Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1995061237', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.8.4.129', 'title': 'Nonprofit Organizations in the Health Sector', 'display_name': 'Nonprofit Organizations in the Health Sector', 'publication_year': 1994, 'publication_date': '1994-11-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1995061237', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.8.4.129', 'mag': '1995061237', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10138774'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.8.4.129', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.aeaweb.org/articles/pdf/doi/10.1257/jep.8.4.129', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S72880728', 'display_name': 'The Journal of Economic Perspectives', 'issn_l': '0895-3309', 'issn': ['0895-3309', '1944-7965'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315912', 'host_organization_name': 'American Economic Association', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315912'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Economic Association'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'bronze', 'oa_url': 'https://www.aeaweb.org/articles/pdf/doi/10.1257/jep.8.4.129', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5018486913', 'display_name': 'Richard G. Frank', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1551-7072'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I136199984', 'display_name': 'Harvard University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03vek6s52', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I136199984']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Richard G Frank', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Professor of Health Economics, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Professor of Health Economics, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I136199984']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5002227374', 'display_name': 'David S. Salkever', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5690-9032'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I145311948', 'display_name': 'Johns Hopkins University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00za53h95', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I145311948']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'David S Salkever', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Professor of Economics, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Professor of Economics, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I145311948']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 1.659, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 91, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.889503, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 95, 'max': 96}, 'biblio': {'volume': '8', 'issue': '4', 'first_page': '129', 'last_page': '144'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11120', 'display_name': 'Nonprofit Sector and Volunteering', 'score': 0.9988, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11120', 'display_name': 'Nonprofit Sector and Volunteering', 'score': 0.9988, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10391', 'display_name': 'Healthcare Policy and Management', 'score': 0.9915, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11544', 'display_name': 'Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics', 'score': 0.9714, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3318', 'display_name': 'Gender Studies'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/nonprofit-sector', 'display_name': 'Nonprofit Sector', 'score': 0.7908678}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/tax-exemption', 'display_name': 'Tax exemption', 'score': 0.70787096}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C84265765', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193219', 'display_name': 'Subsidy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8234532}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2993714901', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1063076', 'display_name': 'Nonprofit sector', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7908678}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779732188', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q705450', 'display_name': 'Tax exemption', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.70787096}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778137410', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820', 'display_name': 'Government (linguistics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6409877}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777351106', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371', 'display_name': 'Legislation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.58964276}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144133560', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453', 'display_name': 'Business', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.57853}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C160735492', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207', 'display_name': 'Health care', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.56600964}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C100001284', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246', 'display_name': 'Public economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4877961}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C3116431', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728', 'display_name': 'Public administration', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.42333207}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C39549134', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080', 'display_name': 'Public relations', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3488351}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.3070755}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.18502292}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C50522688', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833', 'display_name': 'Economic growth', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.16029865}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.15811494}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C34447519', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522', 'display_name': 'Market economy', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.08681539}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41895202', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162', 'display_name': 'Linguistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D006291', 'descriptor_name': 'Health Policy', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000331', 'qualifier_name': 'legislation & jurisprudence', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006788', 'descriptor_name': 'Hospitals, Voluntary', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000191', 'qualifier_name': 'economics', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009939', 'descriptor_name': 'Organizations, Nonprofit', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000191', 'qualifier_name': 'economics', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013660', 'descriptor_name': 'Taxes', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000331', 'qualifier_name': 'legislation & jurisprudence', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003159', 'descriptor_name': 'Community-Institutional Relations', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018166', 'descriptor_name': 'Health Care Reform', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006291', 'descriptor_name': 'Health Policy', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006788', 'descriptor_name': 'Hospitals, Voluntary', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006788', 'descriptor_name': 'Hospitals, Voluntary', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000331', 'qualifier_name': 'legislation & jurisprudence', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008605', 'descriptor_name': 'Mental Health Services', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009735', 'descriptor_name': 'Nursing Homes', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009939', 'descriptor_name': 'Organizations, Nonprofit', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009939', 'descriptor_name': 'Organizations, Nonprofit', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000331', 'qualifier_name': 'legislation & jurisprudence', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011050', 'descriptor_name': 'Policy Making', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016320', 'descriptor_name': 'Substance Abuse Treatment Centers', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013660', 'descriptor_name': 'Taxes', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013660', 'descriptor_name': 'Taxes', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000191', 'qualifier_name': 'economics', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014481', 'descriptor_name': 'United States', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.8.4.129', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.aeaweb.org/articles/pdf/doi/10.1257/jep.8.4.129', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S72880728', 'display_name': 'The Journal of Economic Perspectives', 'issn_l': '0895-3309', 'issn': ['0895-3309', '1944-7965'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315912', 'host_organization_name': 'American Economic Association', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315912'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Economic Association'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10138774', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.8.4.129', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.aeaweb.org/articles/pdf/doi/10.1257/jep.8.4.129', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S72880728', 'display_name': 'The Journal of Economic Perspectives', 'issn_l': '0895-3309', 'issn': ['0895-3309', '1944-7965'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315912', 'host_organization_name': 'American Economic Association', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315912'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Economic Association'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 33, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W118400120', 'https://openalex.org/W1487641069', 'https://openalex.org/W1563750110', 'https://openalex.org/W1597963328', 'https://openalex.org/W1613712826', 'https://openalex.org/W164658652', 'https://openalex.org/W1906760759', 'https://openalex.org/W1964005707', 'https://openalex.org/W1965673368', 'https://openalex.org/W1966802585', 'https://openalex.org/W1979761559', 'https://openalex.org/W1994226225', 'https://openalex.org/W2007418555', 'https://openalex.org/W2009675075', 'https://openalex.org/W2032336205', 'https://openalex.org/W2040289258', 'https://openalex.org/W2061960580', 'https://openalex.org/W2069630233', 'https://openalex.org/W2082743534', 'https://openalex.org/W2085544975', 'https://openalex.org/W2086688984', 'https://openalex.org/W2319111728', 'https://openalex.org/W2395529993', 'https://openalex.org/W2416964421', 'https://openalex.org/W2747457302', 'https://openalex.org/W2910516512', 'https://openalex.org/W2994131430', 'https://openalex.org/W3124825650', 'https://openalex.org/W3125349047', 'https://openalex.org/W329883410', 'https://openalex.org/W426083708', 'https://openalex.org/W566586761', 'https://openalex.org/W586047168'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3213846506', 'https://openalex.org/W3134888725', 'https://openalex.org/W3123834082', 'https://openalex.org/W2899084033', 'https://openalex.org/W2381618168', 'https://openalex.org/W2138575616', 'https://openalex.org/W2076371615', 'https://openalex.org/W2060229871', 'https://openalex.org/W1993290097', 'https://openalex.org/W1481137607'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Government': [0], 'appears': [1], 'to': [2, 32, 87], 'both': [3], 'promote': [4], 'and': [5, 16], 'mistrust': [6], 'nonprofit': [7, 58, 75], 'organizations': [8, 77], 'in': [9, 19, 66], 'the': [10, 27, 40, 48, 51, 69, 72, 83], 'health': [11], 'sector.': [12], 'Tax': [13], 'exemptions,': [14], 'subsidies,': [15], 'preferential': [17], 'treatment': [18], 'contracts': [20], 'support': [21], 'these': [22, 91], 'organizations.': [23, 92], 'Legislation': [24], 'that': [25, 43], 'links': [26], 'supply': [28], 'of': [29, 50, 68, 74, 85, 90], 'charity': [30], 'care': [31], 'tax': [33, 55], 'exemptions': [34], 'demonstrates': [35], 'mistrust.': [36], 'In': [37], 'this': [38], 'paper,': [39], 'authors': [41, 62], 'argue': [42], 'information': [44], 'asymmetries': [45], 'lie': [46], 'at': [47], 'heart': [49], 'current': [52, 64], 'discomfort': [53], 'with': [54], 'policy': [56, 65], 'toward': [57], 'health-care': [59, 76], 'providers.': [60], 'The': [61], 'examine': [63], 'terms': [67], 'rationale': [70], 'for': [71], 'exemption': [73], 'from': [78], 'taxes': [79], 'as': [80, 82], 'well': [81], 'ability': [84], 'government': [86], 'monitor': [88], 'performance': [89]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1995061237', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-22T05:50:04.910527', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}