Abstract: Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size 1 Philippe Contamine, War in the Middle Ages, trans. Michael Jones (Oxford, 1986), 270–278, 303; Richard Barber, The Knight and Chivalry (New York, 1982), 26–31; Alan Forey, The Military Orders from the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Century (Toronto, 1992), 1–5, 241; Peter Dembowski, “Reflets chevaleresque du Nord‐Est dans l'oeuvre de Jean Froissart,” in Homages Jerzy Kloczowski (Dublin, 1986).2 Eric Christiansen, The Northern Crusades: The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier 1100–1525 (Minneapolis, 1980), 215–217; William Urban, The Baltic Crusade (DeKalb, Ill., 1975); Idem, The Prussian Crusade (Washington, D.C., 1980); Idem, The Samogitian Crusade (Chicago, 1989); Marian Biskup and Gerard Labuda, Dzieje Zakanu Krzyzackiego w Prusach (Gdansk, 1986).3 Summaries of recent scholarship can be found in La cristianizzazione della lituania. Atti del Colloquio Internazionale di Storia Ecclesiastica (1387–1987) (Rome, 1990); Gli Inizi del cristianesimo in Livonia‐Lettonia. Atti del Colloquio Internazionale di Storia Ecclesiastic in occasione dell VIII Centenario delln Chiesa in Livonia (1186–1198) (Rome, 1989).4 Many people opposed the crusades. See Terry Jones, Chaucer's Knight: The Portrait of a Medieval Mercenary (London, 1980); William Urban, “Roger Bacon and the Teutonic Knights,”Journal of Baltic Studies 19, no. 4 (1988): 363–370.5 See the analysis of Huizinga's ideas about chivalry in Malcolme Vale, War and Chivalry (Athens, Ga., 1981). Jonathan Riley‐Smith commented, “Were it not for the brutality and the very d hardships that were part of them, one is tempted to write of the reysen as packaged crusading for the European nobility, and their popularity demonstrated how attractive this package could be when wrapped in the trappings of chivalry.” See Jonathan Riley‐Smith, The Crusades, A Short History (New Haven, 1987), 214.6 Heinrich Knapp, Das Schloss Marienburg in Preussem. Quellen und Materialien zur Baugeschichte nach 1456 (Lüneburg, 1990).7 Franz Meltzer, Die Ostraumpolitik König Johanns von Böhmen Uena, 1940); Wilhelm Rautenberg, “Einwirkung Böhmen auf die Geschichte des Ordenslandes Preussen im späten Mittelalter,”Zeitschrift für Ostforschung 22 (1973): 626–634; Jerry Smith and William Urban, “Peter von Suchenwirt,”Lituanus 31, no. 2 (1985): 5–26; Georg Cuny, “Die beiden Preussenfahrten Herzog Heinrich des Reichen von Bayern und Bartholomaeus Boreschau,”Zeitschrift des Westpreussischen Geschichtsverein 51, no. 1 (1909): 53–71; Werner Paravicini, “Die Preussenreisen des europäischen Adels,”Historiche Zeitschrift 232 (1981): 25–38; Idem, “Edelleute, Hansen, Brügger Bürger: die Finanzerung der westeuropäischen Preussenreisen im 14. Jahrhundert,”Hansischen Geschichtsblätter 104 (1986): 5–20.8 Albert Cook, The Historical Background of Chaucer's Knight (New York, 1966); Richard Kyngeston, Expeditions to Prussia and the Holy Land made by Henry Earl of Derby, 1390–1391, ed. Lucy Tomlin Smith (New York, 1965; reprint of 1894); William Urban, “When Was Chaucer's Knight in ‘Ruce’?”Chaucer Review 18 (1984): 347–358; Albert Cook, “Beginning the Board in Prussia,”Journal of English and German Philology 14 (1915): 378–87. See also James Schutz, The Shape of the Round Table: Structures of Middle High German Arthurian Prose (Toronto, 1983), though it does not discuss Prussia.9 Wigand von Marburg, Scriptores 2:660.10 “Die ältere Hochmeisterchronik,” in Scriptores 2:559; Bernhart Jähnig, “Winrich von Kniprode, Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens 1352–1382,”Jahrbuch Preussischer Kulturbesitz 19 (1982): 249–276.11 Sven Ekdahl, Die Schlacht bei Tannenberg 1410 (Berlin, 1982); Stefan Kuczynski, Wielka Wojna z Zakonim Krzyzackim w latach 1409–1411 (Warsaw, 1987); Sven Ekdahl, “Tannenberg/Grunwald—ein potitieches Symbol in Deutschland und Polen,”Journal of Baltic Studies 22, no. 4 (1991): 271–324.12 800 Jahre Deutscher Orden[catalog of the 1990 international exhibition at the Gennanisches National Museum in Nuremberg] (Gütersloh‐Munich, 1990); Marian Tumler and Udo Arnold, Der Deutsche Orden von seinem Ursprung bis zur Gegenwart, 4th ed. (Bad Münstereifel, 1986); and Friedrich Benninghoven, Unter Kreuz und Adler: Der Deutschc Orden im Mittelalter[catalog to the permanent exhibition of the Teutonic Order at Bad Mergentheim] (Berlin, 1990).13 William Urban, The Livonian Crusade (Washington, D.C., 1981), 238f; Udo Arnold, “Engelbert III, Graf von der Mark, seine Kreuzfahrten in das Heilige Land, nach Livland und nach Preussen,”Acta Prussica (Würzburg, 1968); Manfred Hellmann, “Der Deutsche Orden in Livland,”Die Rolle der Ritterorden in der Mittelalterlichen Kultur (Torun, 1985), 111–115; Norbert Angermann, ed., Wolter von Plettenberg: der grösste Ordensmeister Livlands (Luneburg, 1985).14 William Urban, “Der Deutsche Orden in amerikanischen Schulbücher,”Beiträge zur Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens (Marburg, 1986): 111–122.15 Michael Burleigh, Prussian Society and the German Order: An Aristocratic Corporation in Crisis c. 1410–1466 (Cambridge, 1984).16 The Chronicle of Balthasar Russow, trans. Jerry C. Smith, Juergen Eichhoff, and William Urban (Madison, 1988), 45.17 Mary Ellen Goenner, The Mary Verse of the Teutonic Order (New York, 1944).18 Harmut Boockmann, Der Deutsche Orden: Zwölf Kapitel aus seiner Geschichte (Munich, 1981), 168.19 Cf. Charles Wood, The Quest for Eternity: Medieval Manners and Morals (Garden City N.J., 1971), 195: “nobility and rulers alike moved in a world that preferred the chivalrous gesture to sensible policy”; Klaus Neitmann, Die Staatsverträge ds Deutschen Ordens in Preussen 1230–1449, vol. 6 of Neue Forschungen zur brandenburg‐preussischen Geschichte (Köln, 1986); William Urban, “The Diplomacy of the Teutonic Knights at the Curia,”Journal of Baltic Studies 9, no. 2 (1978): 116–128; and the series on humanism in Prussia, Journal of Baltic Studies 22, nos. 1–3 (1991): 5–72, 95–122, 195–232.20 William Urban, “Characteristics of Medieval Warfare in the Baltic,”Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens in Livland (in press).Notes1 Philippe Contamine, War in the Middle Ages, trans. Michael Jones (Oxford, 1986), 270–278, 303; Richard Barber, The Knight and Chivalry (New York, 1982), 26–31; Alan Forey, The Military Orders from the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Century (Toronto, 1992), 1–5, 241; Peter Dembowski, “Reflets chevaleresque du Nord‐Est dans l'oeuvre de Jean Froissart,” in Homages Jerzy Kloczowski (Dublin, 1986).2 Eric Christiansen, The Northern Crusades: The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier 1100–1525 (Minneapolis, 1980), 215–217; William Urban, The Baltic Crusade (DeKalb, Ill., 1975); Idem, The Prussian Crusade (Washington, D.C., 1980); Idem, The Samogitian Crusade (Chicago, 1989); Marian Biskup and Gerard Labuda, Dzieje Zakanu Krzyzackiego w Prusach (Gdansk, 1986).3 Summaries of recent scholarship can be found in La cristianizzazione della lituania. Atti del Colloquio Internazionale di Storia Ecclesiastica (1387–1987) (Rome, 1990); Gli Inizi del cristianesimo in Livonia‐Lettonia. Atti del Colloquio Internazionale di Storia Ecclesiastic in occasione dell VIII Centenario delln Chiesa in Livonia (1186–1198) (Rome, 1989).4 Many people opposed the crusades. See Terry Jones, Chaucer's Knight: The Portrait of a Medieval Mercenary (London, 1980); William Urban, “Roger Bacon and the Teutonic Knights,”Journal of Baltic Studies 19, no. 4 (1988): 363–370.5 See the analysis of Huizinga's ideas about chivalry in Malcolme Vale, War and Chivalry (Athens, Ga., 1981). Jonathan Riley‐Smith commented, “Were it not for the brutality and the very d hardships that were part of them, one is tempted to write of the reysen as packaged crusading for the European nobility, and their popularity demonstrated how attractive this package could be when wrapped in the trappings of chivalry.” See Jonathan Riley‐Smith, The Crusades, A Short History (New Haven, 1987), 214.6 Heinrich Knapp, Das Schloss Marienburg in Preussem. Quellen und Materialien zur Baugeschichte nach 1456 (Lüneburg, 1990).7 Franz Meltzer, Die Ostraumpolitik König Johanns von Böhmen Uena, 1940); Wilhelm Rautenberg, “Einwirkung Böhmen auf die Geschichte des Ordenslandes Preussen im späten Mittelalter,”Zeitschrift für Ostforschung 22 (1973): 626–634; Jerry Smith and William Urban, “Peter von Suchenwirt,”Lituanus 31, no. 2 (1985): 5–26; Georg Cuny, “Die beiden Preussenfahrten Herzog Heinrich des Reichen von Bayern und Bartholomaeus Boreschau,”Zeitschrift des Westpreussischen Geschichtsverein 51, no. 1 (1909): 53–71; Werner Paravicini, “Die Preussenreisen des europäischen Adels,”Historiche Zeitschrift 232 (1981): 25–38; Idem, “Edelleute, Hansen, Brügger Bürger: die Finanzerung der westeuropäischen Preussenreisen im 14. Jahrhundert,”Hansischen Geschichtsblätter 104 (1986): 5–20.8 Albert Cook, The Historical Background of Chaucer's Knight (New York, 1966); Richard Kyngeston, Expeditions to Prussia and the Holy Land made by Henry Earl of Derby, 1390–1391, ed. Lucy Tomlin Smith (New York, 1965; reprint of 1894); William Urban, “When Was Chaucer's Knight in ‘Ruce’?”Chaucer Review 18 (1984): 347–358; Albert Cook, “Beginning the Board in Prussia,”Journal of English and German Philology 14 (1915): 378–87. See also James Schutz, The Shape of the Round Table: Structures of Middle High German Arthurian Prose (Toronto, 1983), though it does not discuss Prussia.9 Wigand von Marburg, Scriptores 2:660.10 “Die ältere Hochmeisterchronik,” in Scriptores 2:559; Bernhart Jähnig, “Winrich von Kniprode, Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens 1352–1382,”Jahrbuch Preussischer Kulturbesitz 19 (1982): 249–276.11 Sven Ekdahl, Die Schlacht bei Tannenberg 1410 (Berlin, 1982); Stefan Kuczynski, Wielka Wojna z Zakonim Krzyzackim w latach 1409–1411 (Warsaw, 1987); Sven Ekdahl, “Tannenberg/Grunwald—ein potitieches Symbol in Deutschland und Polen,”Journal of Baltic Studies 22, no. 4 (1991): 271–324.12 800 Jahre Deutscher Orden[catalog of the 1990 international exhibition at the Gennanisches National Museum in Nuremberg] (Gütersloh‐Munich, 1990); Marian Tumler and Udo Arnold, Der Deutsche Orden von seinem Ursprung bis zur Gegenwart, 4th ed. (Bad Münstereifel, 1986); and Friedrich Benninghoven, Unter Kreuz und Adler: Der Deutschc Orden im Mittelalter[catalog to the permanent exhibition of the Teutonic Order at Bad Mergentheim] (Berlin, 1990).13 William Urban, The Livonian Crusade (Washington, D.C., 1981), 238f; Udo Arnold, “Engelbert III, Graf von der Mark, seine Kreuzfahrten in das Heilige Land, nach Livland und nach Preussen,”Acta Prussica (Würzburg, 1968); Manfred Hellmann, “Der Deutsche Orden in Livland,”Die Rolle der Ritterorden in der Mittelalterlichen Kultur (Torun, 1985), 111–115; Norbert Angermann, ed., Wolter von Plettenberg: der grösste Ordensmeister Livlands (Luneburg, 1985).14 William Urban, “Der Deutsche Orden in amerikanischen Schulbücher,”Beiträge zur Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens (Marburg, 1986): 111–122.15 Michael Burleigh, Prussian Society and the German Order: An Aristocratic Corporation in Crisis c. 1410–1466 (Cambridge, 1984).16 The Chronicle of Balthasar Russow, trans. Jerry C. Smith, Juergen Eichhoff, and William Urban (Madison, 1988), 45.17 Mary Ellen Goenner, The Mary Verse of the Teutonic Order (New York, 1944).18 Harmut Boockmann, Der Deutsche Orden: Zwölf Kapitel aus seiner Geschichte (Munich, 1981), 168.19 Cf. Charles Wood, The Quest for Eternity: Medieval Manners and Morals (Garden City N.J., 1971), 195: “nobility and rulers alike moved in a world that preferred the chivalrous gesture to sensible policy”; Klaus Neitmann, Die Staatsverträge ds Deutschen Ordens in Preussen 1230–1449, vol. 6 of Neue Forschungen zur brandenburg‐preussischen Geschichte (Köln, 1986); William Urban, “The Diplomacy of the Teutonic Knights at the Curia,”Journal of Baltic Studies 9, no. 2 (1978): 116–128; and the series on humanism in Prussia, Journal of Baltic Studies 22, nos. 1–3 (1991): 5–72, 95–122, 195–232.20 William Urban, “Characteristics of Medieval Warfare in the Baltic,”Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens in Livland (in press).
Publication Year: 1994
Publication Date: 1994-03-01
Language: de
Type: article
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