Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1993546989', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19991128)74:9<2124::aid-app2>3.0.co;2-y', 'title': 'Formation of polyurethane membranes by immersion precipitation. II. Morphology formation', 'display_name': 'Formation of polyurethane membranes by immersion precipitation. II. Morphology formation', 'publication_year': 1999, 'publication_date': '1999-11-28', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1993546989', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19991128)74:9<2124::aid-app2>3.0.co;2-y', 'mag': '1993546989'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19991128)74:9<2124::aid-app2>3.0.co;2-y', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S200764475', 'display_name': 'Journal of Applied Polymer Science', 'issn_l': '0021-8995', 'issn': ['0021-8995', '1097-4628'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5079289019', 'display_name': 'Young Duk Kim', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I157485424', 'display_name': 'Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05apxxy63', 'country_code': 'KR', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I157485424']}], 'countries': ['KR'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Young Duk Kim', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Center for Advanced Functional Polymers, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373‐1, Kusong‐Dong, Yusung‐Gu, Taejon 305‐701, South Korea'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Center for Advanced Functional Polymers, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373‐1, Kusong‐Dong, Yusung‐Gu, Taejon 305‐701, South Korea', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I157485424']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5045051261', 'display_name': 'Je Young Kim', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3512-4364'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I157485424', 'display_name': 'Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05apxxy63', 'country_code': 'KR', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I157485424']}], 'countries': ['KR'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Je Young Kim', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Center for Advanced Functional Polymers, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373‐1, Kusong‐Dong, Yusung‐Gu, Taejon 305‐701, South Korea'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Center for Advanced Functional Polymers, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373‐1, Kusong‐Dong, Yusung‐Gu, Taejon 305‐701, South Korea', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I157485424']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5020640061', 'display_name': 'Hwan Kwang Lee', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I23077957', 'display_name': 'Chungwoon University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03016c374', 'country_code': 'KR', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I23077957']}], 'countries': ['KR'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Hwan Kwang Lee', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Industrial Chemistry, Chungwoon University, 29, Namjang-Ri, Hongsung-Eub, Hongsung-Gun, Chungnam 350-800, South Korea'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Industrial Chemistry, Chungwoon University, 29, Namjang-Ri, Hongsung-Eub, Hongsung-Gun, Chungnam 350-800, South Korea', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I23077957']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5015301821', 'display_name': 'Sung Chul Kim', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-6516'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I157485424', 'display_name': 'Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05apxxy63', 'country_code': 'KR', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I157485424']}], 'countries': ['KR'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Sung Chul Kim', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Center for Advanced Functional Polymers, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373‐1, Kusong‐Dong, Yusung‐Gu, Taejon 305‐701, South Korea'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Center for Advanced Functional Polymers, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373‐1, Kusong‐Dong, Yusung‐Gu, Taejon 305‐701, South Korea', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I157485424']}]}], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 4430, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 4430, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 1.23, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 32, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.877284, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 88, 'max': 89}, 'biblio': {'volume': '74', 'issue': '9', 'first_page': '2124', 'last_page': '2132'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10409', 'display_name': 'Fuel Cell Membrane Technology', 'score': 0.9978, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2208', 'display_name': 'Electrical and Electronic Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10409', 'display_name': 'Fuel Cell Membrane Technology', 'score': 0.9978, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2208', 'display_name': 'Electrical and Electronic Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10810', 'display_name': 'Self-Healing Polymer Materials', 'score': 0.9919, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2507', 'display_name': 'Polymers and Plastics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/25', 'display_name': 'Materials Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11362', 'display_name': 'Membrane Gas Separation Technology', 'score': 0.9849, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2210', 'display_name': 'Mechanical Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/morphology', 'display_name': 'Morphology (biology)', 'score': 0.6636089}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/polymeric-membranes', 'display_name': 'Polymeric Membranes', 'score': 0.551503}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/membrane-degradation', 'display_name': 'Membrane Degradation', 'score': 0.522997}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-purification', 'display_name': 'Hydrogen Purification', 'score': 0.521321}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/polymer-electrolyte-membranes', 'display_name': 'Polymer Electrolyte Membranes', 'score': 0.516282}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/polymer-of-intrinsic-microporosity-(pims)', 'display_name': 'Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIMs)', 'score': 0.503031}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779578285', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146322', 'display_name': 'Polyurethane', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.859578}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41625074', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088', 'display_name': 'Membrane', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8201295}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C499950583', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183252', 'display_name': 'Morphology (biology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6636089}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C188027245', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446', 'display_name': 'Polymer chemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.61830115}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C192562407', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736', 'display_name': 'Materials science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.56443894}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C42360764', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588', 'display_name': 'Chemical engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5327397}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121745418', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585536', 'display_name': 'Quenching (fluorescence)', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.45511156}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C107054158', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257', 'display_name': 'Precipitation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44536674}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185592680', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329', 'display_name': 'Chemistry', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.32097906}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C159985019', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790', 'display_name': 'Composite material', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.16393149}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C55493867', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62520636', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944', 'display_name': 'Quantum mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153294291', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261', 'display_name': 'Meteorology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C91881484', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191807', 'display_name': 'Fluorescence', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19991128)74:9<2124::aid-app2>3.0.co;2-y', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S200764475', 'display_name': 'Journal of Applied Polymer Science', 'issn_l': '0021-8995', 'issn': ['0021-8995', '1097-4628'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.79, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6', 'display_name': 'Clean water and sanitation'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 22, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1980516553', 'https://openalex.org/W1984046779', 'https://openalex.org/W1987427200', 'https://openalex.org/W1994162691', 'https://openalex.org/W2010701007', 'https://openalex.org/W2012308626', 'https://openalex.org/W2019500332', 'https://openalex.org/W2019667585', 'https://openalex.org/W2023691773', 'https://openalex.org/W2030063963', 'https://openalex.org/W2042773071', 'https://openalex.org/W2063849251', 'https://openalex.org/W2072263608', 'https://openalex.org/W2075335251', 'https://openalex.org/W2081585664', 'https://openalex.org/W2106276478', 'https://openalex.org/W2114004308', 'https://openalex.org/W2126431103', 'https://openalex.org/W2142443082', 'https://openalex.org/W2170248222', 'https://openalex.org/W2300267813', 'https://openalex.org/W4301665403'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4297324074', 'https://openalex.org/W2899084033', 'https://openalex.org/W2748952813', 'https://openalex.org/W2597547343', 'https://openalex.org/W259556702', 'https://openalex.org/W2391598605', 'https://openalex.org/W2378107470', 'https://openalex.org/W2276443974', 'https://openalex.org/W2048142227', 'https://openalex.org/W2030481304'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Journal': [0], 'of': [1, 11, 34, 64, 87, 123, 141, 172, 202, 225, 261, 279, 322, 332, 345, 356, 379, 389, 395, 402, 420], 'Applied': [2], 'Polymer': [3], 'ScienceVolume': [4], '74,': [5], 'Issue': [6], '9': [7], 'p.': [8], '2124-2132': [9, 448], 'Formation': [10], 'polyurethane': [12, 391, 410], 'membranes': [13, 369, 397, 411], 'by': [14, 48, 78, 103, 155, 186, 216, 241, 293, 372, 406], 'immersion': [15, 374, 424], 'precipitation.': [16], 'II.': [17], 'Morphology': [18], 'formation': [19, 419], 'Young': [20, 23, 51, 54, 158, 161, 189, 192], 'Duk': [21, 24, 159, 162], 'Kim,': [22, 52, 107, 160, 190, 245], 'Kim': [25, 55, 112, 163, 193, 250], 'Center': [26, 56, 115, 164, 194, 253], 'for': [27, 45, 57, 75, 100, 116, 134, 152, 165, 183, 195, 213, 238, 254, 272, 290, 417], 'Advanced': [28, 32, 58, 62, 117, 121, 135, 139, 166, 170, 196, 200, 255, 259, 273, 277], 'Functional': [29, 59, 118, 136, 167, 197, 256, 274], 'Polymers,': [30, 60, 119, 137, 168, 198, 257, 275], 'Korea': [31, 61, 120, 138, 169, 199, 258, 276], 'Institute': [33, 63, 122, 140, 171, 201, 260, 278], 'Science': [35, 65, 124, 142, 173, 203, 262, 280], 'and': [36, 66, 125, 143, 174, 204, 263, 281, 320, 324, 336, 343, 362, 385], 'Technology,': [37, 67, 126, 144, 175, 205, 264, 282], '373-1,': [38, 68, 127, 145, 176, 206, 265, 283], 'Kusong-Dong,': [39, 69, 128, 146, 177, 207, 266, 284], 'Yusung-Gu,': [40, 70, 129, 147, 178, 208, 267, 285], 'Taejon': [41, 71, 130, 148, 179, 209, 268, 286], '305-701,': [42, 72, 131, 149, 180, 210, 269, 287], 'South': [43, 73, 98, 132, 150, 181, 211, 236, 270, 288], 'KoreaSearch': [44, 74, 99, 182, 212, 237], 'more': [46, 76, 101, 153, 184, 214, 239, 291], 'papers': [47, 77, 102, 154, 185, 215, 240, 292], 'this': [49, 79, 104, 156, 187, 217, 242, 294, 357], 'authorJe': [50, 188], 'Je': [53, 191], 'authorHwan': [80, 218], 'Kwang': [81, 84, 219, 222], 'Lee,': [82, 220], 'Hwan': [83, 221], 'Lee': [85, 223], 'Department': [86, 224], 'Industrial': [88, 226], 'Chemistry,': [89, 227], 'Chungwoon': [90, 228], 'University,': [91, 229], '#29,': [92, 230], 'Namjang-Ri,': [93, 231], 'Hongsung-Eub,': [94, 232], 'Hongsung-Gun,': [95, 233], 'Chungnam': [96, 234], '350-800,': [97, 235], 'authorSung': [105, 243], 'Chul': [106, 111, 244, 249], 'Corresponding': [108, 246], 'Author': [109, 247], 'Sung': [110, 248], '[email': [113, 251], 'protected]': [114, 252], 'KoreaCenter': [133, 271], 'Korea===Search': [151, 289], 'author': [157, 295], 'First': [296], 'published:': [297], '27': [298], 'September': [299], '1999': [300, 429, 441], 'https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19991128)74:9<2124::AID-APP2>3.0.CO;2-YCitations:': [301], '24AboutPDF': [302], 'ToolsRequest': [303], 'permissionExport': [304], 'citationAdd': [305], 'to': [306, 328, 351], 'favoritesTrack': [307], 'citation': [308], 'ShareShare': [309], 'Give': [310], 'accessShare': [311, 314], 'full': [312], 'text': [313], 'full-text': [315, 330, 354], 'accessPlease': [316], 'review': [317], 'our': [318], 'Terms': [319, 342], 'Conditions': [321, 344], 'Use': [323], 'check': [325], 'box': [326], 'below': [327, 350], 'share': [329, 352], 'version': [331, 355], 'article.I': [333], 'have': [334], 'read': [335], 'accept': [337], 'the': [338, 348, 386, 390, 393, 396, 418], 'Wiley': [339, 431], 'Online': [340], 'Library': [341], 'UseShareable': [346], 'LinkUse': [347], 'link': [349], 'a': [353], 'article': [358], 'with': [359], 'your': [360], 'friends': [361], 'colleagues.': [363], 'Learn': [364], 'more.Copy': [365], 'URL': [366], 'Abstract': [367], 'Polyurethane': [368], 'were': [370, 398], 'prepared': [371], 'an': [373], 'precipitation': [375, 425], 'process.': [376], 'The': [377, 400], 'effects': [378], 'dope': [380], 'concentration,': [381], 'coagulation': [382], 'bath': [383], 'composition,': [384], 'chemical': [387], 'structure': [388], 'on': [392], 'morphology': [394, 422], 'studied.': [399], 'degree': [401], 'contraction': [403], 'was': [404], 'measured': [405], 'quenching': [407], 'freshly': [408], 'formed': [409], 'in': [412], 'liquid': [413], 'nitrogen.': [414], 'A': [415], 'mechanism': [416], 'membrane': [421], 'during': [423], 'is': [426], 'proposed.': [427], '©': [428], 'John': [430], '&': [432], 'Sons,': [433], 'Inc.': [434], 'J': [435], 'Appl': [436], 'Polym': [437], 'Sci': [438], '74:': [439], '2124–2132,': [440], 'Citing': [442], 'Literature': [443], 'Volume74,': [444], 'Issue928': [445], 'November': [446], '1999Pages': [447], 'RelatedInformation': [449]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1993546989', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 2}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-09T04:14:22.311119', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}