Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1992648281', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/444810', 'title': 'A Historical Introduction to Comparative Education', 'display_name': 'A Historical Introduction to Comparative Education', 'publication_year': 1960, 'publication_date': '1960-02-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1992648281', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/444810', 'mag': '1992648281'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/444810', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S168329810', 'display_name': 'Comparative Education Review', 'issn_l': '0010-4086', 'issn': ['0010-4086', '1545-701X'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315672', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Chicago Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315690', 'https://openalex.org/P4310315672'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Chicago', 'University of Chicago Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5035086278', 'display_name': 'William W. Brickman', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'William W. Brickman', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5035086278'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 13.336, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 41, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.970079, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 95, 'max': 96}, 'biblio': {'volume': '3', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '6', 'last_page': '13'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11859', 'display_name': 'Educator Training and Historical Pedagogy', 'score': 0.9962, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11859', 'display_name': 'Educator Training and Historical Pedagogy', 'score': 0.9962, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12545', 'display_name': 'Global Education and Multiculturalism', 'score': 0.9931, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3304', 'display_name': 'Education'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11300', 'display_name': 'Global Educational Policies and Reforms', 'score': 0.9604, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C161191863', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655', 'display_name': 'Library science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5076932}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.4862858}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C134819137', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1346247', 'display_name': 'Comparative education', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.45575586}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C36289849', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749', 'display_name': 'Social science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.32163477}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.3200519}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C120912362', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822', 'display_name': 'Higher education', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.25275582}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.20259109}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/444810', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S168329810', 'display_name': 'Comparative Education Review', 'issn_l': '0010-4086', 'issn': ['0010-4086', '1545-701X'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315672', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Chicago Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315690', 'https://openalex.org/P4310315672'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Chicago', 'University of Chicago Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Reduced inequalities', 'score': 0.75, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 4, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1548910518', 'https://openalex.org/W1607704375', 'https://openalex.org/W627830639', 'https://openalex.org/W657098476'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4379507214', 'https://openalex.org/W4206467270', 'https://openalex.org/W3008512322', 'https://openalex.org/W2748952813', 'https://openalex.org/W2340891100', 'https://openalex.org/W2248738776', 'https://openalex.org/W2115595281', 'https://openalex.org/W2013076882', 'https://openalex.org/W1979597806', 'https://openalex.org/W1545617099'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Previous': [0], 'articleNext': [1], 'article': [2], 'No': [3], 'AccessA': [4], 'Historical': [5], 'Introduction': [6, 372], 'to': [7, 24, 336, 373, 413, 621], 'Comparative': [8, 32, 43, 96, 108, 117, 171, 240, 259, 276, 324, 334, 354, 464, 475, 498, 513, 550, 555, 569, 584, 586, 603, 624, 626, 641], 'EducationWilliam': [9], 'W.': [10, 12, 331, 345, 368], 'BrickmanWilliam': [11], 'Brickman': [13], 'Search': [14], 'for': [15, 294], 'more': [16], 'articles': [17, 68], 'by': [18, 31, 41], 'this': [19, 54, 70], 'author': [20], 'PDFPDF': [21], 'PLUS': [22], 'Add': [23], 'favoritesDownload': [25], 'CitationTrack': [26], 'CitationsPermissionsReprints': [27], 'Share': [28], 'onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail': [29], 'SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited': [30], 'Education': [33, 46, 99, 127, 174, 226, 241, 260, 279, 325, 441, 465, 501, 524, 539, 556, 570, 587, 627], 'Review': [34, 227, 520, 557, 588, 628, 643], 'Volume': [35], '3,': [36, 525], 'Number': [37], '3Feb.,': [38], '1960': [39], 'Sponsored': [40], 'the': [42, 66, 122, 224, 233, 251, 351, 359, 411, 414, 427, 518], 'and': [44, 82, 97, 107, 141, 172, 186, 277, 292, 315, 338, 355, 358, 378, 389, 456, 461, 499, 602, 618], 'International': [45, 98, 173, 225, 278, 356, 415, 500, 601], 'Society': [47], 'Article': [48], 'DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/444810': [49], 'Views:': [50], '67Total': [51], 'views': [52], 'on': [53, 350], 'site': [55], 'Citations:': [56], '30Citations': [57], 'are': [58], 'reported': [59], 'from': [60], 'Crossref': [61, 64], 'PDF': [62], 'download': [63], 'reports': [65], 'following': [67], 'citing': [69], 'article:Edith': [71], 'Mukudi': [72, 285], 'Omwami,': [73], 'Robin': [74], 'Shields': [75], 'The': [76, 168, 220, 267, 397, 453, 495, 515, 565, 605], 'development': [77, 236], 'of': [78, 87, 112, 124, 170, 223, 237, 253, 289, 296, 312, 353, 361, 400, 439, 458, 497, 517, 521, 537, 568, 581, 644], 'theory': [79], 'in': [80, 95, 121, 128, 175, 232, 256, 270, 275, 298, 340, 416, 474, 502, 523, 549, 583, 623], 'comparative': [81, 238, 257, 271], 'international': [83], 'education:': [84], 'An': [85, 110, 436, 552], 'analysis': [86], 'doctoral': [88], 'theses': [89], 'at': [90], 'North': [91, 176], 'American': [92, 437], 'universities,': [93], 'Research': [94, 274, 403, 445, 488, 522, 646], '2': [100], '(Jul': [101, 542], '2022):': [102], '174549992211122.https://doi.org/10.1177/17454999221112231Adnan': [103], 'ÇIRAK': [104], 'Social': [105, 125, 401], 'Studies': [106, 126, 377], 'Education:': [109, 514, 551], 'Examination': [111], 'Theses': [113], 'Prepared': [114], 'as': [115, 486], 'a': [116, 229, 393, 487, 503], 'with': [118], 'Different': [119], 'Countries': [120], 'Field': [123, 352], 'Turkey,': [129], 'Eğitim': [130], 've': [131], 'Toplum': [132], 'Araştırmaları': [133], 'Dergisi': [134], '(May': [135], '2022).https://doi.org/10.51725/etad.1087300Sijia': [136], 'Cynthia': [137], 'Zhu': [138], 'Mrs.': [139], 'Smith': [140], 'Mr.': [142], 'Jun’s': [143], 'Reciprocal': [144], 'Learning': [145], 'Partnership,': [146], '(Dec': [147, 449], '2020):': [148], '67–99.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56838-2_5W.': [149], 'James': [150], 'Jacob,': [151], 'Huiyuan': [152], 'Ye,': [153], 'Shuo': [154], 'Wang,': [155, 157], 'Xueshuang': [156], 'Xiufang': [158], 'Ma,': [159], 'Abdullah': [160], 'Bagci,': [161], 'Quan': [162], 'Gu,': [163], 'Julio': [164], 'Luis': [165], 'Méndez': [166], 'Vergara': [167], 'History': [169], 'America*,': [177], '(Aug': [178, 307, 365, 381, 468], '2019):': [179, 191, 216], '101–117.https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-367920190000036006Tutaleni': [180], 'I.': [181], 'Asino,': [182], 'Lisa': [183], 'Giacumo': [184], 'Culture': [185, 304], 'Global': [187], 'Workplace': [188], 'Learning,': [189], '(Mar': [190, 406], '395–412.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119227793.ch22Ann-Cathrin': [192], 'Faldet,': [193], 'Daniel': [194], 'Pettersson,': [195], 'Christina': [196], 'Elde': [197], 'Mølstad': [198], 'Jeg,': [199], 'du,': [200], 'meg': [201], 'og': [202], 'deg:': [203], 'Hva': [204], 'kan': [205], 'vi': [206], 'egentlig': [207], 'læreav': [208], 'PISA?,': [209], 'Norsk': [210], 'pedagogisk': [211], 'tidsskrift': [212], '103,': [213], 'no.11': [214, 243, 262, 405, 526, 541, 590, 648], '(Feb': [215, 490], '42–52.https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.1504-2987-2019-01-05Erwin': [217], 'H.': [218], 'Epstein': [219], 'Nazi': [221], 'seizure': [222], ':': [228], 'dark': [230], 'episode': [231], 'early': [234], 'professional': [235], 'education,': [239, 258], '54,': [242, 261], '(Nov': [244, 263], '2017):': [245, 264], '49–61.https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2017.1396092Volker': [246], 'Lenhart': [247, 266], 'Hechtius': [248], '(1795–1798)': [249], '–': [250], 'beginnings': [252], 'historical-philosophical-idiographic': [254], 'research': [255], '26–34.https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2017.1396094Volker': [265], 'first': [268], 'treatise': [269], 'education': [272, 290, 388], 'rediscovered,': [273], '11,': [280], 'no.22': [281, 559, 609, 630], '(Jun': [282, 328, 527, 649], '2016):': [283, 528, 650], '222–226.https://doi.org/10.1177/1745499916632977Edith': [284], 'Omwami': [286], 'Intergenerational': [287], 'comparison': [288], 'attainment': [291], 'implications': [293], 'empowerment': [295], 'women': [297], 'rural': [299], 'Kenya,': [300], 'Gender,': [301], 'Place': [302], '&': [303], '22,': [305], 'no.88': [306], '2014):': [308, 329, 343], '1106–1123.https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2014.939152Robert': [309], 'Cowen': [310, 424, 452], 'Ways': [311], 'knowing,': [313], 'outcomes': [314], '‘comparative': [316], 'education’:': [317], 'be': [318], 'careful': [319], 'what': [320], 'you': [321], 'pray': [322], 'for,': [323], '50,': [326], 'no.33': [327, 467], '282–301.https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2014.921370Alexander': [330], 'Wiseman': [332], 'Internationally': [333], 'Approaches': [335, 620], 'Innovation': [337], 'Entrepreneurship': [339], 'Education,': [341, 357, 418, 476, 585, 625, 642], '(Sep': [342, 419], '3–31.https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3679(2013)0000023009Alexander': [344], 'Wiseman,': [346, 369], 'Emily': [347, 370], 'Anderson': [348, 371], 'Reflections': [349], 'Benefits': [360], 'an': [362], 'Annual': [363], 'Review,': [364], '2013):': [366, 382], '3–28.https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3679(2013)0000020004Alexander': [367], 'Part': [374], '5:': [375], 'Area': [376], 'Regional': [379], 'Developments,': [380], '169–174.https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3679(2013)0000020017Aaron': [383], 'Benavot': [384], 'Policies': [385], 'toward': [386], 'quality': [387], 'student': [390], 'learning:': [391], 'constructing': [392], 'critical': [394], 'perspective,': [395], 'Innovation:': [396], 'European': [398, 440, 443], 'Journal': [399, 446, 536], 'Science': [402], '25,': [404], '2012):': [407, 420, 430], '67–77.https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2012.661664Alexander': [408], 'Karp': [409], 'From': [410], 'Local': [412], 'Mathematics': [417], '797–826.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4684-2_25Robert': [421], 'Cowen,': [422], 'Robert': [423], 'Robustly': [425], 'Researching': [426], 'Relevant,': [428], '(Jan': [429, 477, 506, 610], '3–25.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-052-1_1Iveta': [431], 'Silova,': [432], 'William': [433], 'C.': [434], 'Brehm': [435], 'Construction': [438], 'Space,': [442], 'Educational': [444, 606, 645], '9,': [447], 'no.44': [448], '2010):': [450], '457–470.https://doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2010.9.4.457Robert': [451], 'transfer,': [454], 'translation': [455], 'transformation': [457], 'educational': [459], 'processes:': [460], 'their': [462], 'shape‐shifting?,': [463], '45,': [466], '2009):': [469, 478, 491], '315–327.https://doi.org/10.1080/03050060903184916Michael': [470], 'Crossley': [471], 'Rethinking': [472], 'Context': [473], '1173–1187.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6403-6_73David': [479], 'Wilson': [480, 494, 564], 'To': [481], 'Compare': [482], 'Is': [483], 'Human:': [484], 'Comparison': [485], 'Methodology,': [489], '49–60.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9547-4_4David': [492], 'N.': [493, 563], 'Future': [496], 'Globalised': [504], 'World,': [505], '2003):': [507], '15–33.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1094-8_2Max': [508], 'A.': [509, 530], 'Eckstein': [510], 'Introductory': [511], 'Essay:': [512], 'State': [516], 'Field,': [519], '77–84.https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X003001077Barry': [529], 'Sheehan': [531], 'Comparatively': [532], 'Speaking,': [533], 'South': [534], 'Pacific': [535], 'Teacher': [538], '2,': [540], '2006):': [543], '25–32.https://doi.org/10.1080/0311213740020103': [544], 'Michael': [545], 'M.': [546, 614], 'Henry': [547], 'Methodology': [548, 622], 'Annotated': [553], 'Bibliography,': [554], '17,': [558], '(Oct': [560, 591, 631], '2015):': [561, 592, 632], '231–244.https://doi.org/10.1086/445696David': [562], 'World': [566], 'Council': [567], 'Societies:': [571], 'A': [572], 'Preliminary': [573], 'History,': [574], '():': [575], '289–307.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1479-3679(04)06011-6Gustavo': [576], 'F.': [577], 'J.': [578], 'Cirigliano': [579], 'Stages': [580], 'Analysis': [582], '10,': [589], '18–20.https://doi.org/10.1086/445186Stewart': [593], 'E.': [594], 'Fraser': [595], 'Jullien': [596], 'de': [597], 'Paris:': [598], 'Nineteenth': [599], 'Century': [600], 'Educator,': [604], 'Forum': [607], '27,': [608], '1963):': [611], '177–182.https://doi.org/10.1080/00131726309340652': [612], 'Andreas': [613], 'Kazamias': [615], 'Some': [616], 'Old': [617], 'New': [619], '5,': [629], '90–96.https://doi.org/10.1086/444876Richard': [633], 'V.': [634], 'Rapacz,': [635], 'Albert': [636], 'S.': [637], 'Kahn': [638], 'Chapter': [639], 'IV:': [640], '31,': [647], '57–69.https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543031001051': [651]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1992648281', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 4}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-10T00:52:21.777836', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}