Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1970540131', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.63.044304', 'title': 'Characterization of separable states and entanglement witnesses', 'display_name': 'Characterization of separable states and entanglement witnesses', 'publication_year': 2001, 'publication_date': '2001-03-20', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1970540131', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.63.044304', 'mag': '1970540131'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.63.044304', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S164566984', 'display_name': 'Physical Review A', 'issn_l': '1050-2947', 'issn': ['1050-2947', '1094-1622', '1538-4446'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320261', 'host_organization_name': 'American Physical Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320261'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Physical Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['arxiv', 'crossref', 'datacite'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/0005112', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5051113581', 'display_name': 'Maciej Lewenstein', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0210-7800'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I114112103', 'display_name': 'Leibniz University Hannover', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0304hq317', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I114112103']}], 'countries': ['DE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'M. Lewenstein', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I114112103']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5058300642', 'display_name': 'Barbara Kraus', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7246-6385'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I190249584', 'display_name': 'Universität Innsbruck', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/054pv6659', 'country_code': 'AT', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I190249584']}], 'countries': ['AT'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'B. Kraus', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A 6020 Innsbruck, Austria'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A 6020 Innsbruck, Austria', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I190249584']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5081239197', 'display_name': 'Paweł Horodecki', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3233-1336'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I40413290', 'display_name': 'University of Gdańsk', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/011dv8m48', 'country_code': 'PL', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I40413290']}], 'countries': ['PL'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'P. Horodecki', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Technical University of Gdańsk, 80-952, Gdańsk, Poland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Technical University of Gdańsk, 80-952, Gdańsk, Poland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I40413290']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5083228566', 'display_name': 'J. I. Cirac', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3359-1743'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I190249584', 'display_name': 'Universität Innsbruck', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/054pv6659', 'country_code': 'AT', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I190249584']}], 'countries': ['AT'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'J. I. Cirac', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A 6020 Innsbruck, Austria'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A 6020 Innsbruck, Austria', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I190249584']}]}], 'countries_distinct_count': 3, 'institutions_distinct_count': 3, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 2675, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 2675, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 14.83, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 168, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999929, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 97, 'max': 98}, 'biblio': {'volume': '63', 'issue': '4', 'first_page': None, 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10020', 'display_name': 'Quantum Information and Computation', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1702', 'display_name': 'Artificial Intelligence'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10020', 'display_name': 'Quantum Information and Computation', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1702', 'display_name': 'Artificial Intelligence'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10622', 'display_name': 'Foundations of Quantum Mechanics and Interpretations', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3107', 'display_name': 'Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10682', 'display_name': 'Quantum Computing and Simulation', 'score': 0.9991, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1702', 'display_name': 'Artificial Intelligence'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/separable-state', 'display_name': 'Separable state', 'score': 0.8974595}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/multipartite-entanglement', 'display_name': 'Multipartite entanglement', 'score': 0.6799313}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/entanglement-witness', 'display_name': 'Entanglement witness', 'score': 0.58021706}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/characterization', 'display_name': 'Characterization (materials science)', 'score': 0.4757987}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/entanglements', 'display_name': 'Entanglements', 'score': 0.452691}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121040770', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675', 'display_name': 'Quantum entanglement', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.91711104}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C55795843', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q614178', 'display_name': 'Separable state', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.8974595}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C197657726', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174733', 'display_name': 'Bipartite graph', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.7112672}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71799126', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934832', 'display_name': 'Multipartite entanglement', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.6799313}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C70710897', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q680081', 'display_name': 'Separable space', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.64720595}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C206003972', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5380097', 'display_name': 'Entanglement witness', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.58021706}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C48103436', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031', 'display_name': 'State (computer science)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5689859}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C32270708', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7582152', 'display_name': 'Squashed entanglement', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.5479465}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780841128', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781', 'display_name': 'Characterization (materials science)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4757987}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.47361395}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162307627', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833', 'display_name': 'Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44432366}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15706264', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230883', 'display_name': 'Quantum state', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.4130993}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C202444582', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863', 'display_name': 'Pure mathematics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.38109428}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62520636', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944', 'display_name': 'Quantum mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3719695}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C84114770', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344', 'display_name': 'Quantum', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.36114055}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C139356082', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269038', 'display_name': 'Quantum discord', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.31678647}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.3138166}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C118615104', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416', 'display_name': 'Discrete mathematics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.2854793}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.13439068}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C134306372', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754', 'display_name': 'Mathematical analysis', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.078599215}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C11413529', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366', 'display_name': 'Algorithm', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.07052207}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C132525143', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488', 'display_name': 'Graph', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C120665830', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620', 'display_name': 'Optics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C76155785', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418', 'display_name': 'Telecommunications', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 3, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.63.044304', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S164566984', 'display_name': 'Physical Review A', 'issn_l': '1050-2947', 'issn': ['1050-2947', '1094-1622', '1538-4446'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320261', 'host_organization_name': 'American Physical Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320261'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Physical Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0005112', 'pdf_url': 'https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/0005112', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400194', 'display_name': 'arXiv (Cornell University)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I205783295', 'host_organization_name': 'Cornell University', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I205783295'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Cornell University'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://api.datacite.org/dois/10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0005112', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4393179698', 'display_name': 'DataCite API', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I4210145204', 'host_organization_name': 'DataCite', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210145204'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['DataCite'], 'type': 'metadata'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0005112', 'pdf_url': 'https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/0005112', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400194', 'display_name': 'arXiv (Cornell University)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I205783295', 'host_organization_name': 'Cornell University', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I205783295'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Cornell University'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': ['https://openalex.org/W1970540131'], 'referenced_works_count': 21, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1883144804', 'https://openalex.org/W1963952399', 'https://openalex.org/W1978553093', 'https://openalex.org/W1979260239', 'https://openalex.org/W1990758844', 'https://openalex.org/W2003989474', 'https://openalex.org/W2015775929', 'https://openalex.org/W2020657597', 'https://openalex.org/W2020725861', 'https://openalex.org/W2027720795', 'https://openalex.org/W2034920898', 'https://openalex.org/W2048648826', 'https://openalex.org/W2051051926', 'https://openalex.org/W2062292260', 'https://openalex.org/W2063693490', 'https://openalex.org/W2103713333', 'https://openalex.org/W2144126354', 'https://openalex.org/W2148576428', 'https://openalex.org/W2481251364', 'https://openalex.org/W3037315640', 'https://openalex.org/W4297590171'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4211256230', 'https://openalex.org/W2464121619', 'https://openalex.org/W2140834347', 'https://openalex.org/W2124211517', 'https://openalex.org/W2080596992', 'https://openalex.org/W2075881731', 'https://openalex.org/W2070706620', 'https://openalex.org/W1987069000', 'https://openalex.org/W1972738518', 'https://openalex.org/W1970540131'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'We': [0, 27, 52], 'provide': [1], 'a': [2, 15, 19, 23, 40, 55], 'canonical': [3, 41], 'form': [4, 42], 'of': [5, 14, 18, 43], 'mixed': [6], 'states': [7], 'in': [8, 12], 'bipartite': [9], 'quantum': [10], 'systems': [11], 'terms': [13], 'convex': [16], 'combination': [17], 'separable': [20], 'state': [21], 'and': [22, 47, 62], 'so-called': [24], 'edge': [25, 33], 'state.': [26], 'construct': [28], 'entanglement': [29, 45, 60], 'witnesses': [30, 46, 61], 'for': [31, 59], 'all': [32], 'states,': [34], 'which': [35], 'allows': [36], 'us': [37], 'to': [38, 65], 'introduce': [39], 'nondecomposable': [44], 'the': [48], 'corresponding': [49], 'positive': [50, 63], 'maps.': [51], 'also': [53], 'present': [54], 'nontrivial': [56], 'necessary': [57], 'condition': [58], 'maps': [64], 'be': [66], 'extremal.': [67]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1970540131', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 6}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-08T20:52:36.581806', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}