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182], 'signs': [161], 'for': [164, 323, 327, 337, 394, 512, 681, 875, 880, 895, 1071, 1302, 1340, 1482, 1600, 1707, 1818, 1901, 2036, 2062, 2100, 2146, 2252, 2325, 2541, 2796], 'demersal': [165, 1790], 'some': [169, 320, 375, 1369, 1387, 1518, 2052, 2847], 'extent': [170, 2185], 'smaller': [171], 'species.': [173, 900, 1216, 2605], 'Some': [174, 464, 742], 'enclosed': [175, 479, 1558, 2610], '(e.g.': [177, 755, 831, 1055, 1374, 2659], 'Baltic,': [178], 'N.': [179], 'Adriatic)': [180], 'eutrophication': [186, 1397, 1544, 2617], 'which': [187, 762, 889, 1492, 1537, 1604, 2011, 2286, 2495], 'can': [188, 236, 980, 1065, 1088, 1122, 1162, 1265, 1398, 1605, 1626, 1673, 1792, 1832, 1848, 2139, 2215, 2242, 2249, 2287, 2347, 2585, 2612, 2633], 'interact': [189, 1887], 'with': [190, 417, 510, 546, 585, 652, 677, 878, 1052, 1073, 1762, 1839, 1880, 1938, 2192, 2198, 2579, 2732], 'fishing': [191, 1811, 1924, 2626], 'reshape': [193], 'ecosystems': [194, 400, 998], '(Österblom': [195], '2007).': [198, 232, 1263, 2264], 'Local': [199], 'myriad': [203], 'point': [205], 'source': [206], 'pollution,': [207], 'recreational': [208], 'use': [209], 'coastal': [211, 220, 243, 1543, 1961, 1993, 2296], 'areas,': [212], 'marine': [213, 268, 330, 397, 903, 997], 'noise': [214, 2519], 'most': [216, 1029, 1220], 'pervasive': [217], 'all,': [219], 'development': [221, 1054, 1075], 'habitat': [224, 716, 894, 987, 1042, 1132, 1149, 2035, 2088, 2145, 2189, 2247], 'degradation': [225, 235, 2640], 'total': [227], 'loss': [228, 2638], '(Airoldi': [229, 1976, 2130], 'Beck,': [231], 'Such': [233, 2028, 2537], 'local': [234, 294, 822, 1435, 2650], 'up': [238, 2655], 'whole': [240, 2657], 'regions': [241], '(i.e.': [242, 1403, 1437, 1858], 'defences': [244, 1975, 2278], 'Northern': [247, 853, 1417, 2426, 2661], 'Adriatic': [248, 498, 1418], 'southern': [251, 549, 583, 765, 1916], 'North-Sea,': [252], 'Airoldi': [253, 2046, 2663], 'In': [257, 784, 824, 1027, 1304, 1378, 1556, 2563], 'this': [258, 344, 638, 1289], 'brief': [259, 321], 'article': [260, 345], 'I': [261, 275, 316, 352, 2723], 'will': [262, 276, 317, 353, 572, 579, 602, 627, 639, 670, 732, 768, 798, 807, 828, 867, 910, 961, 1932, 1957, 1981, 2012, 2399, 2407], 'consider': [263, 355], 'major': [265, 2404], 'issues': [266, 1222], 'facing': [267], 'conservation': [269, 328, 778], 'rapidly': [272], 'changing': [273, 509], 'world.': [274, 775, 1462], 'outline': [277], 'an': [278, 653, 891, 1067, 2491], 'approach': [279, 1908, 2594], 'based': [280], 'managing': [282, 2272, 2308, 2574, 2625], 'interactions': [284, 1225, 2575], 'between': [285, 928, 942, 1130, 1206, 1226, 1766, 2103], 'global,': [291], 'impacts.': [295, 823], 'This': [296, 473, 601, 731, 1264, 1648, 1735, 1980, 2428, 2667, 2697, 2785], 'builds': [297], 'work': [299, 377, 1694, 1786, 2698, 2711, 2731, 2786, 2850], 'published': [300], 'elsewhere': [301], '(Hiscock': [302, 871], '2004;': [305, 1801], 'Hawkins': [306, 519, 593, 663, 1731, 2079], '2008,': [309, 666, 688], '2009,': [310], '2010a,2010b;': [311], 'Firth': [312, 2779], 'Hawkins,': [314], '2011).': [315, 566, 1140, 1753, 1899, 2049, 2117, 2133, 2390, 2536], 'then': [318, 1348], 'give': [319], 'pointers': [322], 'way': [325, 2381], 'forward': [326], 'including': [329, 610, 1032, 1452], 'protected': [331, 745, 904], 'areas': [332, 905, 927, 1388], '(MPAs).': [333], 'crucial': [335, 1154], 'need': [336], 'understanding': [338, 1156], 'connectivity': [339, 1146], 'better': [340, 771], 'emphasized.': [342], 'As': [343], 'has': [346, 367, 378, 1382, 1679, 1787, 2669], '10–25': [348], 'year': [349], 'time': [350, 1322], 'horizon,': [351], 'longer-term': [357, 2431], 'threat': [358], 'reducing': [360], 'much': [366, 392, 770, 841, 2187, 2456, 2591, 2862], 'been': [368, 1681, 2093, 2121], 'written': [369], 'about': [370, 1165, 2218], "'Ocean": [371], "Acidification'": [372], 'elsewhere,': [373], 'although': [374, 1589], 'recent': [376, 486, 832, 1709], 'suggested': [379], 'that': [380, 767, 925, 936, 1000, 1250, 1667, 1672, 1683, 1789, 2054, 2583, 2649, 2858], 'effects': [381, 1660, 2525], 'already': [383], 'be': [384, 603, 640, 782, 808, 829, 868, 963, 1066, 1089, 1123, 1163, 1201, 1267, 1332, 1480, 1620, 1627, 1674, 1794, 1910, 2216, 2229, 2288, 2319, 2348, 2362, 2408, 2642], 'occurring': [385, 1765], '(Wootton': [386], '2008).': [389, 463, 972], 'There': [390, 1516, 2050, 2446], 'evidence': [393, 1249, 1519, 2053], 'responses': [395, 1157], 'biodiversity': [398, 2149], 'past': [402], 'fluctuations': [404, 1685, 1761, 1764], 'present': [406], 'day': [407], 'rapid': [408, 1187, 1579, 2453], '(Parmesan,': [411], '2006).': [412, 453, 600, 1392, 1955], 'Species': [413], 'moving': [415, 456], 'polewards:': [416], 'advance': [418], 'increase': [420, 1850, 1889, 1951, 2140], 'abundance': [422, 432], 'warm': [424, 1475], 'water': [425, 435, 459, 1471, 1568, 2474], 'retreat': [428, 914, 2273], 'cold': [434, 1339, 2414, 2493], '(Beaugrand': [437, 1002], '2002;': [440, 1241, 1259], 'Genner': [441], '2004,': [444, 1012], '2010;': [445, 1013, 2006, 2045], 'Perry': [446, 1014, 1802], '2005;': [449, 1017, 1730, 1805, 2002, 2208, 2534], 'Helmuth': [450], 'Fish': [454], 'into': [457, 726], 'deeper': [458], '(Dulvy': [460], 'high': [465, 1608, 2199], 'latitude': [466], 'have': [469, 490, 945, 981, 1094, 1350, 1595, 1686, 2013, 2057, 2092, 2119, 2724], 'nowhere': [470, 982], 'go.': [472], 'also': [475, 697, 923, 1793, 1812, 1849, 2030, 2120, 2268, 2361, 2448, 2700], 'case': [477, 886], 'Mediterranean,': [484], 'where': [485, 976, 1110, 1652, 2083], 'mass': [487], 'mortality': [488, 1506], 'events': [489], 'occurred': [491, 2417], '(Coma': [492], '2009)': [495, 2082], 'especially': [496, 883, 1599, 1817], '(Conversi': [499], '2009).': [502, 522, 619, 667, 689, 1197], 'Assemblage': [503], 'composition': [504, 797], 'community': [506], 'structure': [507], 'consequences': [511, 879], 'ecosystem': [513, 2313], 'functioning': [514], '(for': [515], 'intertidal': [516, 1085, 1602], 'examples': [517, 2283], 'see': [518, 1702], 'For': [523], 'example': [524, 1651], 'rocky': [526, 2033, 2087, 2175], 'shores': [527, 578, 2204], 'north-west': [529], 'Europe,': [530], 'fast': [531], 'growing': [532, 548], 'northern': [533, 1903], 'barnacle': [536], '(Semibalanus': [537], 'balanoides)': [538], 'limpet': [540], '(Patella': [541], 'vulgata)': [542], 'being': [544, 1631, 1770], 'replaced': [545], 'slower': [547], '(Chthamalus': [551], 'spp.,': [552], 'P.': [553], 'depressa,': [554], 'Moore': [555], 'Poloczanska': [559], '2008;': [562], 'Wethey': [563], 'Canopy': [567], 'cover': [568], 'fucoid': [570], 'algae': [571, 695], 'decrease': [573], 'north': [576], 'resemble': [580], 'those': [581, 1033, 1051, 2580], 'Europe': [584, 1634, 2304], 'scarce': [586], 'macroalgae': [587], 'mid-shore': [590], '(Ballantine,': [591], '1961;': [592], 'Hartnoll,': [595, 1614], '1983a;': [596], 'Coleman': [597], 'due': [604, 985, 1173, 1473, 2178, 2459], 'variety': [607, 897], 'factors': [609, 2097], 'temperature': [612], 'wave': [614, 2326], 'action': [615], '(Hawkins': [616, 685, 1612, 2526], 'Greater': [620, 2587], 'stress': [621], 'early': [623], 'life': [624], 'history': [625], 'stages': [626], 'make': [628, 1833], 'escapes': [629], 'grazers': [631, 650], 'less': [632, 678, 701, 1921, 2171], 'likely': [633, 1458, 1656, 1885], '(Coleman': [634], '2006);': [637], 'compounded': [641], 'greater': [643, 1270, 1564, 2337, 2436], 'grazing': [644, 2310, 2334], 'intensity': [645, 1444], 'more': [647, 992, 1104, 1434, 1457, 1557, 1578, 1835, 1906, 2521, 2592], 'extended': [654], 'window': [655], 'seasonal': [657], 'activity': [658], '(Jenkins': [659], '2001;': [662], 'These': [668], 'shifts': [669], 'reduce': [671, 1658, 2600, 2613], 'productivity': [673], 'shore': [676, 1611, 2034], 'macroalgal': [679], 'biomass': [680, 1831, 1883], 'export': [682], 'detritus': [684], 'Ecosystem': [690], 'engineers': [691], 'canopy': [694], 'important': [698, 924, 1068, 2570], 'facilitators': [699], 'stressful': [702], 'when': [704], 'tide': [706], 'out': [708, 2516, 2687], '(Moore': [709], '2007)': [712, 1536], 'well': [714, 1431, 1502, 1969], 'providers': [717], '1996).': [721], 'Conservation': [722, 788, 2808], 'management': [723, 740, 1654, 2543], 'must': [724], 'take': [725], 'account': [727], 'shifting': [729], 'baseline.': [730], 'influence': [733], 'both': [734, 1275, 1400, 1856, 2037], 'site': [737], 'designations': [738], 'plans.': [741], 'enjoying': [744], 'status': [746, 779], 'UK': [749, 1306, 1373, 2302, 2810], 'actually': [751], 'range': [752], 'edge': [753], 'giant': [757], 'goby,': [758], 'Gobius': [759], 'cobitis': [760], '–': [761, 1181, 1780, 2690], 'species)': [766], 'do': [769, 931, 2652], 'warming': [774, 1461, 2432, 2499], 'Perhaps': [776], 'needs': [780], 're-examined.': [783], 'Special': [785], 'Areas': [786], '(SACs)': [789], 'designated': [790], 'under': [791], 'EU': [793], 'Habitats': [794], 'Directive': [795], 'change.': [799, 1160, 2402], 'Without': [800], 'long-term': [801, 2510, 2555], 'broad-scale': [803], 'contextual': [804], 'monitoring': [805, 2511, 2556], 'it': [806, 1307, 1326, 1329, 1336, 1341, 1354, 1381, 2568], 'difficult': [809, 1090], 'assess': [811], 'whether': [812], 'result': [817], 'or': [821, 1107, 1441, 2158, 2202, 2274, 2396], 'many': [825, 1293, 2691, 2783], 'cases': [826], 'positive': [830], 'increases': [833], 'reef-building': [836], 'worm': [837], 'Sabellaria': [838], 'alveolata': [839], 'around': [840], 'coast': [844, 1988, 2068], 'England': [846, 2070], 'Wales': [848], '(Frost': [849], '2006)).': [852], 'horse': [858], 'mussel,': [859], 'Modiolus': [860, 888], 'modiolus': [861], 'sea-fan': [864], 'Swiftia': [865], 'pallida': [866], 'risk': [870, 2548, 2615], '2004': [874], 'further': [876], 'details)': [877], 'species,': [882, 1455], "'ecosystem-engineer'": [892], 'providing': [893], 'Establishment': [901], '(MPAs)': [906], 'appropriate': [908], 'networks': [909], 'help': [911], '(or': [915], 'expand': [916], 'if': [917, 1183, 2409], 'get': [919], 'colder).': [920], 'It': [921, 1678], 'reserves': [930, 953], 'become': [933, 938, 1351, 1606], 'so': [934, 2397], 'degraded': [935], 'they': [937, 1092, 1102, 2195], 'barriers': [939, 1127], 'passage': [941], 'reserves;': [943], 'different': [946], 'dispersal': [947, 1069, 1111, 1144], 'capabilities': [948], 'thus': [950], 'relying': [951], 'alone': [954], 'sources': [956], 'sinks': [958], 'propagules': [960], 'enough': [964], '(Gaines': [965], 'Johnson': [969], 'Unlike': [973], 'terrestrial': [974, 1106], 'systems': [975], 'pockets': [977], 'go': [984], 'fragmentation': [988], 'loss,': [990], 'open': [993], 'nature': [994], 'means': [999], 'planktonic': [1001], '2002)': [1005], 'fish': [1007, 1511, 1690, 2021], '(Genner': [1009, 1798, 1822], 'Simpson': [1018, 1806], '2011)': [1021, 2010], 'able': [1023], 'migrate': [1025], 'northwards.': [1026], 'contrast,': [1028], 'benthic': [1030, 1082, 1508], 'estuaries': [1035], 'shore,': [1038], 'patches': [1039, 1098, 1150], 'favourable': [1041, 1148], 'linked': [1044], 'larval': [1046, 1143, 1840], 'dispersal.': [1047], 'exceptions': [1049], 'direct': [1053, 1074, 2673], 'whelks': [1056], 'Buccinum': [1059], 'undatum': [1060], 'Nucella': [1062], 'lapillus).': [1063], 'Rafting': [1064], 'mechanism': [1070], '(Johnson': [1076], '2001).': [1079], 'Migration': [1080], '(especially': [1084], 'estuarine)': [1087], 'often': [1093, 1117, 2196], 'cross': [1096], 'unfavourable': [1097], 'habitat;': [1100], 'therefore': [1101], 'like': [1105, 1362], 'freshwater': [1108], 'limited': [1113], 'habitats': [1115, 1947], 'fragmented.': [1118], 'Expansion': [1119], 'inhibited': [1124], 'hydrographic': [1126], 'gaps': [1129], 'suitable': [1131, 2086], '(Gaylord': [1133], 'Gaines,': [1135], '2000;': [1136, 1532], 'Keith': [1137, 2114, 2751], 'Understanding': [1141], 'meta-populations': [1152], 'Little': [1161], 'done': [1164, 2217], 'over': [1168, 2222], 'next': [1170, 2224, 2393], '50': [1171, 2394], 'years': [1172, 1895, 2395, 2486], 'inertia': [1176], 'system': [1180], 'even': [1182], 'there': [1184, 1246, 2371, 2410], 'was': [1185, 1290, 1308, 1327, 1337, 2089, 2489], 'shift': [1188, 2454], 'away': [1189], 'carbon-based': [1192], 'economy': [1193], '(Solomon': [1194], 'What': [1198], 'can,': [1199], 'however,': [1200], 'managed': [1202, 2289], 'interaction': [1205, 1541, 1671], 'non-native': [1215, 1254, 2040, 2128, 2604], 'One': [1217], 'pressing': [1221], 'invasive': [1227, 2127, 2603], '(global': [1233], 'homogenization)': [1234], 'Branch': [1242], '2008);': [1245], 'good': [1248, 2282], 'favours': [1253], '(Stachowicz': [1256], 'Sax': [1260], 'only': [1266, 1331], 'tackled': [1268], 'bio-security': [1271], 'vigilance': [1273], 'against': [1274], 'deliberate': [1276], 'accidental': [1278], 'introductions.': [1279], 'A': [1280, 1463, 2353, 2403], 'cautionary': [1281], 'tale': [1282], 'Pacific': [1285], 'oyster,': [1286], 'Crassostrea': [1287], 'gigas;': [1288], 'introduced': [1291, 1310], 'places': [1295], 'globally': [1296], '1960s': [1299, 1325, 2420], '1970s': [1301], 'cultivation.': [1303], 'deliberately': [1309], 'Government': [1313], '(Ministry': [1314], 'Agriculture,': [1316], 'Fisheries': [1317], 'Food).': [1319], 'At': [1320], 'believed': [1328], 'could': [1330, 1918, 2318], 'hatchery': [1333], 'reared': [1334], 'too': [1338], 'breed': [1343], 'wild.': [1346], 'Since': [1347], 'warmer': [1352, 1562], 'now': [1356], 'spreading': [1357], 'widely': [1358], 'forming': [1360], 'reef': [1361], 'structures': [1363, 1995, 2029, 2056, 2138, 2169, 2241], 'Netherlands': [1366, 1380], 'sites': [1370], 'Yealm': [1376], 'estuary).': [1377], 'displaced': [1383], 'mussel': [1384], 'fisheries': [1385], '(Nehls': [1389], 'Nutrient': [1393], 'enrichment': [1394], 'occur': [1399], 'semi-enclosed': [1405], 'Irish': [1410], 'Sea': [1411], '(Allen': [1412], '1998);': [1415], '(Crema': [1419], '1991);': [1422], 'Baltic': [1425], '(Suikkanen': [1426], '2007))': [1429], 'individual': [1438], 'bays,': [1439], 'lagoons': [1440, 1559], 'estuaries).': [1442], 'frequency': [1446, 1522, 1891], 'occurrence': [1448, 1553], 'algal': [1450, 1525, 1583, 2622], 'blooms,': [1451], 'potential': [1453, 2324, 2374], 'harmful': [1454, 1524, 2621], 'combination': [1464, 2181], 'elevated': [1466, 1572], 'nutrients': [1467, 1573], 'highly': [1469], 'stable': [1470], 'columns': [1472], 'weather': [1476], 'were': [1477, 2558], 'thought': [1478, 2090], 'responsible': [1481], 'triggering': [1483], 'Chrysolepsis': [1485], 'bloom': [1486], 'Skagerrak': [1489], '1988': [1491], 'led': [1493], 'massive': [1495], 'losses': [1496], 'aquaculture': [1499, 2596], 'industry': [1500], 'causing': [1504], 'widespread': [1505], 'Heilmann,': [1514], '1995).': [1515], 'blooms': [1526, 1584], 'worldwide': [1527, 1692], '(Hallegraeff,': [1528, 1554], '1993;': [1529], 'Van': [1530], 'Dolah,': [1531], 'Jöhnk': [1533], 'reflect': [1539], 'likelihood': [1550, 2619], 'their': [1552, 2141, 2292, 2323], '2010).': [1555, 1825, 2166, 2212], 'estuaries,': [1561], 'weather,': [1563], 'flows': [1565], 'fresh': [1567], 'winter': [1570], 'lead': [1576, 1982, 2434], 'proliferation': [1580, 1991, 2125], 'ephemeral': [1582], '(Jöhnk': [1585], '2007);': [1588], 'hotter': [1590], 'dryer': [1592], 'summers': [1593], 'reverse': [1597], 'effect': [1598], 'bleached': [1607], '1983b).': [1615], 'cannot': [1619], 'dealt': [1621, 1676], 'with,': [1622], 'excessive': [1623], 'nutrient': [1624, 2607], 'input': [1625, 2674], 'managed.': [1628], 'Eutrophication': [1629], 'controlled': [1632], 'via': [1635, 2829], 'series': [1637], 'European': [1639, 1715], 'Directives': [1640], '(Urban': [1641], 'Water': [1642, 1644], 'Directive,': [1643, 1646], 'Framework': [1645], 'etc.).': [1647], 'one': [1650, 2094], 'active': [1653], 'concentrating': [1665], 'part': [1668], 'effectively': [1675], 'with.': [1677], 'long': [1680], 'known': [1682], 'stocks': [1691, 1914, 1920], '(classic': [1693], 'Cushing,': [1696], '1975;': [1697], 'Cushing': [1698, 1781], 'Dickson,': [1700, 1783], '1976;': [1701], 'Mieszkowska': [1703, 2075], '2009': [1706], 'review': [1710], 'cod)': [1712], 'British': [1717], 'waters': [1718, 2611], '(Russell': [1719], '1971;': [1722], 'Southward,': [1723, 2112, 2742], '1980;': [1724], 'Southward': [1725, 2530, 2714], '1988,': [1728], '1995,': [1729, 2533], '2003).': [1734], 'primarily': [1737], 'mediated': [1738], 'recruitment': [1740, 1894], 'processes': [1741, 1950], '(Koslow': [1742], '1987;': [1745], 'Beaugrand': [1746, 1864], 'Olsen': [1750], 'Pelagic': [1754], 'particularly': [1757], 'classic': [1763], 'herrings': [1767], 'pilchards': [1769], 'recorded': [1771], 'English': [1774, 2802], 'Channel': [1775], '(the': [1776], 'so-called': [1777], 'Russell': [1778], 'Cycle': [1779], '1976).': [1784], 'Recent': [1785], 'shown': [1788, 2122], '2011),': [1809], 'but': [1810], 'plays': [1813], 'key': [1815], 'role': [1816, 2293], 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