], 'reactions,': [304], 'reader': [306], 'urged': [308], 'check': [310], 'package': [312], 'insert': [313], 'each': [315], 'indications': [321], 'added': [326], 'warnings': [327], 'precautions.': [329], 'particularly': [332], 'important': [333], 'when': [334], 'recommended': [336], 'agent': [337], 'a': [339, 383], 'new': [340], 'and/or': [341], 'infrequently': [342], 'employed': [343], 'drug.Disclaimer:': [344], 'statements,': [346], 'opinions': [347], 'data': [349], 'contained': [350], 'solely': [355], 'those': [356], 'individual': [359], 'contributors': [362], 'not': [364, 382, 439], 'publishers': [367], 'editor(s).': [370], 'appearance': [372], 'advertisements': [374], 'or/and': [375], 'product': [376], 'references': [377], 'warranty,': [384], 'endorsement,': [385], 'approval': [387], 'products': [390, 422], 'services': [392], 'advertised': [393], 'their': [396], 'effectiveness,': [397], 'quality': [398], 'safety.': [400], 'editor(s)': [405], 'disclaim': [406], 'responsibility': [407], 'injury': [410], 'persons': [412], 'property': [414], 'resulting': [415], 'ideas,': [418], 'methods,': [419], 'instructions': [420], 'referred': [423], 'advertisements.': [429], 'PDF': [431], 'first': [432], 'page': [433], 'preview': [434], 'Close': [435], 'Modal': [436], 'You': [437], 'do': [438], 'currently': [440], 'access': [442], 'content.': [445]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1995075333', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-11T02:32:30.947908', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}