Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1976896050', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01580237', 'title': 'Improved penalty calculations for a mixed integer branch-and-bound algorithm', 'display_name': 'Improved penalty calculations for a mixed integer branch-and-bound algorithm', 'publication_year': 1974, 'publication_date': '1974-12-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1976896050', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01580237', 'mag': '1976896050'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01580237', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S193920097', 'display_name': 'Mathematical Programming', 'issn_l': '0025-5610', 'issn': ['0025-5610', '1436-4646'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900', 'host_organization_name': 'Springer Science+Business Media', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319965', 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Springer Nature', 'Springer Science+Business Media'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5076048717', 'display_name': 'Ronald D. Armstrong', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I24603500', 'display_name': 'University of Massachusetts Amherst', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0072zz521', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I24603500']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Ronald D. Armstrong', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['University of Massachusetts-Amherst, USA,'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'University of Massachusetts-Amherst, USA,', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I24603500']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5020391994', 'display_name': 'Prabhakant Sinha', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I24603500', 'display_name': 'University of Massachusetts Amherst', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0072zz521', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I24603500']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Prabhakant Sinha', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['University of Massachusetts-Amherst, USA,'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'University of Massachusetts-Amherst, USA,', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I24603500']}]}], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 2190, 'currency': 'EUR', 'value_usd': 2890, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 9.535, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 18, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.9379, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 87, 'max': 88}, 'biblio': {'volume': '6', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '212', 'last_page': '223'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12176', 'display_name': 'Optimization of Cutting and Packing Problems', 'score': 0.9991, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2209', 'display_name': 'Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12176', 'display_name': 'Optimization of Cutting and Packing Problems', 'score': 0.9991, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2209', 'display_name': 'Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10996', 'display_name': 'Mesh Generation Algorithms', 'score': 0.9984, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1704', 'display_name': 'Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10720', 'display_name': 'Combinatorial Optimization and Complexity Theory', 'score': 0.9973, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1703', 'display_name': 'Computational Theory and Mathematics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/branch-and-bound', 'display_name': 'Branch and bound', 'score': 0.68473977}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-programming', 'display_name': 'Linear Programming', 'score': 0.548709}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorial-optimization', 'display_name': 'Combinatorial Optimization', 'score': 0.526336}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/planar-graph-embedding', 'display_name': 'Planar Graph Embedding', 'score': 0.501384}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/branch-and-cut', 'display_name': 'Branch and cut', 'score': 0.4993465}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/penalty-method', 'display_name': 'Penalty method', 'score': 0.48874307}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.8053915}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778029271', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931', 'display_name': 'Extension (predicate logic)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7481094}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C56086750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6042592', 'display_name': 'Integer programming', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.73177326}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C97137487', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729138', 'display_name': 'Integer (computer science)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7244539}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C182365436', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701', 'display_name': 'Variable (mathematics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6877842}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C93693863', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897659', 'display_name': 'Branch and bound', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.68473977}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C77553402', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579', 'display_name': 'Upper and lower bounds', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5128241}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C123558587', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4956382', 'display_name': 'Branch and price', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.50865704}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C50797617', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498566', 'display_name': 'Branch and cut', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.4993465}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C6180225', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3411771', 'display_name': 'Penalty method', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.48874307}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41045048', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843', 'display_name': 'Linear programming', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4766327}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C11413529', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366', 'display_name': 'Algorithm', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.42958337}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126255220', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495', 'display_name': 'Mathematical optimization', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4171931}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C114614502', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592', 'display_name': 'Combinatorics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.37325764}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C118615104', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416', 'display_name': 'Discrete mathematics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.34990555}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.13402534}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C134306372', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754', 'display_name': 'Mathematical analysis', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199360897', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143', 'display_name': 'Programming language', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01580237', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S193920097', 'display_name': 'Mathematical Programming', 'issn_l': '0025-5610', 'issn': ['0025-5610', '1436-4646'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900', 'host_organization_name': 'Springer Science+Business Media', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319965', 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Springer Nature', 'Springer Science+Business Media'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 12, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W126198200', 'https://openalex.org/W1530075571', 'https://openalex.org/W1999049191', 'https://openalex.org/W2005305324', 'https://openalex.org/W2044121814', 'https://openalex.org/W2045411541', 'https://openalex.org/W2046215222', 'https://openalex.org/W2103254960', 'https://openalex.org/W2134668949', 'https://openalex.org/W2144931885', 'https://openalex.org/W2169666402', 'https://openalex.org/W4236240466'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3153884794', 'https://openalex.org/W2734758384', 'https://openalex.org/W2354460058', 'https://openalex.org/W2275468419', 'https://openalex.org/W2084616826', 'https://openalex.org/W2009796757', 'https://openalex.org/W1971357083', 'https://openalex.org/W1968202374', 'https://openalex.org/W1595394363', 'https://openalex.org/W125276123'], 'abstract_inverted_index': None, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1976896050', 'counts_by_year': [], 'updated_date': '2024-08-15T03:59:33.563710', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}