Title: Psychomotor function and psychoactive drugs.
Abstract: British Journal of Clinical PharmacologyVolume 10, Issue 3 p. 189-209 Free Access Psychomotor function and psychoactive drugs. I Hindmarch, I HindmarchSearch for more papers by this author I Hindmarch, I HindmarchSearch for more papers by this author First published: September 1980 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1980.tb01745.xCitations: 410AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References ADAMS, R.G. (1974). Pre-sleep ingestion of two hypnotic drugs and subsequent performance. Psychopharmacologia (Berl), 40, 185– 190. ADAMSON, G.T. & FINLAY, S.E. (1966). A comparison of the effects of varying dose levels of oxypertine on mood and physical performance of trained athletes. Br. J. Psychiat., 112, 1177– 1180. AITKEN, R.C.B. (1969). Measurement of feelings using visual analogue rating scales. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 62, 989– 997. ANDERSSON, K. (1975). Cigarette smoking, arousal and performance in a complex memory task. Reports from Psychology Dept. Univ. Stockholm. No 454 pp 1–7. ANDERSSON, K. & HOCKEY, G.R. (1975). Effects of cigarette smoking on incidental memory. Reports from Psychology Dept. Univ. Stockholm. No 455 pp 1– 6. ANDERSSON, K. & POST, B. (1972). Effects of cigarette smoking on verbal rote learning and physiological arousal. Reports from Psychology Dept. Univ. Stockholm. No 364 pp 1– 8. ASCHOFF, J.C., BECKER, W. & WEINERT, D. (1975). Computer analysis of eye movements: evaluation of the state of alertness and vigilance after sulpiride medication. J. Pharmac. Clin., 11, 93– 97. ASHTON, H., HALL, E.H., SAVAGE, R.D., TELFORD, R. & THOMPSON, J.W. (1972). A small controlled study to determine the time of onset of action of oxypertine after oral administration in normal subjects. Postgrad. med. J., (Sept. Suppl), 14– 18. AYD, F.J. (1972). Motivations and rewards for volunteering to be an experimental subject. Clin. Pharmac. Ther., 13, 771– 781. BERNSTEIN, M.E., HUGHES, F.W. & FORNEY, R.B. (1967). The influence of a new chlordiazepoxide analogue on human mental and motor performance. J. clin. Pharmac., 7, 330– 335. BERRY, P.A., BURTLES, R., GRUBB, D.J. & HOARE, M.V. (1974). An evaluation of the effects of clobazam on human motor co-ordination, mental activity and mood. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 1, 346. BERRY, C., GELDER, M.G. & SUMMERFIELD, A. (1965). Experimental analysis of drug effects on human performance using information theory concepts. Br. J. Psychol., 56, 255– 265. BESSER, G.M., STEINBERG, H. (1967). L'interaction du chlordiazepoxide et du dexamphetamine chez l'homme. Therapie, 22, 977– 990. BETTS, T.A., CLAYTON, A.B. & MACKAY, G.M. (1972). Effects of four commonly-used tranquillizers on low-speed driving performance tests. Br. med. J., 4, 580– 584. BIEHL, B. (1974). The effects of two tranquillisers on driving performance as measured in the normal driving task. Proceedings 8th Congress of International Association of Applied Psychology: Montreal. BIEHL, B. (1979). Studies of clobazam and car-driving. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 7, 85s– 90s. BOND, A.J., JAMES, D.C. & LADER, M. (1974a). Physiological and psychological measures in anxious patients. Psychological Med., 4, 364– 372. BOND, A.J., JAMES, D.C. & LADER, M. (1974b). Sedative effects on physiological and psychological measures in anxious patients. Psychological Med., 4, 374– 380. BOND, A.J. & LADER, M.H. (1972). Residual effects of hypnotics. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 23, 117– 132. BOND, A.J. & LADER, M.H. (1973). The residual effects of flurazepam. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 32, 223– 235. BOND, A. & LADER, M. (1974). The use of analogue scales in rating subjective feelings. Br. J. med. Psychol., 47, 211– 218. BOND, A.J. & LADER, M.H. (1975). Residual effects of flunitrazepam. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 2, 143– 150. BORLAND, R.G. & NICHOLSON, A.N. (1974). Human performance after a barbiturate (heptabarbitone). Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 1, 209– 215. BŘEZINOVA, V. (1974). Effect of caffeine on sleep: EEG study in late middle age people. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 1, 203– 208. BROADHURST, A.D. & ARENILLAS, L. (1975). A clinical and psychometric evaluation of flurazepam as a hypnotic in psychiatric patients. Curr. med. Res. Opin., 3, 413– 416. BROWN, J., LEWIS, V., BROWN, M.W., HORN, G. & BOWES, J.B. (1978). Amnesic effects of intravenous diazepam and lorazepam. Experientia, 34, 501– 502. BÜHLER, R.A. (1955). Flicker fusion threshold and anxiety level. Psychol. Abstr., 39, 701. BUSCH, Von M., KLAPPROTH, H.E., LÜCKER & SCHMITZ, H. (1979). Ein neues psychometrisches Testmodell auf der Basis des "tailored Testing" zur ökonomischen und effizienten Erfassung psychopharmakologischer Effekte. Arzneim-Forsch/Drug Res., 29, 859– 863. BYE, C., MUNRO-FAURE, A.D., PECK, A.W. & YOUNG, P.A. (1973). A comparison of the effects of 1-benzylpiperazine and dexamphetamine on human performance tests. Eur. J. clin. Pharmac., 6, 163– 169. ČERN, M., JIRÁK, R., KRULÍK, A., LUKÁŠOVA, A., PAULT, J. & POKORNÁ, A. (1973). Comparison of the effect of methylphenidate, diazepam and their combination on some psychophysiological variables. Activ. nerv. sup. (Praha, 15, 123– 124. CHURCH, M.W. & JOHNSON, L.C. (1979). Mood and performance of poor sleepers during repeated use of flurazepam. Psychopharmacology., 61, 309– 316. CLARIDGE, G.S. (1967). Personality and arousal. Oxford: Pergamon. CLARIDGE, G.S. (1970). Drugs and human behaviour. London: Allen Lane. CLARKE, P.R.F., ECCERSLEY, P.S., FRISBY, J.P. & THORNTON, J.A. (1970). The amnesic effect of diazepam. Br. J. Anaesth., 42, 690– 697. COHEN, N.J., DOUGLAS, V.I. & MORGENSTERN, G. (1971). The effect of methylphenidate on attentive behaviour and autonomic activity in hyperactive children. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 22, 284– 294. COLQUHOUN, W.P. (1962). Effects of hyoscine and meclozine on vigilance and short-term memory. Br. J. indust. Med., 19, 287– 296. CONSROE, P., CARLINI, E.A., ZWICKER, A.P. & LACERDA, L.A. (1979). Interaction of cannabidiol and alcohol in humans. Psychopharmacology, 66, 45– 50. CORSICO, R., MOIZESZOWICZ, J., BURSUCK, L. & ROVARO, E. (1976). Evaluation of the psychotropic effect of etifoxine through pursuit rotor performance and GSR. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 45, 301– 303. CROME, P. & NEWMAN, B. (1978). A comparison of the effects of single doses of mianserin and amitriptyline on psychomotor tests in normal volunteers. J. Int. med. Res., 6, 430– 434. CROUCHER, T. & HINDMARCH, I. (1974). The spiral after effect as a measure of motion sickness susceptibility and the effect of the SAE on an antimotion sickness drug and a central nervous system depressant. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 32, 15– 22. CROWN, S. & CRISP, A.H. (1970). Manual of the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire. Barnstaple: Psychological Test Publications. DAVIS, K.L., HOLLISTER, L.E., OVERALL, J., JOHNSON, A. & TRAIN, K. (1976). Physostigmine: effects on cognition and affect in normal subjects. Psychopharmacology, 51, 23– 27. DiMASCIO, A. & BARRETT, J. (1965). Comparative effects of oxazepam in 'high' and 'low' anxious student volunteers. Psychosomatics, 6, 298– 302. DOONGAJI, D.R., SHETH, A., APTE, J.S., LAKDAWALA, P.D., KHARE, C.B. & THATTE, S.S. (1979). Clobazam versus diazepam: a double-blind study in anxiety neurosis. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 7, 119S. DORNIC, S., MYRSTEN, A. L. & FRANKENHAEUSER, M. (1971). Effects of alcohol on short-term memory. Reports from Psychology Dept. Univ Stockholm. No 336 pp 1– 11. DUKE, R.B. & KEELER, M.H. (1968). The effects of psilocybin, d-amphetamine and placebo on performance of the trail making task. J. clin. psychol., 24, 316– 317. DUREMAN, I. & NORRMAN, B. (1975). Clinical and experimental comparison of diazepam, clorazepate and placebo. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 40, 279– 284. DYER, F.N. (1973). The Stroop phenomenon and its use in the study of perceptual, cognitive and response processes. Memory and Cognition, 1, 106– 120. EDWARDS, F. (1978). Risks at work from medication. J. Roy. Coll. Phys., 12, 219– 229. ENZER, N., SIMONSON, E. & BALLARD, G. (1944). The effects of small doses of alcohol on the central nervous system. Am. J. clin. Path., 14, 333– 341. EVANS, M.A., MARTZ, R., RODDA, B.E., KIPLINGER, G.F. & FORNEY, R.B. (1974). Quantitative relationship between blood alcohol concentration and performance. Clin. Pharmac. Ther., 15, 253– 260. EYSENCK, H.J. (1963). Experiments with drugs. Oxford: Pergamon. EYSENCK, H.J. (1972). Handbook of abnormal psychology. London: Pitman Medical. EYSENCK, H.J. & EASTERBROOK, J.A. (1960). Drugs and personality: the effect of stimulant and depressant drugs upon visual and kinaesthetic after-effects. J. ment. Sci., 106, 845– 854. EYSENCK, H.J. & EYSENCK, S.B.G. (1964). Eysenck personality inventory. London: University of London Press. FARGUS, P.C.G. & HINDMARCH, I. (1974). A 1, 4 benzodiazepine, temazepam: effect on reaction time related to car driving. IRCS Med. Sci., 2, 1173. FARHOUMAND, N., HARRISON, J., PARE, C.M.B., TURNER, P. & WYNN, S. (1979). The effect of high dose oxprenolol on stress induced physical and psychophysiological variables. Psychopharmacology, 64, 365– 369. FELL, P.J., QUANTOCK, D.C. & VANDER BURGH W.J. (1973). The human pharmacology of GB94- a new psychotropic agent. Eur. J. clin. Pharmac., 5, 166– 173. FILE, S.E. & BOND, A.J. (1979). Impaired performance and sedation after a single dose of lorazepam. Psychopharmacology, 66, 309– 313. FINK, M., IRWIN, P., GASTPAR, M. & DE RIDDER, J.J. (1977). EEG, blood level and behavioural effects of the antidepressant mianserin. Psychopharmacology, 54, 249– 254. FLEISHMAN, E.A. & HEMPEL, W.E. (1956). Factorial analysis of complex psychomotor performance and related skills. J. appl. Psychol., 40, 96– 104. FRANKENHAEUSER, M. (1959). Estimation of time. Stockholm: Almquist and Wiksell. FRANKENHAEUSER, M., MYRSTEN, A. L., POST, B. & JOHANSSON, G. (1970). Behavioural and physiological effects of cigarette smoking in a monotonous situation. Reports from Psychological Dept. Univ Stockholm. No 301, pp 1– 7. FREYD, M. (1923). The graphic rating scale. J. ed. Psychol., 14, 83. FRITH, C.D. (1967). The effects of nicotine on tapping. Life Sci., 6, 321– 326. FROSTAD, A.L., FOREST, G.L. & BAKKER, C.B. (1966). Influence of personality type on drug response. Am. J. Psychiat., 14, 1153– 1158. GAGNÉ, R.M. & FLEISHMAN, E.A. (1959). Psychology and human performance. New York: Holt. GENDREAU, P., SHERLOCK, D., PARSONS, T., McLEAN, R., SCOTT, G.D. & SUBOSKE, M.D. (1972). Effects of methamphetamine on well-practiced discrimination conditioning of the eyelid response. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 25, 112– 116. GHONEIM, M.M., MEWALDT, S.P. & THATCHER, J.W. (1975). The effect of diazepam and fentanyl on mental, psychomotor and electroencephalographic functions and their rate of recovery. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 44, 61– 66. GHONEIM, M.M. & MEWALT, S.P. (1977). Studies on human memory: the interactions of diazepam, scopolamine and physostigmine. Psychopharmacology, 52, 1– 6. GIBSON, H.B. (1965). Manual of Gibson Spiral Maze. London: University of London Press. GOLDBERG, L. (1943). The influence of ethyl alcohol on sensory, motor and psychological functions referred to blood alcohol in normal and habituated individuals. Acta Physiol. Scand., 5, 1– 128. GOLDSTEIN, L. & STOLTZFUS, N.W. (1973). Psychoactive drug-induced changes of interhemispheric EEG amplitude relationships. Agents and Actions, 3, 124– 132. GOLDSTONE, S. (1955). Critical flicker fusion measurements and anxiety level. J. expt. Psychol., 49, 200– 202. GOLDSTONE, S. BOARDMAN, W.K. & LHAMON, W.T. (1958). Effects of quinalbarbitone, d-amphetamine and placebo on apparent time. Br. J. Psychol., 49, 324– 328. GOLDSTONE, S. & KIRHAM, J.E. (1968). The effects of secobarbital and d-amphetamine upon time judgement: Intersensory factors. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 13, 65– 73. GRAY, J.A. (1967). Strength of the nervous system, introversion — extraversion, conditionability and arousal. Behav. Res. Ther., 5, 151– 170. GRUNDSTRÖM, R., HOLMBERG, G., & HANSEN, T. (1977). Degree of sedation obtained with various doses of diazepam and nitrazepam. Acta Pharmac. Tox., 43, 13– 18. GUEST, A.D.L., DUNCAN, C. & LAWTHER, P.J. (1970). Carbon monoxide and phenobarbitone: a comparison of effects on auditory flutter fusion threshold and critical flicker fusion threshold. Ergonomics, 13, 587– 594. GUPTA, B.S. (1973). The effects of stimulant and depressant drugs on verbal conditioning. Br. J. Psychol., 64, 553– 557. GUPTA, B.S. (1974). Stimulant and depressant drugs on kinaesthetic figural after-effects. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 36, 275– 280. HAFFNER, J.F.W., MØRLAND, J., SETEKLEIV, J., STRØM-SAETHER, C.E., DANIELSEN, A., FRIVIK, P.T. & DYBING, F. (1973). Mental and psychomotor effects of diazepam and ethanol. Acta Pharmac. Tox., 32, 161– 178. HARPER, C.R. & KIDERA, G.J. (1972). Aviator performance and the use of hypnotic drugs. Aerospace Med., 43, 197– 199. HARRY, T.V.A. & RICHARDS, D.J. (1972). Lorazepam — a study in psychomotor depression. Br. J. clin. Prac., 26, 371– 373. HART, J., HILL, H.M., BYE, C.E., WILKINSON, R.T. & PECK, A.W. (1976). The effects of low doses of amylobarbitone sodium and diazepam on human performance. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 3, 289– 298. HAWARD, L.R.C. (1968). Effects of sodium diphenylhydantoinate upon concentration. Paper presented to British Psychology Society Conference: London (mimeograph). HAYES, M.H. & PATTERSON, D.G. (1921). Experimental development of the graphic rating method. Psychol. Bull., 18, 98. HEDGES, A., TURNER, P. & HARRY, T.V. (1971). Preliminary studies on the central nervous effects of lorazepam, a new benzodiazepine. J. clin. Pharmac., 16, 423– 427. HENERT, G.A. & JANKE, W. (1957). Pharmacological and psychological investigation into 5-phenyl-2-amino-4-oxo-oxazolidine. Arzneim. Forsch. (Drug Res.), 7, 352– 355. HINDMARCH, I. (1975). A 1, 4-benzodiazepine, temazepam (K3917): its effect on some psychological parameters of sleep and behaviour. Arzneim. Forsch. (Drug Res.), 25, 1836– 1839. HINDMARCH, I. (1976a). The effects of the sub-chronic administration of an anti-histamine, clemastine, on tests of car driving ability and psychomotor performance. Curr. med. res. Opin., 4, 197– 206. HINDMARCH, I. (1976b). A sub-chronic study of the subjective quality of sleep and psychological measures of performance on the morning following night time medication with temazepam. Arzneim. Forsch. (Drug Res.), 26, 2113– 2116. HINDMARCH, I. (1977a). Laboratory investigation of effect of acute doses of nomifensine on a simulated aspect of night-time car driving performance. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 4, 167S– 178s. HINDMARCH, I. (1977b). A repeated dose comparison of three benzodiazepine derivatives (nitrazepam, flurazepam and flunitrazepam) on subjective appraisals of sleep and measures of psychomotor performance the morning following night-time medication. Acta Psychiatrica Scand., 56, 373– 381. HINDMARCH, I. (1979a). Some aspects of the effects of clobazam on human psychomotor performance. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 7, 77s– 82s. HINDMARCH, I. (1979b). A preliminary study of the effects of repeated doses of clobazam on aspects of performance, arousal and behaviour in a group of anxiety rated volunteers. Eur. J. clin. Pharmac., 16, 17– 21. HINDMARCH, I. (1979c). Effects of hypnotic and sleep-inducing drugs on objective assessments of human psychomotor performance and subjective appraisals of sleep and early morning behaviour. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 8, 43s– 46s. HINDMARCH, I. & CLYDE, C.A. (1980a). A preliminary investigation of the effects of a 1, 4 benzodiazepine derivative (HR158) on subjective aspects of sleep and objective measures of early morning performance. Drugs Exptl. Clin. Res., 2, 61– 70. HINDMARCH, I. & CLYDE, C.A. (1980b). The effects of triazolam and nitrazepam on sleep quality, morning vigilance and psychomotor performance. Arzneim. Forsch (Drug Res., 30, 1163– 1166. HINDMARCH, I. & GUDGEON, A.C. (1980). The effects of clobazam and lorazepam on aspects of psychomotor performance and car handling ability. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 10, 145– 150. HINDMARCH, I., HANKS, G.W. & HEWITT, A.J. (1977). Clobazam, a 1, 5 benzodiazepine derivative, and car driving ability. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 4, 573– 578. HINDMARCH, I. & PARROTT, A.C. (1977). Repeated dose comparisons of nomifensine, imipramine and placebo on subjective assessments of sleep and objective measures of psychomotor performance. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 4, 167s– 173s. HINDMARCH, I. & PARROTT, A.C. (1978). The effect of a sub-chronic administration of three dose levels of a 1, 5 benzodiazepine derivative, clobazam, on subjective aspects of sleep and assessments of psychomotor performance the morning following night time medication. Arzneim. Forsch. (Drug Res., 28, 2169– 2172. HINDMARCH, I. & PARROTT, A.C. (1979a). The effects of repeated nocturnal doses of clobazam, dipotassium clorazepate and placebo on subjective ratings of sleep and early morning behaviour and objective measures of arousal, psychomotor performance and anxiety. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 8, 325– 329. HINDMARCH, I. & PARROTT, A.C. (1979b). A repeated dose comparison of the side effects of five anti-histamines on objective assessments of psychomotor performance, central nervous system arousal and subjective appraisals of sleep and early morning behaviour. Arzneim. Forsch. (Drug Res.), 28, 483– 486. HINDMARCH, I. & PARROTT, A.C. (1980a). The effects of combined sedative and anxiolytic preparations on subjective aspects of sleep and objective measures of arousal and performance the morning following nocturnal medication. I: Acute Doses. Arzneim. Forsch. (Drug Res.), 30, 1025– 1028. HINDMARCH, I. & PARROTT, A.C. (1980b). The effects of combined sedative and anxiolytic preparations on subjective aspects of sleep and objective measures of arousal and performance the morning following nocturnal treatment. II: Repeated doses. Arzneim. Forsch. (Drug Res., 30, 1167– 1170. HINDMARCH, I., PARROTT, A.C. & ARENILLAS, L. (1977b). A repeated dose comparison of dichloralphenazone, flunitrazepam and amylobarbitone sodium on some aspects of sleep and early morning behaviour in normal subjects. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 4, 229– 233. HINDMARCH, I., PARROTT, A.C. & LANZA, M. (1979). The effects of an ergot alkaloid derivative (Hydergine) on aspects of psychomotor performance, arousal and cognitive processing ability. J. clin. Pharmac., 19, 726– 731. HINDMARCH, I., PARROTT, A.C. & STONIER, P.D. (1980). The effects of nomifensine and HOE8476 on car driving and related psychomotor performance. Roy. Soc. Med. Int. Cong. Symp. Ser., No 25, 47– 54. HOLMBERG, G. & WILLIAM-OLLSON, U. (1963). The effect of benzquinamide, in comparison with chlordiazepoxide and placebo, on performance in some psychological tests. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 4, 402– 417. HORMIA, A. (1956). On the sensation of duration. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., 58, 1– 81. HUFFMAN, W.J., FLORIO, A., PAYNE, J.L. & BOYS, F.E. (1963). The influence of two selected tranquillisers on driving skills. Am. J. Psychiat., 119, 885– 886. HUGHES, F.W., FORNEY, R.B. & RICHARDS, A.B. (1965). Comparative effect in human subjects of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and placebo on mental and physical performance. Clin. Pharmac. Ther., 6, 139– 145. IDESTRÖM, C. M. & CADENIUS, B. (1963). Chlordiazepoxide, dipiperon and amobarbital: Dose effect studies. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 4, 235– 246. IDESTRÖM, C.M. & CADENIUS, B. (1968). Time relations of the effects of alcohol compared to placebo. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 13, 189– 200. JÄÄTTELA, A., MÄNNISTÖ, P., PAATERO, H. & TUOMISTO, J. (1971). The effects of diazepam or diphenhydramine on healthy human subjects. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 4, 235– 246. JONES, O. (1958). Relationship between visual and auditory discrimination and anxiety level. J. gen. Psychol., 59, 111– 118. JONES, D.M., LEWIS, M.J. & SPRIGGS, T.L.B. (1978). The effects of low doses of diazepam on human performance in group administered tasks. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 6, 333– 337. JONES, D.M., JONES, M.E.L., LEWIS, M.J. & SPRIGGS, T.L.B. (1979). Drugs and human memory: effects of low doses of nitrazepam and hyoscine on retention. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 7, 479– 483. KEESEY, U.T. (1970). Variables determining flicker sensitivity in small fields. J. Optical Soc. Amer., 60, 390– 398. KEUCHEL, I., KOHNEN, R. & LIENERT, G.A. (1979). The effects of alcohol and caffeine on concentration test performance. Arzneim. Forsch. (Drug Res., 29, 973– 975. KLEINKNECHT, R.A. & DONALDSON, D. (1975). A review of the effects of diazepam on cognitive and psychomotor performance. J. nerv. ment. Dis., 161, 399– 414. KNIGHTS, R.M. & HINTON, G.C. (1969). The effects of methylphenidate on the motor skills and behaviour of children with learning problems. J. nerv. ment. Dis., 148, 643– 654. KORNETSKY, C. (1958). Effects of meprobamate, phenobarbital and dextroamphetamine on reaction time and learning in man. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 123, 216– 219. KORNETSKY, C. & ORZACK, M.H. (1964). A research note on some of the critical factors on the dissimilar effects of chlorpromazine and secobarbital on the digit symbol substitution and continuous performance test. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 6, 79– 86. KORTTILA, K. (1977). Lack of impairment in skills related to driving after intramuscular administration of prilocaine or mepivacaine. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand., 21, 31– 36. KORTTILA, K. & LINNOILA, M. (1975). Psychomotor skills related to driving after intramuscular administration of diazepam and meperidine. Anaesthesiology, 42, 685– 691. KORTTILA, K., MATTILA, M.J. & LINNOILA, M. (1976). Prolonged recovery after diazepam sedation: the inference of food, charcoal ingestion and injection rate on the effects of intravenous diazepam. Br. J. Anaesth., 48, 333– 340. KORTTILA, K., TAMMISTO, T., ERTAMA, P., PFAFFLI, P., BLOMGREN, E. & HAKKINEN, S. (1977). Recovery, psychomotor skills and simulated driving after brief inhalational anaesthesia with halothane or enflurane combined with nitrous oxide and oxygen. Anaesthesiology, 46, 20– 27. KORTTILA, K., SAARNIVAARA, L., TARKKANEN, J., HIMBERG, J.J. & HYTONEN, M. (1978). Comparison of diazepam and flunitrazepam for sedation during anaesthesia for bronchoscopy. Br. J. Anaesth., 50, 281– 287. KRUGMAN, H. (1947). Flicker fusion frequency as a function of anxiety reaction: an exploratory study. Psychosom. Med., 4, 269– 272. LAHTINEN, U., LAHTINEN, A. & PEKKOLA, P. (1978). The effect of nitrazepam on manual skill, grip strength and reaction time with special reference to subjective evaluation of effects on sleep. Acta Pharmac. Tox., 42, 130– 134. LANDAUER, A.A., POCOCKE, D.A. & PLOTT, F.W. (1974). The effect of medazepam and alcohol on cognitive and motor skills used in car driving. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 37, 159– 168. LAWTON, M.P. & CAHN, B. (1963). The effects of diazepam and alcohol on psychomotor performance. J. nerv. ment. Dis., 136, 550– 554. LEYGONIE, F., RETHONE, A., YUCEYATAK, F. & YUCEYATAK, A. (1976). Anxiolytique nouveau, le clobazam, action sur le sommeil de nuit et le niveau de performance au réveil. Gaz. Méd. France, 82, 1303. LILJEQUIST, R. & MATTILA, M.J. (1979). Acute effects of temazepam and nitrazepam on psychomotor skills and memory. Acta Pharmac. Tox., 44, 364– 369. LILJEQUIST, R., SEPPÄLÄ, T. & MATTILA, M.J. (1978). Amitriptyline and mianserin induced changes in acquisition of paired-association learning task. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 5, 149– 153. LINNOILA, M. & HAKKINEN, S. (1974). Effects of diazepam and codeine alone and in combination with alcohol on simulated driving. Clin. Pharmac. Ther., 15, 368– 373. LURIA, R.E. (1975). The validity of the visual analogue mood scale. J. Psychiat. Res., 12, 51– 57. MACKWORTH, J.F. (1965). The effects of amphetamine on detectability of signals in a vigilance task. Canad. J. Psychol., 19, 104– 110. MacLEOD, S.M., GILES, H.G., PATZALEK, G., THIESSEN, J.J. & SELLERS, E.M. (1977). Diazepam actions and plasma concentrations following ethanol ingestion. Eur. J. clin. Pharmac., 11, 345– 349. MALPAS, A. (1972). Subjective and objective effects of nitrazepam and amylobarbitone sodium in normal human beings. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 27, 373– 378. MALPAS, A. & JOYCE, C.R.B. (1969). Effects of nitrazepam, amylobarbitone and placebo on some perceptual, motor and cognitive tasks in normal subjects. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 14, 167– 177. MALPAS, A., ROWAN, A.J., JOYCE, C.R.B. & SCOTT, D.F. (1970). Persistent behavioural and electroencephalographic changes after single doses of nitrazepam and amylobartitone sodium. Br. med. J., 2, 762– 764. MALPAS, A., LEGG, N.J. & SCOTT, D.F. (1974). Effects of hypnotics on anxious patients. Br. J. Psychiat., 124, 482– 484. MARJERRISON, G., NEUFELDT, A.H., HOLMES, V. & HO, T. (1973). Comparative psychophysical and mood effects of diazepam and dipotassium clorazepate. Biol. Psychiat., 7, 31– 41. MASHOUR, M. & DEVINE, B. (1977). Detection performance and its relationship with human capacity for information processing. Reports from Dept. of Psychology Univ. Stockholm. No 495, pp 1– 14. MASUDA, M. & BARKER, C.B. (1966). Personality, catecholamine metabolites and psychophysical response to diazepam. J. Psychiat. Res., 4, 221– 234. MATTILA, M.J., PALVA, E., SEPPÄLÄ, T. & OSTROVSKAYA, R.U. (1978). Actions and interactions with alcohol of drugs on psychomotor skills: comparison of diazepam and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Arch. int. Pharmac. Ther., 234, 236– 246. MAY, A.E., CHILDS, D.J. & URQUHART, A. (1976). Intro-punitiveness and finer dexterity in alcoholics. J. Alcoh., 11, 21– 23. MELIKIAN, L. (1961). The effect of meprobamate on the performance of normal subjects on selected psychological tasks. J. Gen. Psychol., 65, 33– 38. MICHON, J.A. (1976). Human information processing — with and without drugs. Psychiat. Neurol. Neurochir. (Amst.), 76, 163– 174. MILLAR, K. (1979). An objective assessment of vigilance following ingestion of a new controlled-release antihistamine preparation. Med. Dig., 3, 52– 57. MILLER, L.L. & DOLAN, M.P. (1974). Effects of alcohol on short term memory as m