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'disease.1–3': [149], 'Since': [150], 'those': [151, 271, 370, 523, 1938], 'early': [152, 408, 582, 641, 1112, 1297, 2551], 'publications,': [153], '32': [154], 'thousands': [160], 'studies': [162, 474, 520], 'have': [163, 325, 336, 475, 550, 1408, 1476, 1504, 1584, 1632, 1637, 1658, 1688], 'been': [164, 326, 477, 551, 1189, 1505, 1633, 1639, 1659], 'released': [165], 'exposing': [166, 1740], 'harmful': [168, 505], 'effects': [169, 314, 414, 507], 'cigarette': [171, 683, 2155], 'cardiovascular': [174, 202, 312, 506, 1756, 1893, 2057, 2669, 2868, 3209], 'health.4,5': [175], 'Yet,': [176], 'more': [177, 327, 1156, 1162, 1480, 1550], 'than': [178, 296, 1118, 1551], 'a': [179, 181, 197, 253, 262, 372, 610, 624, 719, 732, 753, 769, 929, 1033, 1057, 1155, 1161, 1174, 1192, 1214, 1419, 1487, 1493, 1538, 1579, 1735, 2264, 2629, 3124, 3399], 'half': [180], 'century': [182], 'later,': [183], 'toxic': [185], 'legacy': [186], 'continues': [187, 1646], 'unravel.': [189], 'Cigarette': [190, 2054], 'is': [192, 223, 289, 1101, 1294, 1713, 1744, 1758, 1901, 2387, 2550, 2707, 2815], 'now': [193], 'well': [194], 'established': [195, 2189], 'as': [196, 252, 553, 623, 731, 896, 1166, 1191, 1418, 1460, 1650, 1774, 1809], 'causal': [198], 'risk': [199, 215, 255, 267, 280, 345, 352, 365, 394, 402, 490, 634, 806, 870, 878, 893, 937, 978, 995, 1064, 1107, 1321, 1346, 1799, 1806, 2253, 2283, 2322, 2511, 2557, 2672, 2711], 'factor': [200, 256], 'disease': [203, 219, 284, 467, 3213], '(CVD).': [204], 'Pooled': [205], 'data': [206], 'from': [207, 320, 427, 539, 596, 669, 713, 879, 1256, 1319, 1382, 1414, 1444, 1598, 2469, 2519, 2632, 2826, 2927], 'almost': [208], 'million': [210], 'people': [211], 'reveals': [212], 'that': [213, 349, 785, 876, 1085, 1097, 1228, 1236, 1267, 1323, 1558, 1706, 1739], 'ischemic': [217], 'heart': [218, 283, 466, 2325, 2881], 'current': [221, 693, 836, 962, 1016, 1083, 1171, 1203, 1401], 'smokers': [222, 944], '2.6': [224], 'times': [225, 236, 291, 815, 821, 1116], '(95%': [226, 237, 292, 816, 822], 'confidence': [227], 'interval': [228], '[CI],': [229], '2.4–2.7)': [230], 'higher': [231, 240, 266, 273, 295, 364, 825, 1117], 'men': [233, 2289], '3.0': [235], 'CI,': [238, 293, 817, 823, 949, 956, 1003, 1010], '2.8–3.2)': [239], 'women': [242, 2291], 'compared': [243, 368, 840, 966, 1073], 'with': [244, 265, 272, 369, 371, 617, 787, 841, 932, 959, 967, 985, 1013, 1074, 1103, 1218, 1280, 1325, 1569, 1641, 1656, 2408, 2709, 2817], 'nonsmokers.6': [245], 'Secondhand': [246, 2202], 'smoke': [247, 2461, 2509, 2968, 2991], '(SHS)': [248], 'exposure': [249, 307, 322, 343, 430, 450, 462, 488, 512, 572, 685, 881, 1092, 1100, 1385, 1426, 1454, 1499, 1534, 1708, 1767, 1796, 2506, 2553, 2915, 2992, 3050], 'has': [250, 1188, 1265], 'emerged': [251], 'significant': [254], 'CVD': [258, 269, 367, 396, 537, 549, 892, 1320, 1345, 1801, 1805], 'among': [259, 270, 285, 938, 983, 1820, 2993], 'nonsmokers,': [260], 'demonstrating': [261, 1131, 1492], 'dose-dependent': [263], 'relationship': [264, 863], 'SHS': [274, 306, 317, 321, 360, 387, 410, 416, 429, 449, 461, 487, 571, 684, 880, 1099, 1145, 1183, 1358, 1425, 1453, 1498, 1533, 1563, 1621, 1707, 1743, 1766, 1795, 1834, 1856], 'exposure.7–9': [275], 'epidemiological': [277], 'studies,': [278], 'SHS-exposed': [286], 'nonsmoking': [287, 382, 1075], 'adults': [288, 357, 384, 1142, 2560], '1.25': [290], '1.17–1.32)': [294], 'unexposed': [297, 842], 'adults.10Article': [298], 'see': [299], 'p': [300], '1239Although': [301], 'risks': [303], 'concurrent': [305, 448], 'clear,': [309], 'deleterious': [311], 'health': [313, 334, 442, 1519, 1591, 1779, 1894, 2152, 2524, 2670, 3210], 'remote': [316, 460], 'exposure,': [318, 614], 'especially': [319, 498], 'during': [323, 347, 882, 1857, 2292], 'childhood,': [324], 'difficult': [328, 1481], 'demonstrate.': [330], 'Clinicians': [331], 'public': [333, 1518, 1526, 1628, 1778], 'professionals': [335], 'unanswered': [337, 1788], 'questions': [338, 1789], 'about': [339], 'how': [340], 'reduce': [342, 1525, 1765, 1782], 'factors': [346, 403, 1231, 1322, 1347], 'childhood': [348, 362, 428, 445, 464, 574, 607, 702, 798, 833, 849, 883, 915, 1098, 1182, 1208, 1497, 1620, 2706, 2758, 2812], 'increase': [350], 'adult': [354, 1185, 1501, 1571, 1848, 2548], 'CVD.': [355, 1186], 'Are': [356], 'exposed': [358, 385, 828, 940, 1143, 1355, 1561, 1607, 1822, 1854], 'at': [363, 697, 746, 752, 772, 1029, 1662], 'smoke-free': [373, 1585, 1690, 3075], 'childhood?': [374], 'Does': [375, 1794], 'vascular': [377, 2544], 'damage': [378, 2545], 'observed': [379], 'healthy': [381, 2360, 2391], 'young': [383, 1141, 2361, 2392, 2547, 2559, 2765, 2823], 'persist': [388], 'decades': [389], 'later?11,12': [390], 'Can': [391], 'residual': [393, 1317], 'events': [397, 3073], 'excess': [399, 889], 'classic': [401], 'be': [404, 496, 885, 1233, 1351, 1367, 1387, 1648, 1704, 1829], 'partly': [405, 1902], 'explained': [406], 'by': [407, 588, 644, 689, 709, 1126, 1224, 1904, 1924, 2414, 3134], 'life': [409, 2552], 'exposure?Clearly,': [411], 'immediate': [413], 'children': [418, 595, 662, 1593, 1657, 1686, 1710, 1741, 1769, 1853, 2406, 2619, 2675, 3096, 3133], 'overwhelmingly': [420], 'harmful.': [421], 'Increased': [422], 'respiratory': [423], 'illnesses': [424], 'infections': [426], 'result': [431], 'extra': [433], 'emergency': [434], 'department': [435], 'visits': [436], 'medical': [438], 'expenditures.13,14': [439], 'The': [440, 604, 680, 725, 970, 1062, 1148, 1380, 1541, 2014, 2075, 2555], 'detrimental': [441], 'outcomes': [443, 524, 538], 'because': [446, 1516, 1715, 1802], 'sufficient': [452], 'warrant': [454], 'action;': [455], 'however,': [456], 'connection': [458, 1333], 'between': [459, 483, 864, 1334, 1496], 'adulthood': [469, 583, 642, 800, 851, 1113, 1210], 'remains': [470, 1328, 1537], 'poorly': [471], 'characterized.': [472], 'not': [476, 1078, 1366, 1428, 1583, 1936], 'able': [478], 'detect': [480, 522, 535, 1056, 1440], 'an': [481, 497, 1104, 1205, 1243, 1615, 1752, 3077], 'association': [482, 1223], 'self-reported': [484, 1445], 'cumulative': [485, 2505], 'lifetime': [486], 'myocardial': [492, 2255, 2285, 2513], 'infarction.15': [493], 'Childhood': [494, 2776, 2836], 'may': [495, 884, 1232, 1309, 1365, 1374, 1407], 'vulnerable': [499], 'period': [500, 532], 'lasting': [502], 'permanent': [504], 'SHS.16': [509], 'Incomplete': [510], 'pediatric': [511, 542, 3125], 'ascertainment': [513], 'likely': [514, 1394], 'limits': [515, 1052], 'ability': [517], 'previous': [519, 1123], 'adulthood.': [526], 'To': [527], 'overcome': [528], 'long': [530], 'observation': [531], 'required': [533], 'hard': [536], 'prospectively': [540], 'collected': [541], 'assessments,': [543], 'noninvasive': [544, 1437], 'subclinical': [546, 579, 1339, 2616], 'measures': [547, 1613], 'used': [552], 'key': [554], 'clinically': [555, 1163], 'relevant': [556, 1164], 'biomarkers.17,18': [557], 'issue': [560], 'Circulation,': [562], 'West': [563, 2683, 3382], 'et': [564], 'al19': [565], 'describe': [566], 'long-term': [568, 1300], 'consequences': [569, 2153], '(aged': [575], '3–18': [576], 'years)': [577, 587], 'atherosclerosis': [580, 2556, 2617], '(mean': [584], 'age,': [585], '37': [586], 'studying': [589], '26-year': [591], 'follow-up': [592, 777, 1030], '2448': [594], 'Cardiovascular': [598, 650, 2051, 2206, 2608, 2648, 2719, 2768, 2828, 3404, 3407, 3440], 'Risk': [599, 651, 2651, 2720, 2769, 2829, 3400, 3408], 'Young': [601, 653, 2722, 2771, 2831], 'Finns': [602, 654, 2723, 2772, 2832], 'Study.': [603], 'investigators': [605, 681], 'examined': [606], 'serum': [608, 711, 716, 916, 1238, 1416], 'cotinine,': [609], 'biomarker': [611], 'tobacco': [613, 1611, 2412, 2967], 'conjunction': [616], 'parental': [618, 627, 645, 690, 788, 830, 837, 865, 907, 912, 920, 943, 963, 987, 1017, 1048, 1070, 1303, 1326, 1335, 1357, 1360, 1371, 1404, 1432, 1446, 1463, 1868, 2703, 2809], 'report': [619, 691, 2059], 'status': [622, 794, 802], 'proxy': [625], '"hygiene"': [629], 'determine': [631], 'whether': [632], 'developing': [636, 980], 'ultrasound-detected': [637], 'carotid': [638, 728, 770, 811, 872, 981, 1027, 1109, 1133, 1151, 1441, 2713, 2819, 2864], 'plaque': [639, 771, 812, 982, 1110, 2715, 2865], 'differs': [643], 'hygiene': [647, 989, 1049], 'childhood.The': [649], 'Study': [655, 1260, 2248, 2931], 'obtained': [656], 'baseline': [657], 'measurements': [658, 1241], '1980': [660, 705], '3': [663], '18': [665], 'years': [666, 758], 'age': [668, 755], '5': [670], 'cities': [671], 'Finland': [673], '(Helsinki,': [674], 'Kuopio,': [675], 'Oulu,': [676], 'Tampere,': [677], 'Turku).': [679], 'ascertained': [682], '2': [687, 701, 1115, 1237], 'ways,': [688], 'or': [694, 749, 918, 1235, 1817, 1825, 1942, 2813], 'ever': [695, 960, 1014, 1403], 'either': [698, 1229], 'exams': [703], '1983': [707], 'measuring': [710], 'cotinine': [712, 923, 1040, 1417], 'stored': [714], 'frozen': [715], 'samples': [717], 'subset': [720, 1034, 1215], 'participants': [723, 766, 827, 939, 984, 1217, 1458], '(n=1330).': [724], 'outcome': [726, 1168], 'was': [727, 744, 813, 1920], 'plaque,': [729, 1152, 1442], 'defined': [730], '>50%': [733], 'protrusion': [734], 'vessel': [737], 'wall': [738], 'into': [739, 910, 1047, 1287, 1777], 'arterial': [741, 2357], 'lumen,': [742], 'measured': [745], '2001': [748], '2007': [750], 'assessments': [751], 'mean': [754], '36.6': [757], '(SD,': [759], '5.5': [760], 'years).': [761], 'A': [762, 1341, 2019, 3254], 'total': [763], '64': [765], '(2.6%)': [767], 'developed': [768], 'end': [774], 'period.': [778], 'regression': [780], 'models': [781], 'adjusting': [782], 'confounders': [784], 'cluster': [786, 1324], 'smoking,': [789, 1361, 1447, 3135], 'including': [790, 1413], 'markers': [791], 'socioeconomic': [793], "participants'": [797, 848, 869], '(model': [803, 856], '3),': [804], 'development': [809], '2.3': [814], '1.2–4.7)': [818], '1.6': [820, 1008], '1.0–2.7)': [824], '(ever': [834], 'smokers,': [838, 964, 1018], 'respectively)': [839, 965], 'participants.': [843, 969], 'Notably,': [844], 'further': [845, 1051, 1839], 'adjustment': [846, 1206], 'blood': [852, 897, 1815], 'pressure': [853, 1816], 'lipids': [855, 1818], '5)': [857], 'did': [858, 1582], 'little': [859], 'attenuate': [861], 'plaque.': [873], 'This': [874, 1120, 1836], 'suggests': [875], 'independent': [886], 'other': [891, 1804, 2415], 'factors,': [894, 1807], 'such': [895, 1808], 'pressure,': [898], 'lipids,': [899], 'personal': [901], 'status.Further': [903], 'subdivision': [904], 'category': [909], 'hygienic': [911, 1876], 'smoker': [913, 921, 1572], '(nondetectable': [914], 'cotinine)': [917], 'nonhygienic': [919, 942], '(childhood': [922], '>0': [924], '<3': [926], 'ng/mL),': [927], 'revealed': [928], 'graded': [930], 'response,': [931], 'highest': [934], 'level': [935], '(relative': [945, 999], 'risk,': [946, 953, 1000, 1007], '4.1': [947], '[95%': [948, 955, 1002, 1009], '1.3–12.9]': [950], 'relative': [952, 1006], '4.0': [954], '1.7–9.8]': [957], 'associated': [958, 1012, 1102, 1640, 2407, 2708, 2816], 'nonexposed': [968], 'lower': [971], 'bounds': [972], 'CIs': [975], 'good': [986], 'crossed': [990], 'below': [991], '1.0,': [992], 'but': [993, 1080, 1393], 'estimates': [996, 1065], 'remained': [997], 'elevated': [998, 1063, 1106], '1.9': [1001], '0.6–5.7]': [1004], '0.6–4.0]': [1011], 'respectively).': [1019], 'Because': [1020], 'relatively': [1023], 'low': [1024], 'number': [1025], 'plaques': [1028], 'only': [1032, 1225], 'full': [1037], 'sample': [1038, 1046], 'having': [1039, 1461], 'levels,': [1041], 'stratification': [1042], 'study': [1045, 1095, 1121, 1172, 1392, 1470, 1837, 2456, 2773, 2833], 'subgroups': [1050], 'power': [1054], 'difference': [1058], 'magnitude.': [1061], '"good': [1068], 'hygiene"': [1069], 'group': [1072, 1128, 3136], 'parents': [1076], 'definitive': [1079], 'do': [1081], 'support': [1082, 1761, 1842, 1867], 'recommendations': [1084, 1863, 2622], 'there': [1086], 'no': [1088, 1462], 'safe': [1089], 'levels': [1090], 'SHS.4This': [1094], 'demonstrates': [1096], 'importantly': [1105], '(approximately': [1114], 'unexposed).': [1119], 'extends': [1122], 'work': [1124], 'done': [1125], 'others': [1130], 'increased': [1132, 2710, 2818], 'intima': [1134], 'media': [1135], 'thickness': [1136, 2821], 'endothelial': [1138, 2381], 'dysfunction': [1139, 2382], 'childhood.20,21': [1147], 'use': [1149, 2251, 2410], 'which': [1153, 1364, 1474], 'represents': [1154, 1751], 'advanced': [1157], 'atherosclerotic': [1158, 1378, 2714], 'lesion': [1159], 'measure,22': [1165], 'presents': [1173], 'strong': [1175], 'argument': [1176], 'adverse': [1179], 'effect': [1180, 1398], 'Inflammation': [1187], 'proposed': [1190], 'major': [1193, 1488], 'mechanism': [1194], 'underlying': [1195, 1252], 'process.23': [1197], 'sensitivity': [1199], 'analyses': [1200], 'study,': [1204, 2525, 3308], 'C-reactive': [1211, 1239], 'protein': [1212, 1240], 'measure': [1220, 1245], 'attenuated': [1221], '4%,': [1226], 'suggesting': [1227], 'additional': [1230, 1449], 'involved': [1234], 'insufficient': [1244], 'inflammation': [1247], 'account': [1249], 'pathogenesis.': [1253], 'Recent': [1254], 'evidence': [1255, 1840, 2149, 2825], 'Avon': [1258, 2929], 'Longitudinal': [1259, 2930], 'Parents': [1262, 2933], 'Children': [1264, 1597, 2654, 2935], 'demonstrated': [1266], 'prenatal': [1268, 2966], 'maternal': [1269, 2917], 'affects': [1271], 'epigenetic': [1272], 'changes': [1273, 1286], 'DNA': [1275, 1284, 2921], 'methylation': [1276, 1285, 2922], 'offspring,': [1279], 'persistence': [1281], 'adolescence.24': [1288], 'Although': [1289, 1749], 'research': [1290, 1792], 'area': [1293], 'stages,': [1298], 'impact': [1301, 3220], 'offspring': [1307, 1338, 2920], 'epigenome': [1308], 'underlie': [1310], 'part': [1311, 1515, 1923], 'atherogenic': [1314], 'process.Undoubtedly': [1315], 'some': [1316, 1362], 'confounding': [1318], 'contributes': [1330, 1395], 'atherosclerosis.': [1340], 'wide': [1342], 'range': [1343], 'found': [1349], 'abnormal': [1352], 'youth': [1354, 1554, 2995], 'causally': [1368], 'related': [1369, 2383], 'contribute': [1375], 'future': [1377, 1791], 'risk.25': [1379], 'contribution': [1381], 'perinatal': [1383], 'cannot': [1386], 'assessed': [1388], 'directly': [1389], 'both': [1400, 1698, 1847], 'smokers.': [1405], 'Misclassification': [1406], 'occurred': [1409], 'multiple': [1411], 'areas': [1412], 'using': [1415], 'short-term': [1420], 'marker': [1421], '(≈1': [1422], 'week)': [1423], 'fully': [1429], 'capturing': [1430], 'poor': [1431], 'hygiene,': [1434], 'limitations': [1435], 'imaging': [1438], 'inaccuracies': [1443], 'unmeasured': [1450], 'sources': [1451], '(10%': [1455], 'recorded': [1459], 'had': [1465], 'detectable': [1466], 'cotinine).': [1467], 'Despite': [1468, 1528], 'limitations,': [1471], 'many': [1472], 'would': [1475], 'made': [1477, 1649], 'associations': [1479], 'detect,': [1483], 'findings': [1485, 2926], 'provide': [1486], 'step': [1489], 'forward': [1490], 'solid': [1494], 'link': [1495], 'atherosclerosis.Smoking': [1502], 'rates': [1503], 'decreasing': [1506], 'United': [1509, 1575, 3016], 'States': [1510, 1576], 'worldwide': [1512], 'large': [1514], 'campaigns': [1520], 'legislative': [1522], 'action': [1523], 'smoking.': [1527], 'tremendous': [1530], 'progress,': [1531], 'household': [1532], 'very': [1535], 'much': [1536], 'contemporary': [1539], 'issue.': [1540], 'results': [1542, 2468, 2518], 'Global': [1545], 'Youth': [1546, 2602], 'Surveys': [1548], '350': [1552], '000': [1553], '1999–2008': [1556], 'reveal': [1557], '30.4%': [1559], 'were': [1560], 'inside': [1564, 1699], 'their': [1565, 1721], 'homes.26': [1566], 'Among': [1567], 'households': [1568], '2010–2011,': [1578], 'majority': [1580], '(54%)': [1581], 'home': [1586, 3014], 'rules': [1587], 'protect': [1589], 'household.27': [1596], 'ethnic': [1599], 'minority': [1600], 'economically': [1602], 'disadvantaged': [1603], 'populations': [1604], 'disproportionately': [1606], 'SHS.28': [1609], 'Legislative': [1610], 'control': [1612], 'remain': [1614], 'important': [1616], 'route': [1617], 'reducing': [1619], 'exposure.': [1622], 'Policies': [1623], 'banning': [1625], 'places': [1629], 'workplaces': [1631], 'widely': [1634], 'implemented': [1635], 'already': [1638], 'decreases': [1642], 'CVD.29': [1644], 'Progress': [1645], 'bans': [1651], 'cars': [1655, 3094], 'enacted': [1660], 'least': [1663], '4': [1664], 'states,': [1666], '10': [1667], 'Canadian': [1668, 1731], 'provinces,': [1669], 'Australia,': [1670], 'South': [1671], 'Africa,': [1672], 'Cyprus,': [1673], 'England,': [1674], 'Wales.30': [1676], '2009,': [1678], 'Academy': [1681, 2215, 2960, 3118], 'Pediatrics': [1683], 'called': [1684], 'universal': [1689], 'home,': [1691], 'car,': [1692], 'school,': [1693], 'work,': [1694], 'play': [1696], 'environments,': [1697], 'outside.31': [1701], 'It': [1702], 'should': [1703, 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[3300], 'receptor': [3301], 'expression': [3302], 'monocytes:': [3304], 'An': [3305, 3364], 'ex': [3306], 'vivo': [3307], 'Journal': [3309, 3369], 'Functional': [3311], 'Foods,': [3312], '10.1016/j.jff.2016.01.021,': [3313], '22,': [3314], '(132-144),': [3315], '1-Apr-2016.': [3319], 'Mao': [3326], 'Lee': [3330], 'Lin': [3332], 'Yen': [3340], 'Whang-Peng': [3342], 'Tea': [3353], 'Extract': [3354], 'Attenuates': [3355], 'Nicotine-Induced': [3356], 'Foam': [3357], 'Cell': [3358], 'Formation': [3359], 'Primary': [3361], 'Cultured': [3362], 'Monocytes:': [3363], 'Vitro': [3366], 'Mechanistic': [3367], 'Study,': [3368], 'Agricultural': [3371], 'Food': [3373], 'Chemistry,': [3374], '10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00624,': [3375], '64:16,': [3376], '(3186-3195),': [3377], '27-Apr-2016.': [3381], 'H,': [3383], 'M': [3387], '(2015)': [3391], 'Is': [3392], 'Passive': [3393], 'Early': [3397], 'Factor': [3401], 'Future': [3403], 'Disease?,': [3405], 'Current': [3406], 'Reports,': [3409], 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