Insulin and Exercise Decrease Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Activity by Different Mechanisms in Rat Skeletal Muscle

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Jeffrey F. Markuns; Jørgen F. P. Wojtaszewski; Laurie J. Goodyear
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3469, 3490, 4062, 4469, 4650, 4735], 'and': [9, 27, 33, 43, 51, 65, 80, 97, 120, 126, 133, 184, 196, 219, 223, 246, 264, 270, 280, 288, 302, 317, 334, 357, 363, 370, 421, 433, 456, 460, 482, 506, 593, 601, 624, 643, 667, 802, 878, 882, 1026, 1030, 1112, 1123, 1132, 1214, 1297, 1468, 1479, 1495, 1499, 1506, 1512, 1536, 1561, 1567, 1595, 1598, 1610, 1626, 1649, 1667, 1710, 1734, 1747, 1754, 1821, 1861, 1894, 1951, 1962, 2008, 2027, 2039, 2143, 2193, 2199, 2217, 2262, 2281, 2297, 2316, 2335, 2435, 2499, 2597, 2606, 2618, 2623, 2638, 2644, 2672, 2754, 2802, 2818, 2825, 2849, 2854, 2874, 2879, 2909, 2918, 2925, 2938, 2985, 3024, 3040, 3043, 3090, 3099, 3110, 3222, 3254, 3302, 3395, 3408, 3413, 3430, 3459, 3475, 3479, 3525, 3570, 3593, 3685, 3701, 3744, 3912, 3931, 3937, 4049, 4134, 4167, 4170, 4309, 4315, 4560, 4620, 4644, 4654, 4717, 4742, 4782, 4797, 4929, 4958, 5009, 5035, 5071, 5104, 5137, 5157, 5182, 5193], 'exercise': [10, 68, 81, 100, 195, 247, 305, 318, 337, 432, 1454, 1469, 1507, 1541, 2498, 2507, 2534, 2576, 2607, 2728, 2781, 2845, 2851, 2873, 2883, 2919, 2939, 3057, 3075, 3184, 3213, 3237, 3247, 3279, 3301, 3497, 3509, 3624, 3730, 3911, 4124, 4149, 4825, 5016, 5103, 5162], 'skeletal': [12, 73, 191, 235, 249, 310, 428, 472, 495, 539, 1456, 1477, 1897, 2744, 3026, 3080, 3252, 3482, 3750, 3886, 4255, 4334, 4727, 4775, 4965, 5003, 5108, 5155], 'muscle.': [13, 236, 250, 473, 496, 1457, 2626, 2655, 2928, 3191, 3483, 4256, 4335, 5109, 5187], 'Part': [14, 251], 'of': [15, 29, 35, 45, 62, 107, 144, 159, 201, 210, 232, 252, 266, 272, 282, 299, 344, 381, 396, 438, 447, 469, 491, 509, 579, 632, 634, 640, 675, 892, 942, 1128, 1162, 1201, 1222, 1301, 1432, 1443, 1450, 1466, 1473, 1484, 1497, 1517, 1525, 1547, 1554, 1680, 1764, 1773, 1795, 1827, 1835, 1843, 1891, 1959, 2265, 2305, 2483, 2486, 2506, 2515, 2522, 2532, 2600, 2631, 2699, 2724, 2765, 2777, 2796, 2813, 2834, 2842, 2844, 2863, 2872, 2882, 2889, 2900, 2902, 2911, 2965, 3037, 3045, 3053, 3067, 3210, 3258, 3308, 3318, 3379, 3392, 3416, 3425, 3436, 3449, 3454, 3456, 3477, 3489, 3495, 3504, 3508, 3691, 3742, 3759, 3770, 3776, 3783, 3831, 3924, 4001, 4015, 4056, 4061, 4103, 4126, 4138, 4161, 4174, 4251, 4266, 4293, 4345, 4409, 4466, 4649, 4661, 4672, 4715, 4739, 4744, 4787, 4792, 4814, 4961, 5015, 5117, 5130, 5149], 'the': [16, 60, 108, 142, 177, 207, 253, 297, 345, 379, 414, 444, 486, 498, 507, 545, 587, 629, 641, 890, 1220, 1444, 1459, 1464, 1471, 1482, 1492, 1514, 1545, 1735, 1791, 1825, 1828, 1833, 1841, 2045, 2063, 2454, 2477, 2481, 2484, 2519, 2595, 2629, 2652, 2709, 2721, 2738, 2761, 2766, 2794, 2840, 2858, 2897, 2923, 2960, 2966, 2983, 3035, 3038, 3041, 3048, 3051, 3190, 3228, 3256, 3275, 3305, 3310, 3382, 3389, 3423, 3434, 3447, 3452, 3462, 3466, 3472, 3487, 3694, 3702, 3728, 3734, 3768, 3927, 4110, 4131, 4146, 4171, 4285, 4290, 4307, 4324, 4348, 4501, 4639, 4647, 4764, 4790, 4793, 4931, 4997, 5044, 5121, 5158, 5173, 5199], 'mechanism': [17, 163, 229, 254, 400, 466, 1016, 1095, 2767, 2786, 3084, 3773, 3883, 3921, 4039], 'by': [18, 87, 116, 136, 255, 324, 353, 373, 552, 583, 598, 1080, 1205, 1489, 1523, 1693, 1714, 1732, 2158, 2312, 2392, 2412, 2447, 2575, 2586, 2680, 2768, 2822, 3061, 3082, 3106, 3629, 3727, 3880, 3916, 4115, 4152, 4414, 4455, 4779, 5102], 'which': [19, 256, 1138, 1169, 2769], 'stimulates': [21, 258, 2771], 'glycogen': [22, 36, 46, 83, 259, 273, 283, 320, 474, 492, 512, 557, 582, 584, 591, 645, 668, 676, 704, 1069, 1433, 1451, 1474, 1485, 1509, 1829, 1851, 2487, 2516, 2545, 2571, 2582, 2601, 2632, 2664, 2755, 2772, 2789, 2903, 3877, 4243, 4258, 4271, 4276, 4282, 4298, 4318, 4331, 4352, 4415, 4449, 4656, 4667, 4771, 4799, 5178], 'synthesis': [23, 260, 558, 646, 1475, 2773, 4272, 4332, 4963], 'may': [24, 261, 2952, 3092, 3103, 3121, 3914, 4112, 4452, 5020], 'involve': [25, 262], 'phosphorylation': [26, 32, 96, 119, 152, 263, 269, 333, 356, 389, 884, 941, 1023, 1370, 1493, 1535, 1553, 2620, 2640, 2736, 3020, 3044, 3066, 3107, 3188, 3226, 3317, 3397, 3419, 3474, 3494, 3503, 3514, 3813, 3843, 4102, 4129, 4140, 4153, 4175], 'activation': [28, 44, 265, 281, 639, 666, 1221, 1431, 1483, 1519, 2482, 2514, 2553, 2603, 2630, 2659, 2666, 2757, 2901, 3042, 3394, 3476, 4292, 4344, 4417, 4477, 4738], 'Akt,': [30, 267, 2612, 2797], 'serine': [31, 221, 268, 458, 619, 881, 1369, 1534, 1550, 2619, 2639, 2735, 2995, 3418, 3493, 3513, 3641, 3919], 'deactivation': [34, 209, 231, 271, 446, 468, 1036, 1099, 1524, 1529, 2891, 3036, 3052, 3260, 3297, 3307, 3424, 3775, 3923, 4408, 4743], 'kinase-3': [38, 275, 476, 670], '(GSK-3),': [39, 276], 'leading': [40, 277, 637, 1033, 1096, 1447, 3294, 4295], 'dephosphorylation': [42, 158, 279, 395, 631, 1008, 3120, 3448, 4000, 4042, 4055], 'synthase.': [47, 284], 'To': [48, 285, 1848, 2384, 2592, 2980], 'study': [49, 286, 2385, 3524, 3827, 3871, 4010, 4133], 'Akt': [50, 95, 112, 217, 287, 332, 349, 454, 1113, 1142, 1163, 1202, 1223, 1308, 1365, 1498, 1538, 1558, 1969, 2616, 2634, 2658, 2673, 2689, 2725, 2732, 2753, 2847, 3329, 3393, 3437, 3458, 3478, 3521, 4662], 'GSK-3': [52, 165, 180, 202, 211, 220, 233, 289, 402, 417, 439, 448, 457, 470, 694, 875, 939, 1067, 1098, 1367, 1528, 1543, 1555, 1892, 1902, 2890, 2967, 2989, 3018, 3054, 3077, 3186, 3249, 3259, 3281, 3296, 3319, 3332, 3396, 3460, 3480, 3512, 3643, 3760, 3784, 4016, 4057, 4127, 4151, 4252, 4313, 4327, 4410, 4456, 4653, 4673, 4745, 4788, 4827, 4832, 5019, 5164, 5200], 'regulation': [53, 290, 891, 1472, 3233, 3455, 4125, 4773], 'muscle,': [55, 192, 292, 429, 3284, 4728, 5156], 'time': [56, 105, 293, 342, 1515, 2478, 2579, 2598, 2697, 2887, 2898, 3390, 3414], 'course': [57, 106, 294, 343, 1516, 2479, 2599, 2698, 2888, 2899, 3391, 3415], 'experiments': [58, 295, 2389, 3518], 'on': [59, 296, 621, 1009, 1024, 1071, 1143, 1470, 2846, 2969, 3010, 3108, 3204, 3320, 3333, 3840, 4762], 'effects': [61, 143, 298, 380, 1465, 3488, 3839, 5014], 'injection': [64, 301, 1663, 2588], 'treadmill': [66, 303, 1681, 2496, 3622], 'running': [67, 304, 1682, 2497, 2533, 3623], 'were': [69, 306, 1571, 1601, 1612, 1621, 1631, 1641, 1653, 1670, 1691, 1730, 1741, 1854, 2016, 2037, 2098, 2156, 2172, 2225, 2275, 2289, 2310, 2324, 2350, 2390, 2428, 2438, 2445, 2468, 2524, 2561, 2584, 2646, 2820, 2866, 2940, 2991], 'performed': [70, 307, 2461], 'hindlimb': [72, 309], 'muscle': [74, 311, 503, 548, 1478, 1765, 1850, 1898, 1965, 2064, 2094, 2306, 2394, 2492, 2566, 2711, 2745, 2808, 2859, 2945, 2999, 3027, 3081, 3193, 3253, 3457, 3626, 3751, 3887, 4286, 4776, 4966, 5004, 5032, 5105, 5140], 'from': [75, 312, 1573, 1584, 1591, 1602, 1614, 1622, 1633, 1738, 3825], 'male': [76, 313, 1636], 'rats.': [77, 314], 'Both': [78, 315], '(%I-form)': [86, 323], '2–3-fold': [88, 325], 'over': [89, 326, 2019], 'basal.': [90, 327], 'Insulin': [91, 328, 481, 1020, 2538, 2686], 'stimulation': [92, 329, 681, 1102, 1449, 2703, 2723, 2776, 2795, 3269, 3402, 4063, 4470], 'significantly': [93, 330, 2647, 2827, 2867], 'activity,': [98, 335, 1539, 5127], 'whereas': [99, 336, 544, 1540, 2581], 'had': [101, 338, 2675], 'no': [102, 148, 339, 385, 3232, 4121], 'effect.': [103, 340], 'The': [104, 341, 577, 872, 1094, 1120, 2273, 2321, 2749, 2907, 3241, 3411, 3506, 5013], 'insulin-stimulated': [109, 346, 2657], 'increase': [110, 347, 555, 1508, 2788, 3063, 4316, 4655, 4954], 'was': [113, 147, 350, 384, 1487, 1582, 1590, 1767, 1800, 1899, 1966, 2066, 2460, 2508, 2539, 2573, 2704, 2920, 3058, 3403], 'closely': [114, 351, 1521, 2895], 'matched': [115, 352], 'GSK-3α': [117, 125, 132, 354, 362, 369, 877, 1029, 1533, 1560, 2801, 2817, 2853, 2914, 3006, 3089, 3417, 3426, 3930, 4104], 'Ser21': [118, 151, 355, 388, 1025, 2360, 2970, 3019, 3065, 3087, 3336, 3502, 4101], 'a': [121, 358, 553, 696, 943, 1015, 1871, 2228, 2300, 2512, 2695, 2784, 2975, 3029, 3083, 3196, 3818, 3826, 3869, 3881, 3917, 4037, 4059, 4303, 4811, 4952], '40–60%': [122, 359], 'decrease': [123, 360, 2912, 2976, 3819, 4311], 'GSK-3β': [127, 364, 1580, 2408, 2932, 2951, 3201, 3223, 3811], 'activity.': [128, 365, 1559, 2791, 2979, 4658], 'Exercise': [129, 366, 4950], 'also': [130, 367, 1165, 1361, 2687, 3287, 3420, 3823, 4240, 5100], 'deactivated': [131, 368], 'β': [134, 371, 2803, 2819, 2855, 3091, 3932], '40–60%.': [137, 374], 'However,': [138, 375, 2929, 4118, 4336], 'contrast': [140, 377, 2719, 2838, 3485], 'insulin,': [145, 382, 2727], 'there': [146, 225, 383, 462, 1421, 1439, 3290, 4809, 5111], 'change': [149, 386], 'exercise.': [156, 173, 393, 410], 'Tyrosine': [157, 394], 'GSK-3,': [160, 397, 3309, 3496, 4169, 4267, 4294], 'another': [161, 398], 'putative': [162, 399], 'for': [164, 230, 401, 467, 662, 947, 1017, 1607, 1864, 2021, 2033, 2041, 2148, 2165, 2267, 2480, 3774, 3817, 3922, 4040, 4123, 4817, 5196], 'deactivation,': [166, 403, 4457], 'did': [167, 404, 2729, 3498, 4098], 'not': [168, 405, 2525, 2568, 2590, 2716, 2730, 2747, 2947, 3059, 3239, 3375, 3499, 3617, 3753, 3815, 3836, 4046, 4099, 4177, 4412, 4721], 'occur': [169, 406], 'with': [170, 407, 679, 1100, 1453, 1532, 2100, 2161, 2175, 2179, 2201, 2284, 2294, 2299, 2326, 2353, 2398, 2414, 2430, 2440, 2604, 2649, 2694, 2726, 2760, 2793, 2839, 2877, 2896, 2916, 2993, 3001, 3056, 3195, 3217, 3234, 3266, 3314, 3398, 3517, 4105, 4323, 4468, 5128, 5198], 'or': [172, 409, 1551, 1556, 1657, 1677, 1793, 2103, 2364, 2407, 2421, 2529, 2734, 2742, 2971, 3183, 3212, 3236, 3335, 3625, 4244], 'These': [174, 411, 3069, 4713], 'data': [175, 412, 2450, 2715, 3070, 3286, 4050, 4301, 4829], 'suggest': [176, 413, 3288], 'following:': [178, 415], '1)': [179, 416], 'constitutively': [182, 419, 1298, 3094], 'active': [183, 420, 1299, 3095], 'tyrosine': [185, 422, 883, 945, 1010, 1552, 2386, 3119, 3187, 3934, 4013, 4041, 4054, 4116, 4128, 4139], 'phosphorylated': [186, 423, 620, 3009, 3203, 3935], 'under': [187, 424, 4141, 4273], 'basal': [188, 425, 2830, 3229, 3441], 'conditions': [189, 426, 4274], '2)': [193, 430, 2741], 'both': [194, 431, 599, 663, 1504, 1739, 2615, 2816, 2864, 3022, 4737, 4780], 'are': [198, 435, 485, 887, 1075, 1304, 2451, 3291, 3312, 3616, 3633, 3724, 3764, 3933, 4051, 4321, 4828, 5099, 5143], 'effective': [199, 436, 2542], 'regulators': [200, 437, 490, 674, 4250], 'vivo,': [205, 442], '3)': [206, 443, 2893], 'insulin-induced': [208, 445, 3306, 4310], 'occurs': [212, 449], 'phosphorylation,': [222, 459, 1895, 1963, 2387, 2850, 2996], '4)': [224, 461], 'an': [227, 464, 1172, 1198, 3002, 3062, 3315, 3771, 4155, 4263, 5023, 5147, 5168], 'Akt-independent': [228, 465, 3772], 'phosphatidylinositol': [477, 478, 1105], '4-morpholinepropanesulfonic': [479], 'acid': [480], 'contractile': [483, 5005, 5126], 'most': [487], 'biologically': [488], 'relevant': [489, 4820], 'metabolism': [493, 5034], 'In': [497, 537, 1458, 2718, 2779, 2837, 3272, 3484, 3778, 3926, 4405, 4446], 'postprandial': [499], 'state,': [500, 3929], 'promotes': [502], 'glucose': [504, 510, 1689, 1798, 1836, 1844, 1865], 'uptake': [505], 'storage': [508], 'as': [511, 673, 1116, 1197, 1802, 1824, 1867, 2068, 2453, 4058, 4248, 4262, 5022], '(1Shulman': [513], 'G.I.': [514, 926, 4358, 4421, 4599, 4937], 'Rothman': [515], 'D.L.': [516], 'Jue': [517], 'T.': [518, 809, 819, 4682, 4844, 4854], 'Stein': [519], 'P.': [520, 741, 813, 1040, 1056, 1376, 3166, 3342, 3359, 3897, 4083, 4848, 4918], 'DeFronzo': [521], 'R.A.': [522, 1286, 5057], 'Shulman': [523], 'R.G.': [524], 'N.': [525, 760, 4219], 'Engl.': [526], 'J.': [527, 570, 722, 758, 763, 786, 860, 904, 916, 930, 961, 978, 1058, 1148, 1152, 1182, 1186, 1227, 1231, 1288, 1401, 1404, 1810, 2086, 3135, 3542, 3554, 3608, 3651, 3669, 3717, 3800, 3852, 3903, 3951, 3968, 4025, 4209, 4226, 4367, 4389, 4430, 4484, 4520, 4551, 4574, 4611, 4630, 4895, 4912, 4916, 4920, 4941, 5060, 5083], 'Med.': [528], '1990;': [529, 917], '322:': [530], '223-228Crossref': [531], 'PubMed': [532, 613, 656, 691, 726, 747, 773, 797, 827, 869, 908, 920, 934, 965, 987, 1001, 1046, 1062, 1091, 1156, 1190, 1235, 1248, 1276, 1292, 1331, 1354, 1385, 1415, 1705, 1724, 1816, 1884, 2055, 3144, 3158, 3174, 3351, 3367, 3565, 3588, 3613, 3656, 3680, 3804, 3863, 3955, 3977, 3991, 4034, 4075, 4091, 4191, 4213, 4235, 4378, 4400, 4441, 4495, 4531, 4555, 4585, 4615, 4634, 4708, 4758, 4862, 4904, 4924, 4945, 5066, 5094], 'Scopus': [533, 727, 748, 774, 798, 828, 909, 921, 935, 966, 1002, 1047, 1063, 1157, 1191, 1236, 1249, 1277, 1293, 1332, 1355, 1386, 1416, 1706, 1725, 1817, 1885, 2056, 3159, 3175, 3352, 3368, 3566, 3589, 3657, 3681, 3805, 3864, 3956, 3992, 4076, 4092, 4192, 4214, 4379, 4401, 4442, 4496, 4532, 4556, 4586, 4616, 4635, 4709, 4863, 4925, 4946, 5067, 5095], '(1056)': [534], 'Google': [535, 575, 614, 657, 692, 729, 750, 776, 800, 830, 846, 870, 911, 923, 937, 968, 988, 1004, 1049, 1065, 1092, 1159, 1193, 1238, 1251, 1279, 1295, 1334, 1357, 1388, 1418, 1708, 1727, 1819, 1887, 2058, 2091, 3145, 3161, 3177, 3354, 3370, 3547, 3568, 3591, 3614, 3659, 3683, 3722, 3807, 3866, 3908, 3958, 3978, 3994, 4035, 4078, 4094, 4194, 4216, 4236, 4381, 4403, 4444, 4498, 4534, 4558, 4588, 4618, 4637, 4711, 4759, 4865, 4881, 4905, 4927, 4948, 4990, 5069, 5097], 'Scholar).': [536, 576, 615, 658, 693, 871, 938, 1066, 1093, 1160, 1194, 1358, 1419, 1728, 1888, 2059, 2092, 3371, 3808, 3867, 3909, 4095, 4237, 4404, 4445, 4499, 4712, 4760, 4949], 'contracting': [538, 5154], 'muscles': [540, 1737], 'glycogenolysis': [541], 'activated,': [543], 'period': [546], 'following': [547], 'contraction': [549, 5106], 'characterized': [551], 'marked': [554], '(2Garetto': [559], 'L.P.': [560], 'Richter': [561], 'E.A.': [562], 'Goodman': [563, 567], 'M.N.': [564, 568], 'Ruderman': [565], 'N.B.': [566], 'Am.': [569, 2085, 3541, 3607, 3716, 3902], 'Physiol.': [571, 2087, 3543, 3609, 3718, 3904], '1984;': [572], '246:': [573], 'E471-E475PubMed': [574], 'conversion': [578], 'UDP-glucose': [580], 'rate-limiting': [588], 'step': [589, 5170], 'synthesis,': [592, 5179, 5181], 'this': [594, 3100, 3377, 4268, 4747], 'enzyme': [595, 642, 893, 1018, 1035, 2978, 3039, 3821, 4006, 4111, 4794], 'regulated': [597, 4114, 4454, 4778], 'allosteric': [600, 4249, 4264, 4291], 'phosphorylation-dephosphorylation': [602], 'mechanisms': [603, 1446, 3293, 5000, 5152, 5175], '(3Lawrence': [604, 647, 682, 1082, 4749], 'Jr.,': [605, 648, 683, 1083, 3550, 4750], 'J.C.': [606, 649, 684, 1084, 4751], 'Roach': [607, 650, 685, 856, 976, 1085, 3133, 3966, 4023, 4752, 4891], 'P.J.': [608, 651, 686, 857, 977, 1086, 1146, 1180, 1225, 1243, 3134, 3967, 4024, 4225, 4688, 4753, 4892], 'Diabetes.': [609, 652, 687, 1087, 1720, 4754], '1997;': [610, 653, 688, 789, 1088, 3171, 3364, 3855, 3905, 4088, 4370, 4433, 4755, 5063, 5086], '46:': [611, 654, 689, 1089, 4756], '541-547Crossref': [612, 655, 690, 1090, 4757], 'multiple': [622, 5118], 'sites,': [623, 636], 'treatment': [626, 1645], 'results': [627, 1021, 2560, 2973, 3243, 3470, 5028], 'hierarchal': [630], 'several': [633, 803], 'these': [635, 3692, 4002, 4460, 5131], 'There': [659, 1359, 3632, 3763], 'evidence': [661, 1363, 3073, 3327, 4122], 'protein': [664, 733, 1110, 1117, 1136, 1176, 1596, 1608, 2042, 2162, 4162, 4475, 4740, 4962, 5033, 5046, 5180], 'phosphatase-1': [665, 4476, 4741], '(GSK-3)1': [671], 'inhibition': [672, 4671], 'serine/threonine': [697], 'kinase': [698, 1118, 1177, 3123, 3698, 3705, 3747, 4163, 4783, 5047, 5074], 'which,': [699], 'addition': [701, 3273], 'phosphorylating': [703], 'synthase,': [705, 2517, 2633], 'has': [706, 1422, 3872, 4011, 4045], 'numerous': [707], 'other': [708, 1628, 3049, 3085, 3634, 3765, 4502], 'substrates': [709, 4816], 'including': [710], 'ATP-citrate': [711], 'lyase': [712], '(4Hughes': [713, 895], 'K.': [714, 833, 837, 841, 896, 951, 1260, 1318, 3792, 3941, 4201, 4221, 4628, 4676, 4684, 4868, 4872, 4876], 'Ramakrishna': [715, 897], 'S.': [716, 898, 1256, 3572, 3576], 'Benjamin': [717, 899], 'W.B.': [718, 900], 'Woodgett': [719, 814, 838, 901, 958, 1149, 1183, 1228, 3795, 3948, 4204, 4222, 4849, 4873], 'J.R.': [720, 765, 815, 839, 902, 914, 959, 1150, 1184, 1229, 3796, 3949, 4205, 4223, 4515, 4545, 4569, 4850, 4874, 4914], 'Biochem.': [721, 903, 929, 1057, 1151, 1185, 1230, 1812, 2051, 3652, 4550, 4610, 4629, 4940], '1992;': [723, 770, 843, 905, 4229, 4878], '288:': [724, 906], '309-314Crossref': [725, 907], '(94)': [728, 910], 'Scholar),': [730, 751, 801, 1005, 1296, 3178, 3684, 3723, 3995, 4036, 4589, 4619, 4638, 4991], 'type': [731, 3378], 'I': [732], 'Ser/Thr': [734], 'phosphatase': [735, 4781], '(5Hemmings': [736], 'B.A.': [737, 1316, 1380, 3346, 4517, 4571], 'Resink': [738], 'T.J.': [739], 'Cohen': [740, 1039, 1055, 1375, 3165, 3341, 3358, 4082], 'FEBS': [742, 768, 996, 1041, 3153, 3169, 3362, 3583, 3986, 4070, 4086, 4186], 'Lett.': [743, 769, 997, 1042, 3154, 3170, 3363, 3584, 3987, 4071, 4087, 4187], '1982;': [744], '150:': [745], '319-324Crossref': [746], '(136)': [749], 'tau': [752, 3842], '(6Mandelkow': [753], 'E.M.': [754], 'Drewes': [755], 'G.': [756, 1343, 3604, 3645], 'Biernat': [757], 'Gustke': [759], 'van': [761, 1399], 'Lint': [762, 1400], 'Vandenheede': [764, 4514, 4544, 4568, 4913], 'Mandelkow': [766], 'E.': [767, 953, 3943], '314:': [771], '315-321Crossref': [772], '(483)': [775], 'Scholar,': [777, 831, 847, 912, 924, 969, 989, 1050, 1239, 1252, 1280, 1335, 1389, 3146, 3162, 3355, 3548, 3569, 3660, 3959, 3979, 4079, 4195, 4217, 4382, 4535, 4866, 4882, 4906, 4980], '7Hong': [778], 'M.': [779, 817, 993, 1320, 1378, 3150, 3164, 3344, 3357, 3649, 3845, 3895, 3983, 4067, 4081, 4183, 4852], 'Chen': [780, 3846], 'D.C.R.': [781, 3847], 'Klein': [782, 3848], 'P.S.': [783, 3849], 'Lee': [784, 3850], 'V.M.-Y.': [785, 3851], 'Biol.': [787, 861, 979, 1322, 1350, 1405, 3136, 3555, 3670, 3853, 3969, 4026, 4227, 4368, 4390, 4431, 4485, 4521, 4575, 4698, 4896, 5084], 'Chem.': [788, 862, 980, 1406, 1701, 1880, 3137, 3556, 3671, 3854, 3970, 4027, 4228, 4369, 4391, 4432, 4486, 4522, 4576, 4699, 4897, 5085], '272:': [790, 3856, 4371, 4434, 5087], '25326-25332Abstract': [791, 3857], 'Full': [792, 794, 824, 866, 984, 1273, 1326, 1328, 1410, 1412, 3141, 3560, 3562, 3675, 3677, 3858, 3860, 3974, 4031, 4232, 4373, 4375, 4395, 4397, 4436, 4438, 4490, 4492, 4526, 4528, 4580, 4582, 4703, 4705, 4859, 4901, 5089, 5091], 'Text': [793, 795, 825, 867, 985, 1274, 1327, 1329, 1411, 1413, 3142, 3561, 3563, 3676, 3678, 3859, 3861, 3975, 4032, 4233, 4374, 4376, 4396, 4398, 4437, 4439, 4491, 4493, 4527, 4529, 4581, 4583, 4704, 4706, 4860, 4902, 5090, 5092], 'PDF': [796, 826, 868, 986, 1275, 1330, 1414, 3143, 3564, 3679, 3862, 3976, 4033, 4234, 4377, 4399, 4440, 4494, 4530, 4584, 4707, 4861, 4903, 5093], '(418)': [799, 1356, 3865], 'transcription': [804, 4835, 5136, 5184], 'factors': [805, 4836], '(8Boyle': [806, 4841], 'W.J.': [807, 4842], 'Smeal': [808, 4843], 'Defize': [810, 4845], 'L.H.': [811, 4846], 'Angel': [812, 4847], 'Karin': [816, 4851], 'Hunter': [818, 4853], 'Cell.': [820, 1269, 1349, 4855], '1991;': [821, 4856], '64:': [822, 4857], '573-584Abstract': [823, 4858], '(856)': [829, 4864], '9Saksela': [832, 4867], 'Makela': [834, 4869], 'T.P.': [835, 4870], 'Hughes': [836, 3791, 4200, 4220, 4871], 'Alitalo': [840, 4875], 'Oncogene.': [842, 4877], '7:': [844, 4879], '347-353PubMed': [845, 4880], '10Fiol': [848, 4883], 'C.J.': [849, 973, 3130, 3963, 4020, 4884], 'Williams': [850, 1346, 4885], 'J.S.': [851, 1717, 4886], 'Chou': [852, 4887], 'C.H.': [853, 4888], 'Wang': [854, 4889], 'Q.M.': [855, 971, 3128, 3961, 4018, 4890], 'Andrisani': [858, 4893], 'O.M.': [859, 4894], '1994;': [863, 981, 1043, 3138, 3971, 4028, 4898], '269:': [864, 982, 3139, 3972, 4029, 4899], '32187-32193Abstract': [865, 4900], 'two': [873, 1072, 3690], 'identified': [874], 'isoforms,': [876], 'GSK-3β,': [879], 'contain': [880], 'sites': [885, 1073, 4173], 'that': [886, 1007, 1074, 1208, 1364, 1503, 1513, 1839, 2763, 2950, 3004, 3015, 3074, 3118, 3199, 3245, 3255, 3264, 3278, 3289, 3328, 3388, 3468, 3520, 3636, 3689, 3739, 3810, 3829, 3874, 3999, 4109, 4148, 4242, 4326, 4343, 4734, 4770, 4808, 4824, 4831, 4837, 5001, 5027, 5043, 5161, 5176], 'critical': [888, 5133], '11Woodgett': [913], 'EMBO': [915, 960, 1287, 3799, 3950, 4208, 4919], '9:': [918], '2431-2438Crossref': [919], '(1161)': [922], '12Welsh': [925], 'Proud': [927, 4363, 4426, 4606, 4938], 'C.G.': [928, 4364, 4427, 4607, 4939], '1993;': [931, 962, 1059, 3952, 4921, 4942], '294:': [932, 4943], '625-629Crossref': [933, 4944], '(351)': [936, 4947], 'requires': [940], 'single': [944], 'residue': [946], 'full': [948], '(13Hughes': [950, 3940], 'Nikolakaki': [952, 3942], 'Plyte': [954, 3944], 'S.E.': [955, 2457, 3945], 'Totty': [956, 3946], 'N.F.': [957, 3947], '12:': [963, 3953, 4922], '803-808Crossref': [964, 3954], '(525)': [967, 3957], '14Wang': [970, 3960], 'Fiol': [972, 3129, 3962, 4019], 'DePaoli-Roach': [974, 3131, 3964, 4021], 'A.A.': [975, 3132, 3965, 4022], '14566-14574Abstract': [983, 3140, 3973, 4030], '15Murai': [990, 3147, 3980], 'H.': [991, 3148, 3981, 4065, 4181], 'Okazaki': [992, 3149, 3982, 4066, 4182], 'Kikuchi': [994, 3151, 3984, 4068, 4184], 'A.': [995, 1262, 1337, 3152, 3647, 3664, 3985, 4069, 4185], '1996;': [998, 1323, 1351, 3155, 3672, 3719, 3801, 3988, 4072, 4188, 4210, 4552], '392:': [999, 3156, 3989, 4073, 4189], '153-160Crossref': [1000, 3157, 3990, 4074, 4190], '(63)': [1003, 3160, 3993, 4077, 4193], 'suggesting': [1006, 2949], 'vivo': [1012, 3126, 3400, 4044], 'could': [1013, 3374, 4004, 4239, 4260, 4288], 'be': [1014, 2953, 3093, 3104, 4113, 4453, 5115, 5167], 'deactivation.': [1019, 4007], 'Ser9': [1027, 2972, 3334, 3812, 3832], 'β,': [1031], 'respectively,': [1032], '(16Sutherland': [1037], 'C.': [1038, 1052, 1339, 3889, 3891], '338:': [1044], '37-42Crossref': [1045], '(192)': [1048], '17Sutherland': [1051], 'Leighton': [1053, 3898], 'I.A.': [1054], '296:': [1060], '15-19Crossref': [1061], '(758)': [1064], 'phosphorylates': [1068, 1141], 'identical': [1076], 'those': [1078], 'dephosphorylated': [1079], 'likely': [1103, 4769, 5113], 'involves': [1104, 1171], '(PI)': [1106], '3-kinase,': [1107], 'PtdIns': [1108, 1121, 1124, 1134, 1174], '3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent': [1109, 1135, 1175], 'kinase-1,': [1111, 1137], '(also': [1114], 'known': [1115, 4995], 'B).': [1119, 3410, 3432], '3,4-bisphosphate': [1122], '3,4,5-trisphosphate': [1125], 'lipid': [1126], 'products': [1127], 'PI': [1129, 1195, 1211, 1302, 3594, 4640], '3-kinase': [1130, 1196, 1212, 1303, 3595, 4641], 'recruit': [1131], 'activate': [1133], 'turn': [1140], 'Thr308': [1144], '(18Coffer': [1145, 1179, 1224], 'Jin': [1147, 1181, 1226], '1998;': [1153, 1187, 1232, 1407, 3557, 3585, 4392, 4487, 4700], '335:': [1154, 1188, 1233], '1-13Crossref': [1155, 1189, 1234], '(969)': [1158, 1192, 1237], 'Activation': [1161], 'dependent': [1166], 'upon': [1167], 'Ser473phosphorylation,': [1168], 'presumably': [1170], 'additional': [1173, 1964], 'molecule': [1178], 'upstream': [1199], 'regulator': [1200], 'supported': [1204], 'studies': [1206, 1890, 1958, 3115, 3323, 4338, 4719, 4786], 'demonstrating': [1207, 3519], 'wortmannin,': [1209], 'dominant-negative': [1210], 'mutants,': [1213], 'growth': [1215], 'factor-receptor': [1216], 'point': [1217], 'mutations': [1218], 'prevent': [1219], '19Burgering': [1240], 'B.M.T.': [1241, 4686], 'Coffer': [1242, 4687], 'Nature.': [1244, 1381, 3347], '1995;': [1245, 1270, 1289, 1382, 3348, 3610, 4612, 4631], '376:': [1246], '599-602Crossref': [1247], '(1884)': [1250], '20Franke': [1253], 'T.F.': [1254], 'Yang': [1255], 'ChanT': [1257], 'O.': [1258, 3578, 3580], 'Datta': [1259], 'Kazlauskas': [1261], 'Morrison': [1263], 'D.K.': [1264], 'Kaplan': [1265], 'D.R.': [1266, 1374, 3168, 3340, 3361, 4085], 'Tsichlis': [1267], 'P.N.': [1268], '81:': [1271], '727-736Abstract': [1272], '(1829)': [1278], '21Kohn': [1281], 'A.D.': [1282], 'Kovacina': [1283], 'K.S.': [1284], 'Roth': [1285], '14:': [1290, 1722], '4288-4295Crossref': [1291], '(320)': [1294], 'mutants': [1300], 'sufficient': [1305], 'stimulate': [1307], 'cells': [1310, 4461, 4593], '(22Didichenko': [1311], 'S.A.': [1312], 'Tilton': [1313], 'B.': [1314, 2078, 3534, 3899], 'Hemmings': [1315, 1379, 3345, 4516, 4570], 'Ballmer-Hofer': [1317], 'Thelen': [1319], 'Curr.': [1321], '6:': [1324], '1271-1278Abstract': [1325], '(124)': [1333], '23Klippel': [1336], 'Reinhard': [1338], 'Kavanaugh': [1340], 'W.M.': [1341], 'Apell': [1342], 'Escobedo': [1344], 'M.A.': [1345, 5051], 'L.T.': [1347], 'Mol.': [1348], '16:': [1352], '4117-4127Crossref': [1353], 'strong': [1362], 'deactivates': [1366, 1542, 4150, 4826], 'through': [1368, 2775], '(24Cross': [1371, 3337], 'D.A.E.': [1372, 3338], 'Alessi': [1373, 3167, 3339, 3360, 4084], 'Andjelkovich': [1377, 3343], '378:': [1383, 3349], '785-789Crossref': [1384, 3350], '(4397)': [1387, 3353], '25van': [1390], 'Weeren': [1391], 'P.C.': [1392], 'de': [1393, 1396], 'Bruyn': [1394], 'K.M.': [1395], 'Vries-Smits': [1397], 'A.M.': [1398, 4543], 'Burgering': [1402, 4685], 'B.M.': [1403], '273:': [1408, 3558, 3906, 4393, 4488, 4701], '13150-13156Abstract': [1409], '(313)': [1417], 'Although': [1420, 3372, 4008], 'been': [1423, 3638, 4047, 4178, 4723], 'considerable': [1424], 'progress': [1425], 'elucidating': [1427, 5172], 'signals': [1428, 5119, 5132], 'regulating': [1429, 4351], 'various': [1436], 'cell': [1437], 'types,': [1438], 'little': [1441, 4993], 'understanding': [1442, 5148], 'molecular': [1445, 4998, 5150, 5174], 'current': [1460, 3242, 3735, 4132, 5159], 'investigation': [1461], 'we': [1462, 2613, 2997, 3179, 3373, 3686, 4097, 4107, 4119, 5039], 'compared': [1463], 'determined': [1480, 1692, 1801, 3180, 4179], 'whether': [1481, 2594, 2982, 3181], 'accompanied': [1488, 3060, 4413], 'changes': [1490, 1548, 2610, 5030], 'state': [1494, 3102, 3230], 'GSK-3.': [1500, 1526, 3450, 3777, 3925, 4818], 'We': [1501, 4238, 5142, 5188], 'show': [1502], 'mirrored': [1522], 'Insulin-induced': [1527], 'associated': [1531, 2992], 'absence': [1546, 1792, 1834], 'Akt1': [1562, 1960, 2060], 'antibodies,': [1563], 'Phospho-GS2': [1564, 2234], 'substrate': [1565, 1569, 2235], 'peptide,': [1566], 'Akt/PKB-specific': [1568], 'peptide': [1570, 2236], 'purchased': [1572, 1583, 1613], 'Upstate': [1574], 'Biotechnology': [1575], 'Inc.': [1576], '(Lake': [1577], 'Placid,': [1578], 'NY).': [1579, 1618], 'antibody': [1581, 2105, 2357, 2361, 2367, 2401, 2419, 2423, 3003, 3198], 'Transduction': [1585], 'Laboratories': [1586], '(Lexington,': [1587], 'KY).': [1588], '[γ-32P]ATP': [1589, 2266], 'NEN': [1592], 'Life': [1593], 'ScienceProducts,': [1594], 'A-': [1597], 'G-Sepharose': [1599, 2163], 'beads': [1600, 2164], 'Amersham': [1603, 1623], 'Pharmacia': [1604, 1624], 'Biotech.': [1605], 'Reagents': [1606], 'assays': [1609], 'electrophoresis': [1611, 2315], 'Bio-Rad': [1615], '(Rockville': [1616], 'Center,': [1617], 'Chemiluminescence': [1619], 'reagents': [1620], 'Biotech,': [1625], 'all': [1627, 2578, 4142, 4763], 'standard': [1629], 'chemicals': [1630], 'obtained': [1632], 'Sigma.': [1634], 'Fed': [1635], 'Sprague-Dawley': [1637], 'rats': [1638], '(190': [1639], 'g)': [1640], 'divided': [1642, 1744], 'into': [1643, 1745, 4463, 5007], 'three': [1644], 'groups:': [1646], 'basal,': [1647], 'exercise,': [1648, 4106, 4280], 'insulin.': [1650, 3303], 'Insulin-stimulated': [1651], 'animals': [1652, 1669], 'studied': [1654, 1671], '5,': [1655, 1674], '10,': [1656, 1675], '30': [1658, 2271, 2528, 2681, 2832, 2878], 'min': [1659, 1679, 2269, 2505, 2531, 2668, 2682, 2812, 2833, 2871, 2881], 'after': [1660, 1673, 2683, 2831], 'intraperitoneal': [1661], '(maximal,': [1664], '20': [1665, 1913, 1917, 1973, 2380], 'units/rat),': [1666], 'exercised': [1668], 'immediately': [1672], '30,': [1676], '60': [1678, 1762, 2530, 2880], 'at': [1683, 1756, 2024, 2029, 2151, 2168, 2270, 2381, 2577, 4154, 5120], '25': [1684], 'm/min,': [1685], '10%': [1686, 1934, 1993, 2125], 'grade.': [1687], 'Serum': [1688], 'concentrations': [1690, 1713, 2043], 'hexokinase': [1694], 'assay': [1695, 1873], '(26Bondar': [1696, 1875], 'R.J.': [1697, 1876, 3606, 3666], 'Mead': [1698, 1877], 'D.C.': [1699, 1878], 'Clin.': [1700, 1879, 5061], '1974;': [1702, 1881], '20:': [1703, 1882], '586-590Crossref': [1704, 1883], '(308)': [1707, 1886], 'Scholar)': [1709, 1820, 3592, 3615, 4559, 4928, 5070, 5098], 'serum': [1711], 'radioimmunoassay': [1715], '(27Soeldner': [1716], 'Sloane': [1718], 'D.': [1719, 2082, 3538, 3711, 3788, 4197, 5049, 5055, 5078], '1965;': [1721], '771-779Crossref': [1723], '(590)': [1726], 'Rats': [1729], 'killed': [1731], 'decapitation,': [1733], 'gastrocnemius': [1736, 2491, 2565, 2625, 2654, 2693, 2807, 2927], 'legs': [1740], 'quickly': [1742], 'dissected,': [1743], 'red': [1746, 2490, 2622, 2653, 2710, 2739, 2806, 2924, 3023], 'white': [1748, 2564, 2624, 2692, 2743, 2926, 2944, 3025], 'fractions,': [1749], 'frozen': [1750], 'liquid': [1752], 'N2,': [1753], 'stored': [1755], '−80': [1757], '°C': [1758, 2026], 'until': [1759, 2527], 'processed.': [1760], 'Approximately': [1761], 'mg': [1763], 'tissue': [1766, 4748], 'Polytron': [1768], 'homogenized': [1769, 1900, 1967], '1': [1771, 1940, 1944, 1983, 1986, 2009, 2022, 2034, 2194, 2214, 2256], 'ml': [1772], 'buffer': [1774, 1903, 1970, 2107, 2176, 2180, 2202], 'containing': [1775, 1905, 1972, 2181, 2203, 2231, 2329], '50': [1776, 1906, 1979], 'mm': [1777, 1780, 1797, 1907, 1910, 1914, 1918, 1921, 1925, 1929, 1937, 1941, 1945, 1974, 1977, 1980, 1984, 1987, 1999, 2010, 2110, 2113, 2116, 2119, 2131, 2135, 2183, 2186, 2195, 2205, 2215, 2219, 2244, 2257, 2286, 2331], 'Tris-HCl,': [1778, 2184], '5': [1779, 2001, 2130, 2504, 2811], 'EDTA,': [1781, 1930, 2117, 2209, 2251], '100': [1782, 2182, 2189, 2210, 2330], 'mmsodium': [1783], 'fluoride,': [1784, 1923, 1939, 2012, 2142], 'pH': [1785, 1955, 2013, 2146, 2197, 2222, 2260], '7.8.': [1786], 'presence': [1794, 1842], '6.7': [1796], '6-phosphate': [1799, 1837, 1845], 'described': [1803, 1868, 2069], 'previously': [1804, 1869, 2070], '(28Thomas': [1805], 'J.A.': [1806], 'Schlender': [1807], 'K.K.': [1808], 'Larner': [1809], 'Anal.': [1811, 2050], '1968;': [1813], '25:': [1814], '486-499Crossref': [1815], '(949)': [1818], 'reported': [1823], 'ratio': [1826], '(%I': [1846], 'form).': [1847], 'measure': [1849], 'concentrations,': [1852], 'homogenates': [1853], 'hydrolyzed': [1855], '2': [1857, 1924, 1928, 1936, 1976, 2115, 2118, 2134, 2140, 2149, 2166, 3699], 'n': [1858], 'HCl,': [1859], 'neutralized,': [1860], 'assayed': [1862, 2040], 'spectrophotometrically': [1863], 'content': [1866, 2572, 4283], 'using': [1870, 2044, 2462], 'hexokinase-dependent': [1872], 'kit': [1874], 'For': [1889, 1957, 3304], 'pulverized': [1896], '(1:5)': [1904, 1971], 'HEPES,': [1908, 1975, 2111], '150': [1909], 'sodium': [1911, 1915, 1922, 1926, 1988, 2120, 2132, 2191, 2212, 2254, 2337], 'chloride,': [1912, 1943, 1947, 2188], 'pyrophosphate,': [1916, 2133], 'β-glycerophosphate,': [1919, 2114], '10': [1920, 1948, 1952, 1995, 2005, 2112, 2127, 2137, 2218, 2246, 2670, 2870], 'vanadate,': [1927, 1989, 2121, 2192, 2213, 2255], '1%': [1931, 1990, 2122], 'Nonidet': [1932, 2123], 'P-40,': [1933, 2124], 'glycerol,': [1935, 1994, 2126], 'phenylmethylsulfonyl': [1938, 2011], 'magnesium': [1942, 2220, 2258], 'calcium': [1946], 'μg/ml': [1949, 1953, 2006, 2128, 2138], 'leupeptin,': [1950, 1997, 2129], 'aprotinin,': [1954, 2007, 2139], '7.6.': [1956], 'EGTA,': [1978], 'β-glycerol': [1981], 'phosphate,': [1982], 'dithiothreitol,': [1985, 2196, 2216], 'Triton': [1991], 'X-100,': [1992], 'μm': [1996, 2002, 2190, 2208, 2211, 2233, 2241, 2250, 2253], '3': [1998, 3428], 'benzamidine,': [2000, 2136], 'pepstatin': [2003], 'A,': [2004, 2177], '7.4.': [2014], 'Samples': [2015], 'rotated': [2017], 'end': [2018, 2020], 'h': [2023, 2150, 2167], '4': [2025, 2152, 2169, 2382, 3013, 3409, 3431], 'centrifuged': [2028], '15,500': [2030], '×': [2031], 'g': [2032], 'h.': [2035], 'Supernatants': [2036], 'retained': [2038], 'Bradford': [2046], 'method': [2047], '(29Bradford': [2048], 'M.M.': [2049], '1976;': [2052], '72:': [2053], '248-254Crossref': [2054], '(217544)': [2057], 'lysates': [2065, 2095, 2307, 2395, 3000, 3194], 'measured': [2067, 2614], '(30Sherwood': [2071], 'D.J.': [2072, 3528], 'Dufresne': [2073, 3529, 3712, 5052, 5079], 'S.D.': [2074, 3530, 3713, 5053, 5080], 'Markuns': [2075, 3531], 'J.F.': [2076, 3532], 'Cheatham': [2077, 3533], 'Moller': [2079, 3535, 3714], 'D.E.': [2080, 3536, 3715], 'Aronson': [2081, 3537], 'Goodyear': [2083, 3539, 5058, 5081], 'L.J.': [2084, 3540, 3598, 3707, 5059, 5082], '1999;': [2088, 3544, 4523, 4577], '(in': [2089, 3545], 'press)PubMed': [2090, 3546], 'Skeletal': [2093], '(100': [2096], 'μg)': [2097, 2309], 'preincubated': [2099], 'either': [2101, 2399], 'anti-GSK-3α': [2102, 2359, 2404, 2415], 'anti-GSK-3β': [2104, 2365, 2418], 'A': [2108, 3407, 3429], '(25': [2109], 'mmphenylmethylsulfonyl': [2141], '0.1%': [2144], 'β-mercaptoethanol,': [2145], '7.6)': [2147], '°C.': [2153, 2170, 2272, 2383], 'Immune': [2154], 'complexes': [2155, 2437], 'formed': [2157], 'incubating': [2159, 2393], 'samples': [2160, 2274], 'Pellets': [2171], 'washed': [2173, 2283], 'once': [2174, 2178], '500': [2185, 2252], 'lithium': [2187, 3838, 3875, 3913], '7.5,': [2198], 'twice': [2200], '8': [2204, 2243], 'MOPS,': [2206, 2245], '200': [2207, 2249], 'acetate,': [2221, 2259], '7.0.': [2223], 'Beads': [2224], 'incubated': [2226, 2351], 'reaction': [2229], 'mixture': [2230], '102': [2232], '(YRRAAVPPSPSLSRHSSPHQ': [2237], 'pS': [2238], 'EDEEE),': [2239], '125': [2240], 'ATP,': [2242], 'nm': [2247], 'microcystin,': [2248], '7.0,': [2261], '1.5': [2263], 'μCi': [2264], '15': [2268], 'spotted': [2276], 'onto': [2277], 'P81': [2278], 'phosphocellulose': [2279], 'papers': [2280], 'extensively': [2282], '75': [2285], 'H3PO4.': [2287], 'Papers': [2288], 'dried,': [2290], 'placed': [2291], 'vials': [2293], 'scintillation': [2295, 2302], 'fluid,': [2296], 'counted': [2298], 'Beckman': [2301], 'counter.': [2303], 'Aliquots': [2304], '(90': [2308], 'separated': [2311], 'SDS-polyacrylamide': [2313], 'gel': [2314], 'transferred': [2317], 'nitrocellulose': [2319, 2322], 'membranes.': [2320], 'membranes': [2323], 'blocked': [2325], 'Tris-buffered': [2327], 'saline': [2328], 'Tris,': [2332], '1.5m': [2333], 'NaCl,': [2334], '0.01%': [2336], 'azide': [2338], '(TNA)': [2339], '+': [2340, 2345, 2372, 2377], '5%': [2341, 2373], 'nonfat': [2342, 2374], 'dry': [2343, 2375], 'milk': [2344, 2376], '0.05%': [2346, 2378], 'Tween': [2347, 2379], '20.': [2348], 'Membranes': [2349], 'overnight': [2352], 'phosphospecific': [2354, 3197], 'anti-Akt': [2355], 'Ser473': [2356], '(1:1000),': [2358], '(2': [2362, 2405, 2409, 2416], 'μg/ml),': [2363, 2403, 2406, 2410, 2417], 'Tyr216': [2366], '(1': [2368, 2396, 2402, 2424], 'μg/ml)': [2369], 'TNA': [2371], 'immunoprecipitation/immunoblotting': [2388, 3216], 'done': [2391, 4724], 'mg)': [2397], 'anti-phosphotyrosine': [2400, 2422], 'followed': [2411, 2894], 'immunoblotting': [2413], '(1:2500),': [2420], 'μg/ml).': [2425], 'Primary': [2426], 'antibodies': [2427, 3218], 'bridged': [2429], 'horseradish': [2431], 'peroxidase-conjugated': [2432], 'secondary': [2433], 'antibody,': [2434], 'immune': [2436], 'visualized': [2439], 'enhanced': [2441], 'chemiluminescence.': [2442], 'Specific': [2443], 'bands': [2444], 'quantitated': [2446], 'densitometry.': [2448], 'All': [2449], 'expressed': [2452], 'means': [2455], '±': [2456], 'Statistical': [2458], 'analysis': [2459], 'SAS': [2463], 'General': [2464], 'Linear': [2465], 'model.': [2466], 'Differences': [2467], 'considered': [2469], 'significant': [2470, 2513, 3225], 'when': [2471, 3008, 3202, 4459], 'p': [2472], '≤': [2473], '0.05.': [2474], 'Fig.1': [2475], 'shows': [2476, 3014], '%I-form': [2485], 'maximal': [2500, 2552, 3267], 'injection.': [2502, 2685], 'Only': [2503], 'necessary': [2509], 'produce': [2511], 'but': [2518, 2551, 3231, 4458, 4803, 4992], 'highest': [2520], 'levels': [2521, 2583, 2679, 3741, 4137], 'observed': [2526, 2562, 3265], '(3-fold': [2535], 'above': [2536, 2549, 2713], 'basal).': [2537], 'slightly': [2540], 'less': [2541, 2706, 2954], 'increasing': [2544], '(2-fold': [2548], 'basal),': [2550], 'occurred': [2554, 2660, 3443], 'more': [2555, 2961, 3444], 'rapidly': [2556, 2799, 3445], '(10': [2557], 'min).': [2558], 'Similar': [2559, 2627], '(data': [2567, 2589, 2746, 2946, 3238], 'shown).': [2569, 2591, 2717, 2748, 3240], 'Muscle': [2570], 'decreased': [2574, 2800, 2821, 2852, 2868, 4281], 'points,': [2580], 'unaffected': [2585], 'determine': [2593, 2981], 'magnitude': [2596, 2910, 3257, 3412], 'corresponded': [2608], '(Fig.2': [2636], 'A)': [2637], '(Fig.': [2641, 2740, 2860, 2884, 2892, 2905], '2,': [2642], 'B': [2643], 'C)': [2645], 'Maximal': [2656], 'earlier': [2661], 'than': [2662, 2707, 2829, 3086, 3446], 'peak': [2663, 2702], '(5': [2667], 'versus': [2669], 'min),': [2671], 'phosphorylation/activity': [2674], 'returned': [2676], 'base-line': [2678], 'similar': [2696, 2921, 3033, 3262, 3405], 'activation,': [2700], 'although': [2701, 4729], 'somewhat': [2705], '(2.5-fold': [2712], 'basal;': [2714], 'consistent': [2722, 2759, 3313, 3516, 4322], 'alter': [2731], 'temporal': [2750], 'relationship': [2751], 'between': [2752, 4306], 'hypothesis': [2762, 3467, 4325], 'part': [2764], 'Akt.': [2778, 3046], 'contrast,': [2780], 'must': [2782], 'utilize': [2783], 'different': [2785], 'Consistent': [2792], 'activities': [2804, 2856], '(Fig.3).': [2809], 'With': [2810], 'stimulation,': [2815], 'approximately': [2823], '40%': [2824], 'remained': [2826, 2875], 'lower': [2828], 'treatment.': [2836], 'lack': [2841], 'effect': [2843, 3209, 4648], '3).': [2861, 2885], 'Activities': [2862], 'isoforms': [2865, 2968, 4160], 'within': [2869, 4284], 'depressed': [2876], 'This': [2886, 3737, 4144], '2).': [2906], 'pattern': [2908, 3453], 'decreases': [2930, 2987, 3248, 3280, 5163], 'highly': [2941, 3725], 'variable': [2942], 'shown),': [2948], 'sensitive': [2955], 'metabolic': [2957], 'alterations': [2958], 'glycolytic': [2962], 'fibers.': [2963], 'Phosphorylation': [2964], 'insulin-': [2984], 'exercised-induced': [2986], 'immunoblotted': [2998], 'recognizes': [3005, 3200], 'only': [3007], 'Ser21.': [3011, 3321], 'Fig.': [3012], 'time-dependent': [3030], 'manner,': [3031], 'strikingly': [3032, 3421], 'On': [3047, 4500], 'hand,': [3050, 4503], 'GSK-3α.': [3068, 3505], 'provide': [3071], 'compelling': [3072, 3387], 'regulates': [3076], 'phosphorylation.': [3088], 'resting': [3097], 'cells,': [3098], 'activated': [3101, 3726, 3928], 'maintained': [3105], 'Tyr279': [3109], 'Tyr216,': [3111, 3938], 'respectively.': [3112], 'Because': [3113, 4096], 'some': [3114, 4159], 'have': [3116, 3324, 3637, 3687, 4176, 4341, 4720, 4838, 5040], 'suggested': [3117, 3639, 4342], 'regulate': [3122, 4330, 4930, 5177], '(14Wang': [3127, 4017], '31Shaw': [3163, 3356, 4080], '416:': [3172, 3365, 4089], '307-311Crossref': [3173, 3366, 4090], '(216)': [3176, 3369, 4093], 'altered': [3185], 'Immunoblotting': [3192], 'Tyr216failed': [3205], 'demonstrate': [3207, 3244], 'any': [3208], '(Fig.5).': [3214], 'Furthermore,': [3215, 3433, 4659], 'phosphotyrosine,': [3220], 'GSK-3α,': [3221], 'showed': [3224], 'physical': [3246], 'vivo.': [3271, 3762], 'novel': [3276], 'finding': [3277, 4823], 'our': [3285, 4822], 'distinct': [3292], 'findings': [3311], 'Akt-dependent': [3316], 'Previous': [3322], 'provided': [3325], 'direct': [3326], 'can': [3330, 4165, 4833], 'phosphorylate': [3331, 3642, 4166, 4796, 4834], 'make': [3376], 'assessment': [3380], 'intact': [3383, 3463], 'animal,': [3384], 'it': [3385, 3997, 4730, 4767, 4804], 'so': [3404], '(Figs.2': [3406], 'resembles': [3422], '(Figs.': [3427], 'return': [3435], 'near': [3440], 'Thus,': [3451, 3910, 5110], 'animal': [3464], 'supports': [3465], 'sequential': [3473], 'cause': [3492], 'result': [3500, 4060], 'inability': [3507], 'elicit': [3511], '(current': [3523], 'Refs.': [3526], '30Sherwood': [3527], '32Brozinick': [3549], 'J.T.': [3551], 'Birnbaum': [3552], 'M.J.': [3553, 3790, 4199, 4384, 4479], '14679-14682Abstract': [3559], '(130)': [3567], '33Lund': [3571], 'Pryor': [3573], 'P.R.': [3574, 4624], 'Ostergaard': [3575], 'Schmitz': [3577], 'Pedersen': [3579], 'Holman': [3581], 'G.D.': [3582], '425:': [3586], '472-474Crossref': [3587], '(54)': [3590], '(34Goodyear': [3597], 'Giorgino': [3599], 'F.': [3600], 'Balon': [3601], 'T.W.': [3602], 'Condorelli': [3603], 'Smith': [3605], '268:': [3611], 'E987-E995Crossref': [3612], 'contractions': [3627], 'induced': [3628], 'electrical': [3630], 'stimulation.': [3631], 'kinases': [3635], '(35Skoglund': [3644], 'Hansson': [3646], 'Ingelman-Sundberg': [3648], 'Eur.': [3650], '1985;': [3653, 4987], '148:': [3654], '407-412Crossref': [3655], '(48)': [3658], '36Moxham': [3661], 'C.M.': [3662], 'Tabrizchi': [3663], 'Davis': [3665], 'Malbon': [3667], 'C.C.': [3668], '271:': [3673, 3720], '30765-30773Abstract': [3674], '(90)': [3682], 'shown': [3688, 5042], 'molecules,': [3693], 'p90': [3695], 'ribosomal': [3696], 'S6': [3697], '(RSK2)': [3700], 'c-Jun': [3703, 3745, 5072], 'NH2-terminal': [3704, 3746, 5073], '(37Goodyear': [3706], 'Chung': [3708], 'P.-Y.': [3709], 'Sherwood': [3710], 'E403-E408PubMed': [3721], 'same': [3729], 'protocol': [3731], 'used': [3732], 'study.': [3736], 'suggests': [3738], 'high': [3740], 'RSK2': [3743], 'do': [3752], 'necessarily': [3754], 'lead': [3755], 'Ser21phosphorylation': [3758], 'examples': [3766], 'literature': [3769], 'mouse': [3779], 'fibroblasts,': [3780], 'Wingless': [3781], 'inactivation': [3782], 'wortmannin-insensitive': [3786], '(38Cook': [3787], 'Fry': [3789, 4198], 'Sumathipala': [3793, 4202], 'R.': [3794, 3893, 4203, 4509, 4563, 4678], 'Dale': [3797, 4206], 'T.C.': [3798, 4207], '15:': [3802, 4211], '4526-4536Crossref': [3803, 4212], '(344)': [3806, 4215], 'Evidence': [3809], 'required': [3816], 'comes': [3824], 'showing': [3828, 4302, 4830], 'mutation': [3830], 'alanine': [3834], 'does': [3835], 'diminish': [3837], 'GSK-3-mediated': [3841], '(7Hong': [3844], 'Interestingly,': [3868, 5038], 'recent': [3870, 4337], 'demonstrated': [3873, 4012, 4789], 'increases': [3876, 4666, 4959], 'wortmannin-independent': [3882], 'rat': [3885, 4590], '(39Furnsinn': [3888], 'Noe': [3890], 'Herdlicka': [3892], 'Roden': [3894], 'Nowotny': [3896], 'Waldhausl': [3900], 'W.': [3901], 'E514-E520PubMed': [3907], 'work': [3915], 'similar,': [3918], 'phosphorylation-independent': [3920], '(Tyr279': [3936], 'respectively)': [3939], 'making': [3996], 'plausible': [3998], 'residues': [4003], 'facilitate': [4005], 'one': [4009], 'autophosphorylation': [4014], 'clear': [4038, 4807], 'established,': [4048], 'conflicting': [4052], 'regarding': [4053], '(15Murai': [4064, 4180], 'observe': [4100], 'hypothesized': [4108], 'dephosphorylation.': [4117], 'found': [4120, 4135], 'stable': [4136], 'conditions.': [4143], 'raises': [4145], 'possibility': [4147], 'alternative': [4156], 'site.': [4157], 'Indeed,': [4158], 'C': [4164], 'inactivate': [4168, 4652], 'exact': [4172], '38Cook': [4196], '40Goode': [4218], 'Parker': [4224], '267:': [4230], '16878-16882Abstract': [4231], 'speculate': [4241], 'glycogen-bound': [4245], 'molecules': [4246], 'function': [4247, 5021], 'If': [4257], 'itself': [4259], 'act': [4261], 'activator': [4265], 'would': [4269], 'limit': [4270], 'where': [4275], 'abundant.': [4278], 'Following': [4279], 'fibers': [4287], 'reduce': [4289], 'synthesis.': [4299], 'Our': [4300], 'close': [4304], 'correlation': [4305], 'exercise-': [4308], 'functions': [4328], 'adipocytes': [4340, 4406, 4622], 'phosphatases': [4346], 'primary': [4349], 'factor': [4350, 4934], '(41Moule': [4355, 4418], 'S.K.': [4356, 4419, 4595], 'Welsh': [4357, 4420, 4598], 'Edgell': [4359, 4422, 4596], 'N.J.': [4360, 4423, 4597], 'Foulstone': [4361, 4424, 4602], 'E.J.': [4362, 4425, 4603], 'Denton': [4365, 4428, 4608], 'R.M.': [4366, 4429, 4609], '7713-7719Abstract': [4372, 4435], '(226)': [4380, 4443], '42Brady': [4383], 'Bourbonais': [4385, 4480], 'F.J.': [4386, 4481], 'Saltiel': [4387, 4482], 'A.R.': [4388, 4483], '14063-14066Abstract': [4394, 4489], '(113)': [4402, 4497], 'isoproterenol-induced': [4407], '3T3L1': [4447, 4621], 'fibroblasts': [4448], 'differentiate': [4462], 'adipocytes,': [4464], 'control': [4465], 'appears': [4471], 'shift': [4473], '(42Brady': [4478], 'cultured': [4505], 'human': [4506], 'myoblasts': [4507], '(43Halse': [4508, 4562], 'Rochford': [4510, 4538, 4564], 'J.J.': [4511, 4539, 4565], 'McCormack': [4512, 4566], 'J.G.': [4513, 4567], 'Yeaman': [4518, 4548, 4572], 'S.J.': [4519, 4537, 4549, 4573], '274:': [4524, 4578], '776-780Abstract': [4525, 4579], '(55)': [4533, 4587], '44Hurel': [4536], 'Borthwick': [4540], 'A.C.': [4541], 'Wells': [4542], 'Turnbull': [4546], 'D.M.': [4547], '320:': [4553], '871-877Crossref': [4554], '(83)': [4557], 'myotubes': [4561, 4665], 'epididymal': [4591], 'fat': [4592], '(45Moule': [4594], 'Diggle': [4600], 'T.A.': [4601], 'Heesom': [4604], 'K.J.': [4605], '311:': [4613], '595-601Crossref': [4614], '(110)': [4617], '(46Shepherd': [4623], 'Nave': [4625], 'B.T.': [4626], 'Siddle': [4627], '305:': [4632], '25-28Crossref': [4633], '(232)': [4636], 'inhibitors': [4642], 'wortmannin': [4643], 'LY294002': [4645], 'block': [4646], 'overexpression': [4660, 4718], 'L6': [4664], 'via': [4670], '(47Ueki': [4675], 'Yamamoto-Honda': [4677], 'Kaburagi': [4679], 'Y.': [4680, 4692, 4694], 'Yamauchi': [4681], 'Tobe': [4683], 'Komuro': [4689], 'I.': [4690], 'Akanuma': [4691], 'Yazaki': [4693], 'Kadowaki': [4695], 'Th.': [4696], 'J': [4697], '5315-5322Abstract': [4702], '(329)': [4710], 'types': [4714], 'inhibitor': [4716], 'yet': [4722], 'adult': [4726], 'well': [4732], 'established': [4733], 'causes': [4736, 4951], 'Based': [4761], 'available': [4765], 'data,': [4766], 'activities.': [4784], 'Early': [4785], 'ability': [4791], 'deactivate': [4798, 5018], 'vitro,': [4802], 'now': [4806], 'wide': [4812], 'variety': [4813], 'cellular': [4815], 'Particularly': [4819], 'AP-1': [4839], '48de': [4907], 'Groot': [4908], 'R.P.': [4909], 'den': [4910], 'Hertog': [4911], 'Goris': [4915], 'Sassone-Corsi': [4917], '3903-3911Crossref': [4923], '(165)': [4926], 'eukaryotic': [4932], 'initiation': [4933], 'eIF2B': [4935], '(12Welsh': [4936], 'selective': [4953], 'gene': [4956, 5010, 5036, 5183], 'expression': [4957], 'rates': [4960], '(49Williams': [4967], 'R.S.': [4968], 'Neufer': [4969], 'P.D.': [4970], 'Handbook': [4971], 'Of': [4972], 'Physiology.': [4973], 'Oxford': [4974], 'University': [4975], 'Press,': [4976], 'New': [4977], 'York1999:': [4978], '1124-1150Google': [4979], '50Booth': [4981], 'F.W.': [4982], 'Watson': [4983], 'P.A.': [4984], 'Fed.': [4985], 'Proc.': [4986], '44:': [4988], '2293-2300PubMed': [4989], 'about': [4996], 'signaling': [4999, 5025, 5075, 5151], 'convert': [5002], 'biochemical': [5008], 'regulatory': [5011], 'responses.': [5012], 'initial': [5024], 'event': [5026], 'transcription.': [5037], 'recently': [5041], 'mitogen-activated': [5045], '(51Aronson': [5048], 'Violan': [5050], 'Zangen': [5054], 'Fielding': [5056], 'Invest.': [5062], '99:': [5064], '1251-1257Crossref': [5065], '(162)': [5068], 'cascades': [5076], '(52Aronson': [5077], '25636-25640Abstract': [5088], '(73)': [5096], 'convergence': [5116], 'nucleus': [5122], 'integration': [5129], 'controlling': [5135], 'ultimately': [5138], 'determining': [5139], 'phenotype.': [5141], 'beginning': [5144], 'develop': [5146], 'observation': [5160], 'should': [5166], 'important': [5169], 'toward': [5171], 'working': [5186], 'thank': [5189], 'Drs.': [5190], 'Lawrence': [5191], 'Mandarino': [5192], 'Katsumi': [5194], 'Maezono': [5195], 'assistance': [5197], 'assay.': [5201]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1986503768', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 3}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-05T00:18:09.092810', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}
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