Title: Is Imperial Rule Obsolete?: Assessing the Barriers to Overseas Adventurism
Abstract: Abstract The idea that the United States is an empire or should adopt imperial strategies has been widely criticized. One of the most persuasive sets of arguments against imperial enthusiasts is that empire is an obsolete and outdated strategy. Both systemic- and domestic-level changes are said to prevent the United States from successfully implementing an imperial strategy. I maintain that the importance of these barriers—whether technological, economic, or ideational—are greatly overstated. In contrast, I point to a number of developments, such as the rise of nontraditional security threats, the revolution in military affairs, and changing norms of humanitarian intervention, that will encourage greater American overseas adventurism. I would like to thank Stacie Goddard, Michael Glosny, Robert Jervis, Daniel Nexon, Joseph Parent, Christian Reus-Smit, John Schuessler, Alan Sked, Erin Simpson, Jack Snyder, William Wohlforth, seminar participants at the London School of Economics, and the editors and anonymous reviewers at Security Studies for their valuable comments. Notes 1 David C. Hendrickson, "Toward Universal Empire: The Dangerous Quest for Absolute Security," World Policy Journal 19, no. 3 (2002): 1; and James Chace, "Imperial America and the Common Interest," World Policy Journal 19, no. 1 (2002): 1. 2 Bruce Cumings, "Is America an Imperial Power?" Current History 102, no. 667 (2003): 358. 3 Robert Kagan, "The Benevolent Empire," Foreign Policy, no. 111, Summer 1998, 24–35; Max Boot, "The Case for American Empire," Weekly Standard, 15 October 2001; and Sebastian Mallaby, "The Reluctant Imperialist," Foreign Affairs 81, no. 2 (2002). 4 Michale Ignatieff, Empire Lite: Nation-Building in Bosnia, Kosovo, and Afghanistan (London: Vintage 2003); Niall Ferguson, Colossus: The Price of America's Empire (New York: Penguin Press, 2004); and David Rieff, "A New Age of Liberal Imperialism?" World Policy Journal 16, no. 2 (1999): 10. 5 For realist critics, see Ivan Eland, "The Empire Strikes Out: The 'New Imperialism' and Its Fatal Flaws," Cato Institute Policy Analysis no. 459, 26 November 2002, 6–13; and Jack Snyder, "Imperial Temptations," The National Interest 71 (Spring 2003): 29–40. For liberal critics, see Joseph S. Nye, "The Dependent Colossus," Foreign Policy, no. 129, March/April 2002, 74–77; and G. John Ikenberry, "Liberalism and Empire: Logics of Order in the American Unipolar Age," Review of International Studies 30, no. 4 (2004): 609–30. For radical critics, see David Harvey, The New Imperialism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003); and Alex Callinicos, "The Grand Strategy of the American Empire," International Socialism Journal 97 (Winter 2002). 6 Michael Mann, "The First Failed Empire of the 21 st Century," Review of International Studies 30, no. 4 (2004): 631; and Michael Mann, Incoherent Empire (New York: Verso, 2003), 18–99. 7 Philip Zelikow, "Transformation of National Security," The National Interest 71 (Spring 2003): 18–19. 8 James D. Fearon and David D. Laitin, "Neotrusteeship and the Problem of Weak States," International Security 28, no. 4 (Spring 2004): 7. 9 For similar definitions, see Michael W. Doyle, Empires (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986), 30, 31–47. David Abernathy, The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415–1980 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), 19; and Alexander J. Motyl, Imperial Ends: The Decay, Collapse and Revival of Empires (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 124–26. 10 For example, Ignatieff, Empire Lite, 54. Charles Maier, Among Empires: American Ascendancy and Its Predecessors (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006), 24–77. 11 For example, Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 160–82. David Singh Grewal, "Network Power and Globalization," Ethics & International Affairs 17, no. 2 (Fall 2003): 90. 12 Alexander J. Motyl, "Is Everything Empire? Is Empire Everything?" Comparative Politics 38, no. 2 (October 2006): 229–49. 13 See, however, David A. Lake, "Escape from the State-of-Nature: Authority and Hierarchy in World Politics," International Security 32, no.1 (Summer 2007): 54–55; and Paul K. MacDonald, "The Role of Hierarchy in International Politics," International Security 32, no. 4 (Spring 2008): 171–80. 14 For example S. N. Eisenstad, The Political System of Empires (New York: Free Press, 1963). 15 Like Miles Kahler, I reject these approaches in preference of a conception of empire as a "dynamic set of relations between societies rather than as a unit exhibiting certain timeless characteristics." See "Empires, Neo-Empires and Political Change," in The End of Empire? The Transformation of the USSR in Comparative Perspective, eds., Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1997), 287. 16 David A. Lake, "The Rise, Fall and Future of the Russian Empire: A Theoretical Interpretation," in End of Empire, eds., Dawisha and Parrott, 33; David A. 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