Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1978619184', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.5386', 'title': 'Nonparametric receiver operating characteristic‐based evaluation for survival outcomes', 'display_name': 'Nonparametric receiver operating characteristic‐based evaluation for survival outcomes', 'publication_year': 2012, 'publication_date': '2012-09-17', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1978619184', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.5386', 'mag': '1978619184', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22987578', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3743052'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.5386', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S55189604', 'display_name': 'Statistics in Medicine', 'issn_l': '0277-6715', 'issn': ['0277-6715', '1097-0258'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3743052?pdf=render', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5058682934', 'display_name': 'Xiao Song', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-7352'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I165733156', 'display_name': 'University of Georgia', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00te3t702', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I165733156']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Xiao Song', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, U.S.A.', 'Xiao Song, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Paul Coverdell Center, Room 129c, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, U.S.A.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I165733156']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Xiao Song, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Paul Coverdell Center, Room 129c, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I165733156']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5002827290', 'display_name': 'Xiao‐Hua Zhou', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7935-1222'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210094549', 'display_name': 'VA Puget Sound Health Care System', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00ky3az31', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1322918889', 'https://openalex.org/I2799886695', 'https://openalex.org/I4210094549', 'https://openalex.org/I4210138024']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I201448701', 'display_name': 'University of Washington', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00cvxb145', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I201448701']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Xiao‐Hua Zhou', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210094549', 'https://openalex.org/I201448701']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5070916971', 'display_name': 'Shuangge Ma', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9001-4999'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I32971472', 'display_name': 'Yale University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03v76x132', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I32971472']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Shuangge Ma', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, U.S.A.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, U.S.A.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I32971472']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 4, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5058682934'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I165733156'], 'apc_list': {'value': 4940, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 4940, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 1.814, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 18, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.84268, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 89, 'max': 90}, 'biblio': {'volume': '31', 'issue': '23', 'first_page': '2660', 'last_page': '2675'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10845', 'display_name': 'Advanced Causal Inference Techniques', 'score': 0.9973, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2613', 'display_name': 'Statistics and Probability'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/26', 'display_name': 'Mathematics'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10845', 'display_name': 'Advanced Causal Inference Techniques', 'score': 0.9973, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2613', 'display_name': 'Statistics and Probability'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/26', 'display_name': 'Mathematics'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10136', 'display_name': 'Statistical Methods and Inference', 'score': 0.9971, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2613', 'display_name': 'Statistics and Probability'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/26', 'display_name': 'Mathematics'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10243', 'display_name': 'Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference', 'score': 0.9961, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2613', 'display_name': 'Statistics and Probability'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/26', 'display_name': 'Mathematics'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/concordance', 'display_name': 'Concordance', 'score': 0.47103742}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-power', 'display_name': 'Predictive power', 'score': 0.4399398}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C58471807', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120', 'display_name': 'Receiver operating characteristic', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8986237}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C102366305', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1097688', 'display_name': 'Nonparametric statistics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7380148}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185429906', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160', 'display_name': 'Estimator', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7076675}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5791403}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C105795698', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483', 'display_name': 'Statistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5136213}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C160798450', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4230870', 'display_name': 'Concordance', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.47103742}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C149782125', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039', 'display_name': 'Econometrics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.45869985}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778136018', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10350689', 'display_name': 'Predictive power', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4399398}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C119857082', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539', 'display_name': 'Machine learning', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.28700984}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.26352668}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.22282743}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126322002', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180', 'display_name': 'Internal medicine', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.09120047}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111472728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471', 'display_name': 'Epistemology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D003627', 'descriptor_name': 'Data Interpretation, Statistical', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012372', 'descriptor_name': 'ROC Curve', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016019', 'descriptor_name': 'Survival Analysis', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D015415', 'descriptor_name': 'Biomarkers', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D015415', 'descriptor_name': 'Biomarkers', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000032', 'qualifier_name': 'analysis', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003198', 'descriptor_name': 'Computer Simulation', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005260', 'descriptor_name': 'Female', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007231', 'descriptor_name': 'Infant, Newborn', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011237', 'descriptor_name': 'Predictive Value of Tests', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 4, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.5386', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S55189604', 'display_name': 'Statistics in Medicine', 'issn_l': '0277-6715', 'issn': ['0277-6715', '1097-0258'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3743052', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3743052?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3743052', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22987578', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3743052', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3743052?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 22, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1986546598', 'https://openalex.org/W1990105675', 'https://openalex.org/W2005060666', 'https://openalex.org/W2023996790', 'https://openalex.org/W2039811614', 'https://openalex.org/W2084139018', 'https://openalex.org/W2086565206', 'https://openalex.org/W2091474414', 'https://openalex.org/W2099453220', 'https://openalex.org/W2109242212', 'https://openalex.org/W2123664981', 'https://openalex.org/W2129535205', 'https://openalex.org/W2131195275', 'https://openalex.org/W2142397846', 'https://openalex.org/W2149407433', 'https://openalex.org/W2154884142', 'https://openalex.org/W2777143373', 'https://openalex.org/W2802553787', 'https://openalex.org/W3101484004', 'https://openalex.org/W4212976601', 'https://openalex.org/W4285719527', 'https://openalex.org/W4388317518'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W648938440', 'https://openalex.org/W4381052368', 'https://openalex.org/W4220795960', 'https://openalex.org/W2915108716', 'https://openalex.org/W2789177613', 'https://openalex.org/W2396330467', 'https://openalex.org/W2111545434', 'https://openalex.org/W2108427450', 'https://openalex.org/W2104328188', 'https://openalex.org/W1601684588'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'For': [0], 'censored': [1, 121], 'survival': [2, 122], 'outcomes,': [3], 'it': [4], 'can': [5, 40, 68], 'be': [6, 41, 69], 'of': [7, 15, 54, 97, 114, 140], 'great': [8], 'interest': [9], 'to': [10, 130], 'evaluate': [11], 'the': [12, 29, 59, 76, 80, 98, 111, 115, 136, 141], 'predictive': [13, 56], 'power': [14, 57], 'individual': [16], 'markers': [17], 'or': [18], 'their': [19, 106], 'functions.': [20], 'Compared': [21], 'with': [22], 'alternative': [23], 'evaluation': [24, 53, 118], 'approaches,': [25], 'approaches': [26, 119], 'based': [27], 'on': [28, 36], 'time‐dependent': [30, 60, 77, 90, 116], 'receiver': [31], 'operating': [32], 'characteristics': [33], '(ROC)': [34], 'rely': [35], 'much': [37], 'weaker': [38], 'assumptions,': [39], 'more': [42, 102], 'robust,': [43], 'and': [44, 63, 128], 'hence': [45], 'are': [46], 'preferred.': [47], 'In': [48], 'this': [49], 'article,': [50], 'we': [51], 'examine': [52], "markers'": [55], 'using': [58], 'ROC': [61, 81, 91], 'curve': [62, 82], 'a': [64, 72], 'concordance': [65], 'measure': [66], 'that': [67], 'viewed': [70], 'as': [71], 'weighted': [73], 'area': [74, 78], 'under': [75, 79], 'profile.': [83], 'This': [84], 'study': [85], 'significantly': [86], 'advances': [87], 'from': [88], 'existing': [89], 'studies': [92], 'by': [93], 'developing': [94], 'nonparametric': [95], 'estimators': [96], 'summary': [99], 'indexes': [100], 'and,': [101], 'importantly,': [103], 'rigorously': [104], 'establishing': [105], 'asymptotic': [107], 'properties.': [108], 'It': [109], 'reinforces': [110], 'statistical': [112], 'foundation': [113], 'ROC‐based': [117], 'for': [120], 'outcomes.': [123], 'Numerical': [124], 'studies,': [125], 'including': [126], 'simulations': [127], 'application': [129], 'an': [131], 'HIV': [132], 'clinical': [133], 'trial,': [134], 'demonstrate': [135], 'satisfactory': [137], 'finite‐sample': [138], 'performance': [139], 'proposed': [142], 'approaches.': [143], 'Copyright': [144], '©': [145], '2012': [146], 'John': [147], 'Wiley': [148], '&': [149], 'Sons,': [150], 'Ltd.': [151]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1978619184', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-10T01:23:20.458846', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}