Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1973738304', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2818510', 'title': 'Compression Ratio Effect on Methane HCCI Combustion', 'display_name': 'Compression Ratio Effect on Methane HCCI Combustion', 'publication_year': 1999, 'publication_date': '1999-07-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1973738304', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2818510', 'mag': '1973738304'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2818510', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210208105', 'display_name': 'Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power', 'issn_l': '0742-4795', 'issn': ['0742-4795', '1528-8919'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310316053', 'host_organization_name': 'ASM International', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310316053'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['ASM International'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://www.osti.gov/biblio/3421', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5090238088', 'display_name': 'Salvador M. Aceves', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8189-0572'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1282311441', 'display_name': 'Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/041nk4h53', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1282311441', 'https://openalex.org/I1330989302', 'https://openalex.org/I198811213', 'https://openalex.org/I4210138311']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'S. M. Aceves', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-641, Livermore, CA 94551'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-641, Livermore, CA 94551', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1282311441']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5112368263', 'display_name': 'James R. Smith', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1282311441', 'display_name': 'Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/041nk4h53', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1282311441', 'https://openalex.org/I1330989302', 'https://openalex.org/I198811213', 'https://openalex.org/I4210138311']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'J. R. Smith', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-641, Livermore, CA 94551'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-641, Livermore, CA 94551', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1282311441']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5004157625', 'display_name': 'Charles K. Westbrook', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6552-2342'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1282311441', 'display_name': 'Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/041nk4h53', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1282311441', 'https://openalex.org/I1330989302', 'https://openalex.org/I198811213', 'https://openalex.org/I4210138311']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'C. K. Westbrook', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-641, Livermore, CA 94551'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-641, Livermore, CA 94551', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1282311441']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5101903678', 'display_name': 'William J. Pitz', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4238-4500'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1282311441', 'display_name': 'Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/041nk4h53', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1282311441', 'https://openalex.org/I1330989302', 'https://openalex.org/I198811213', 'https://openalex.org/I4210138311']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'W. J. Pitz', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-641, Livermore, CA 94551'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-641, Livermore, CA 94551', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1282311441']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 8.209, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 100, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.952837, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 95, 'max': 96}, 'biblio': {'volume': '121', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '569', 'last_page': '574'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10117', 'display_name': 'Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1507', 'display_name': 'Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/15', 'display_name': 'Chemical Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10117', 'display_name': 'Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1507', 'display_name': 'Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/15', 'display_name': 'Chemical Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10553', 'display_name': 'Combustion and flame dynamics', 'score': 0.9993, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2206', 'display_name': 'Computational Mechanics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11619', 'display_name': 'Combustion and Detonation Processes', 'score': 0.9926, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2202', 'display_name': 'Aerospace Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-effective-pressure', 'display_name': 'Mean effective pressure', 'score': 0.5500129}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-efficiency', 'display_name': 'Thermal efficiency', 'score': 0.4901341}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/ignition-timing', 'display_name': 'Ignition timing', 'score': 0.4443599}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/valve-timing', 'display_name': 'Valve timing', 'score': 0.41285306}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C96949565', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5606882', 'display_name': 'Homogeneous charge compression ignition', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.74807453}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C25797200', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828137', 'display_name': 'Compression ratio', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.7295203}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C105923489', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235', 'display_name': 'Combustion', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.61597794}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C159063594', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q248382', 'display_name': 'Ignition system', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.60521793}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C516920438', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37129', 'display_name': 'Methane', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5954627}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C203032635', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20962970', 'display_name': 'NOx', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.57464117}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C103206924', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285028', 'display_name': 'Exhaust gas recirculation', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5719655}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C128143373', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1789953', 'display_name': 'Mean effective pressure', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.5500129}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C171146098', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192', 'display_name': 'Automotive engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4959198}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C50406533', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1452104', 'display_name': 'Thermal efficiency', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.4901341}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C192562407', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736', 'display_name': 'Materials science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.47194165}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C96532641', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q248240', 'display_name': 'Ignition timing', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.4443599}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C80380853', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4176968', 'display_name': 'Valve timing', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.41285306}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185592680', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329', 'display_name': 'Chemistry', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.40704268}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C97355855', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473', 'display_name': 'Thermodynamics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.390536}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C511840579', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12757', 'display_name': 'Internal combustion engine', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.3792924}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C116915560', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504', 'display_name': 'Nuclear engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3678897}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C106169591', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909434', 'display_name': 'Combustion chamber', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.28399158}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C178790620', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351', 'display_name': 'Organic chemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.117244005}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.09755114}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.084433526}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 3, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2818510', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210208105', 'display_name': 'Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power', 'issn_l': '0742-4795', 'issn': ['0742-4795', '1528-8919'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310316053', 'host_organization_name': 'ASM International', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310316053'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['ASM International'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.osti.gov/biblio/3421', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306402487', 'display_name': 'OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I139351228', 'host_organization_name': 'Office of Scientific and Technical Information', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I139351228'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Office of Scientific and Technical Information'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc688697/', 'pdf_url': 'https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc688697/m2/1/high_res_d/3421.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400792', 'display_name': 'University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I123534392', 'host_organization_name': 'University of North Texas', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I123534392'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of North Texas'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.osti.gov/biblio/3421', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306402487', 'display_name': 'OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I139351228', 'host_organization_name': 'Office of Scientific and Technical Information', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I139351228'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Office of Scientific and Technical Information'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7', 'display_name': 'Affordable and clean energy', 'score': 0.51}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 20, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1518922488', 'https://openalex.org/W1522070751', 'https://openalex.org/W1530413492', 'https://openalex.org/W1541235487', 'https://openalex.org/W1545300146', 'https://openalex.org/W1548226264', 'https://openalex.org/W1552871868', 'https://openalex.org/W1554265028', 'https://openalex.org/W1582225873', 'https://openalex.org/W1748006000', 'https://openalex.org/W1946330067', 'https://openalex.org/W2020209192', 'https://openalex.org/W2160456562', 'https://openalex.org/W2162865923', 'https://openalex.org/W2228693158', 'https://openalex.org/W2249846303', 'https://openalex.org/W2253753636', 'https://openalex.org/W2262349092', 'https://openalex.org/W2267992808', 'https://openalex.org/W4237225612'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4297961841', 'https://openalex.org/W334387771', 'https://openalex.org/W2886460595', 'https://openalex.org/W2766826442', 'https://openalex.org/W2390428669', 'https://openalex.org/W2388424635', 'https://openalex.org/W2357360759', 'https://openalex.org/W2243738679', 'https://openalex.org/W2090904105', 'https://openalex.org/W1988990652'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'We': [0], 'have': [1], 'used': [2], 'the': [3, 28, 65, 73, 79, 83, 108, 113, 143, 146, 184], 'HCT': [4, 23, 59, 204], '(hydrodynamics,': [5], 'chemistry,': [6], 'and': [7, 38, 52, 70, 112, 129, 137, 198], 'transport)': [8], 'chemical': [9], 'kinetics': [10], 'code': [11], 'to': [12, 26, 63, 71, 187], 'simulate': [13], 'HCCI': [14], '(homogeneous': [15], 'charge': [16], 'compression': [17, 54, 170], 'ignition)': [18], 'combustion': [19, 130], 'of': [20, 41, 67, 98, 134, 145, 176, 182, 212], 'methane-air': [21], 'mixtures.': [22], 'is': [24, 104, 119, 139, 159, 173], 'applied': [25], 'explore': [27], 'ignition': [29, 102], 'timing,': [30], 'burn': [31], 'duration,': [32], 'NOx,': [33], 'production,': [34], 'gross': [35, 39], 'indicated': [36, 193], 'efficiency': [37, 194], 'IMEP': [40], 'a': [42, 89, 96, 174, 210], 'supercharged': [43], 'engine': [44], '(3': [45], 'atm.': [46], 'intake': [47, 109], 'pressure)': [48], 'with': [49, 82, 209], '14:1,': [50], '16:1': [51], '18:1': [53], 'ratios': [55], 'at': [56, 162], '1200': [57], 'rpm.': [58], 'has': [60], 'been': [61], 'modified': [62], 'incorporate': [64], 'effect': [66], 'heat': [68], 'transfer': [69], 'calculate': [72], 'temperature': [74, 158], 'that': [75, 93, 179], 'results': [76, 205], 'from': [77], 'mixing': [78], 'recycled': [80], 'exhaust': [81, 121, 147], 'fresh': [84], 'mixture.': [85], 'This': [86], 'study': [87], 'uses': [88], 'single': [90], 'reaction': [91], 'zone': [92], 'varies': [94], 'as': [95], 'function': [97], 'crank': [99], 'angle.': [100], 'The': [101], 'process': [103], 'controlled': [105], 'by': [106, 141], 'adjusting': [107], 'equivalence': [110, 135], 'ratio': [111, 136], 'residual': [114], 'gas': [115, 122], 'trapping': [116], '(RGT).': [117], 'RGT': [118, 138], 'internal': [120], 'recirculation,': [123], 'which': [124], 'recycles': [125], 'both': [126], 'thermal': [127], 'energy': [128], 'product': [131], 'species.': [132], 'Adjustment': [133], 'accomplished': [140], 'varying': [142], 'timing': [144], 'valve': [148], 'closure': [149], 'in': [150], 'either': [151], 'two-stroke': [152], 'or': [153], 'four-stroke': [154], 'engines.': [155], 'Inlet': [156], 'manifold': [157], 'held': [160], 'constant': [161], '300': [163], 'K.': [164], 'Results': [165], 'show': [166, 180], 'that,': [167], 'for': [168, 216], 'each': [169], 'ratio,': [171], 'there': [172], 'range': [175], 'operational': [177], 'conditions': [178], 'promise': [181], 'achieving': [183], 'control': [185], 'necessary': [186], 'vary': [188], 'power': [189], 'output': [190], 'while': [191], 'keeping': [192], 'above': [195], '50': [196], 'percent': [197], 'NOx': [199], 'levels': [200], 'below': [201], '100': [202], 'ppm.': [203], 'are': [206], 'also': [207], 'compared': [208], 'set': [211], 'recent': [213], 'experimental': [214], 'data': [215], 'natural': [217], 'gas.': [218]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1973738304', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-14T07:37:02.494996', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}