Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1970390975', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2005-877', 'title': 'Adjoint Formulation for an Embedded-Boundary Cartesian Method', 'display_name': 'Adjoint Formulation for an Embedded-Boundary Cartesian Method', 'publication_year': 2005, 'publication_date': '2005-01-10', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1970390975', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2005-877', 'mag': '1970390975'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2005-877', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306499417', 'display_name': '43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'proceedings-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040087116/downloads/20040087116.pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5089959185', 'display_name': 'Marian Nemec', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I197604219', 'display_name': 'National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02eq2w707', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I197604219']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Marian Nemec', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council Moffett Field, CA United States'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council Moffett Field, CA United States', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I197604219']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5068917085', 'display_name': 'Michael J. Aftosmis', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1280536761', 'display_name': 'Ames Research Center', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02acart68', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1280536761', 'https://openalex.org/I4210124779']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Michael Aftosmis', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA, United States'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA, United States', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1280536761']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5013988940', 'display_name': 'Scott M. Murman', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210129483', 'display_name': 'Eloret (United States)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02nx6st79', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210129483']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Scott Murman', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Eloret Corp. Moffett Field, CA, United States'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Eloret Corp. Moffett Field, CA, United States', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210129483']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5039864776', 'display_name': 'Thomas H. Pulliam', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3511-6348'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1280536761', 'display_name': 'Ames Research Center', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02acart68', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1280536761', 'https://openalex.org/I4210124779']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Thomas Pulliam', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA, United States'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA, United States', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1280536761']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 3, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 3.621, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 53, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.946285, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 93, 'max': 94}, 'biblio': {'volume': None, 'issue': None, 'first_page': None, 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10173', 'display_name': 'Computational Fluid Dynamics and Aerodynamics', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2206', 'display_name': 'Computational Mechanics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10173', 'display_name': 'Computational Fluid Dynamics and Aerodynamics', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2206', 'display_name': 'Computational Mechanics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10339', 'display_name': 'Advanced Numerical Methods in Computational Mathematics', 'score': 0.9988, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2206', 'display_name': 'Computational Mechanics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11012', 'display_name': 'Gas Dynamics and Kinetic Theory', 'score': 0.9988, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2604', 'display_name': 'Applied Mathematics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/26', 'display_name': 'Mathematics'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C16038011', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62912', 'display_name': 'Cartesian coordinate system', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.59354717}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5713283}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62354387', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399', 'display_name': 'Boundary (topology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4772258}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C28826006', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521', 'display_name': 'Applied mathematics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4033683}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.31956893}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C134306372', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754', 'display_name': 'Mathematical analysis', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.2824654}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2524010', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087', 'display_name': 'Geometry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.20785102}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2005-877', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306499417', 'display_name': '43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040087116', 'pdf_url': 'https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040087116/downloads/20040087116.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4377196257', 'display_name': 'NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I4210124779', 'host_organization_name': 'National Aeronautics and Space Administration', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210124779'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Aeronautics and Space Administration'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040087116', 'pdf_url': 'https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040087116/downloads/20040087116.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4377196257', 'display_name': 'NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I4210124779', 'host_organization_name': 'National Aeronautics and Space Administration', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210124779'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Aeronautics and Space Administration'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 45, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1492713652', 'https://openalex.org/W1498182758', 'https://openalex.org/W1499654390', 'https://openalex.org/W1504365439', 'https://openalex.org/W1507140383', 'https://openalex.org/W1580724525', 'https://openalex.org/W1971480393', 'https://openalex.org/W1972819596', 'https://openalex.org/W1973758159', 'https://openalex.org/W1973936869', 'https://openalex.org/W1974961323', 'https://openalex.org/W1995773189', 'https://openalex.org/W1996852196', 'https://openalex.org/W2008809901', 'https://openalex.org/W2015985195', 'https://openalex.org/W2027559332', 'https://openalex.org/W2037442755', 'https://openalex.org/W2041942127', 'https://openalex.org/W2042915938', 'https://openalex.org/W2045760570', 'https://openalex.org/W2045829585', 'https://openalex.org/W2046673847', 'https://openalex.org/W2049537509', 'https://openalex.org/W2053366430', 'https://openalex.org/W2062091779', 'https://openalex.org/W2068484625', 'https://openalex.org/W2073285393', 'https://openalex.org/W2078245298', 'https://openalex.org/W2086110318', 'https://openalex.org/W2091917610', 'https://openalex.org/W2093051669', 'https://openalex.org/W2099589331', 'https://openalex.org/W2101506489', 'https://openalex.org/W2101578487', 'https://openalex.org/W2106693264', 'https://openalex.org/W2130871391', 'https://openalex.org/W2136505959', 'https://openalex.org/W2145467573', 'https://openalex.org/W2158640099', 'https://openalex.org/W2162357087', 'https://openalex.org/W2165187821', 'https://openalex.org/W2333571348', 'https://openalex.org/W2465025114', 'https://openalex.org/W3180129917', 'https://openalex.org/W83680799'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4245490552', 'https://openalex.org/W4225152035', 'https://openalex.org/W3002753104', 'https://openalex.org/W2911598644', 'https://openalex.org/W2748952813', 'https://openalex.org/W2077600819', 'https://openalex.org/W2061531152', 'https://openalex.org/W2007980826', 'https://openalex.org/W1979597421', 'https://openalex.org/W1587224694'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Many': [0], 'problems': [1, 23, 56, 115, 215], 'in': [2, 160, 319], 'aerodynamic': [3, 40, 91, 213, 263], 'design': [4, 29, 61, 114], 'can': [5, 77, 125], 'be': [6, 78, 126], 'characterized': [7], 'by': [8, 81, 117], 'smooth': [9], 'and': [10, 36, 43, 68, 100, 105, 121, 124, 131, 135, 202, 228, 257, 290], 'convex': [11], 'objective': [12], 'functions.': [13], 'This': [14, 242], 'motivates': [15], 'the': [16, 47, 58, 64, 72, 82, 85, 94, 118, 129, 153, 161, 165, 171, 178, 183, 209, 235, 239, 250, 274, 281, 297, 310, 313], 'use': [17, 83], 'of': [18, 28, 46, 60, 66, 74, 84, 90, 141, 170, 188, 208, 253, 312], 'gradient-based': [19], 'algorithms,': [20], 'particularly': [21], 'for': [22, 102, 212, 249, 273, 296], 'with': [24, 197, 284], 'a': [25, 51, 138, 259, 303], 'large': [26], 'number': [27, 59, 65], 'variables,': [30], 'to': [31, 113, 164, 224, 262, 308], 'efficiently': [32], 'determine': [33], 'optimal': [34], 'shapes': [35], 'configurations': [37], 'that': [38, 156, 181, 317], 'maximize': [39], 'performance.': [41], 'Accurate': [42], 'efficient': [44], 'computation': [45, 155], 'gradient,': [48], 'however,': [49], 'remains': [50], 'challenging': [52], 'task.': [53], 'In': [54, 222, 300], 'optimization': [55, 92, 214], 'where': [57], 'variables': [62], 'dominates': [63], 'objectives': [67], 'flow-': [69], 'dependent': [70], 'constraints,': [71], 'cost': [73], 'gradient': [75, 154, 321], 'computations': [76], 'significantly': [79], 'reduced': [80], 'adjoint': [86, 95, 172, 210, 271, 294], 'method.': [87], 'The': [88, 108, 168, 206], 'problem': [89], 'using': [93, 177], 'method': [96, 109, 211], 'has': [97, 110, 219], 'been': [98, 111, 220], 'analyzed': [99], 'validated': [101], 'both': [103, 142, 301], 'structured': [104, 227], 'unstructured': [106, 229], 'grids.': [107], 'applied': [112], 'governed': [116], 'potential,': [119], 'Euler,': [120], 'Navier-Stokes': [122], 'equations': [123], 'subdivided': [127], 'into': [128], 'continuous': [130], 'discrete': [132], 'formulations.': [133], 'Giles': [134], 'Pierce': [136], 'provide': [137], 'detailed': [139], 'review': [140], 'approaches.': [143], 'Most': [144], 'implementations': [145, 225], 'rely': [146], 'on': [147, 216, 226, 280], 'grid-perturbation': [148], 'or': [149], 'mapping': [150], 'procedures': [151], 'during': [152], 'explicitly': [157], 'couple': [158], 'changes': [159], 'surface': [162, 236, 315], 'shape': [163, 316], 'volume': [166, 240], 'grid.': [167, 241], 'solution': [169], 'equation': [173, 283], 'is': [174, 278, 306], 'usually': [175], 'accomplished': [176], 'same': [179], 'scheme': [180], 'solves': [182], 'governing': [184], 'flow': [185], 'equations.': [186, 299], 'Examples': [187], 'such': [189], 'code': [190], 'reuse': [191], 'include': [192], 'multistage': [193], 'Runge-Kutta': [194], 'schemes': [195], 'coupled': [196], 'multigrid,': [198], 'approximate-factorization,': [199], 'line-implicit': [200], 'Gauss-Seidel,': [201], 'also': [203], 'preconditioned': [204], 'GMRES.': [205], 'development': [207], 'Cartesian': [217, 231, 245], 'grids': [218], 'limited.': [221], 'contrast': [223], 'grids,': [230], 'grid': [232], 'methods': [233, 246], 'decouple': [234], 'discretization': [237], 'from': [238], 'feature': [243], 'makes': [244], 'well': [247], 'suited': [248], 'automated': [251], 'analysis': [252], 'complex': [254], 'geometry': [255], 'problems,': [256], 'consequently': [258], 'promising': [260], 'approach': [261], 'optimization.': [264], 'Melvin': [265], 'e': [266], 't': [267], 'al.': [268], 'developed': [269], 'an': [270, 293], 'formulation': [272, 295], 'TRANAIR': [275], 'code,': [276], 'which': [277], 'based': [279], 'full-potential': [282], 'viscous': [285], 'corrections.': [286], 'More': [287], 'recently,': [288], 'Dadone': [289], 'Grossman': [291], 'presented': [292], 'Euler': [298], 'approaches,': [302], 'boundary': [304], 'condition': [305], 'introduced': [307], 'approximate': [309], 'effects': [311], 'evolving': [314], 'results': [318], 'accurate': [320], 'computation.': [322]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1970390975', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 2}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-13T20:55:57.252823', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}