Title: Public Diplomacy: The Missing Component in Israel's Foreign Policy
Abstract: Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. See article by Gerald Steinberg in this volume. 2. Ghassan Khatib, 'Avoiding the Spin', Bitterlemons.org, No. 42, 17 November 2003. 3. Chris Galloway, 'Hot Bullets, Cool Media: The Middle East High Stakes Media War', Journal of Communication Management, Vol. 9 (2005), pp. 233–245. 4. Nashat A. Aqtash, 'Palestinian National Authority's Public Relations Policies Relating to Israel: Current Attitudes among Palestinian Officials and Media Experts', Public Relations Review, Vol. 31 (2005), pp. 376–380. 5. Ron Schleifer, 'Jewish and Contemporary Origins of Israeli Hasbara', Jewish Political Studies Review, Vol. 15 (2003), p. 123. 6. Barry Rubin, 'Unwinnable War of Words', Jerusalem Post, 1 April 2003. 7. Moshe Yegar, The Hasbara Work of the Foreign Ministry, Jerusalem, 1984 (Hebrew); The History of Israel's External Hasbara System, Jerusalem, 1986 (Hebrew); Meron Medzini, 'Hasbara: Scapegoat or Innocent Ewe', Kyvunim, Vol. 5 (2001), pp. 122–132 (Hebrew); Yochanan Manor, 'Integrating Hasbara into Policy', Jerusalem Quarterly (1984), pp. 25–39, at p. 33; Dani Naveh, Governmental Hasbara: It Can Be Done Differently, Jerusalem, 1995 (Hebrew); Ron Schleifer, Psychological Warfare in Israel, Ramat-Gan, BESA Center for Strategic Studies, 2002 (Hebrew). 8. For an elaboration of the index, see Eytan Gilboa, Public Diplomacy: Building a Field of Study, Los Angeles: Center on Public Diplomacy, University of Southern California, forthcoming. 9. Gifford Malone, 'Managing Public Diplomacy', Washington Quarterly, Vol. 8 (1985), p. 199. 10. Eytan Gilboa, 'Mass Communication and Diplomacy', Communication Theory, Vol. 10 (2000), pp. 290–294; 'Diplomacy in the Media Age: Three Models of Uses and Effects', in C. Jönsson and R. Langhorne (eds.), Diplomacy, Vol. III, London, 2004, pp. 96–119. 11. Rhiannon Vickers, 'The New Public Diplomacy: Britain and Canada Compared', British Journal of Politics and International Relations, Vol. 6 (2004), pp. 151–168. 12. Gilboa, Public Diplomacy: Building a Field of Study. 13. Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics, New York, 2004, pp. x, 5–11, 32. 14. Jozef Bátora, 'Public Diplomacy in Small and Medium-Sized States: Norway and Canada', Discussion Paper in Diplomacy 97, Hague, Netherlands Institute of International Relations, Clingendael, 2005. See also Jan Melissen (ed.), New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, New York, 2006. 15. Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. 16. John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, The Emergence of Noopolitik: Toward an American Information Strategy, Los Angeles, 1999. 17. Ibid., pp. 38, 44. 18. James E. Grunig, 'Public Relations and International Affairs', Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 47 (1993), pp. 137–162; Christopher Ross, 'Pillars of Public Diplomacy', Harvard International Review, Vol. 25 (2003), pp. 22-28. 19. Peter Van Ham, 'The Rise of the Brand State: The Post Modern Politics of Image and Reputation', Foreign Affairs, Vol. 80 (2001), pp. 1–9 (Internet edition); Jack Yan, 'Branding and the International Community', Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 10 (2003), pp. 447–456 (www.foreignaffairs.org). 20. Daniel W. Drezner and Henry Farrell, 'Web of Influence', Foreign Policy (2004), pp. 32–40. 21. Maura Conway, 'Terrorist Websites: Their Content, Functioning and Effectiveness', in P. Seib (ed.), Media and Conflict in the Twenty-first Century, New York, 2005, pp. 185–215. 22. Ali Akbar Dareini, 'Iranian wants Israel "Wiped off the Map"', New York Sun, 27 October 2005. 23. Daniel Pipes, 'Iran's Final Solution Plan', New York Sun, 1 November 2005. 24. Amnon Rubinstein, 'A World without Israel', Jerusalem Post, 16 November 2005. 25. Cited in Winston Pickett, 'Nasty or Nazi? The Use of Anti-Semitic Topoi by the Left-Liberal Media', in P. Igansky and B. Kosmin (eds.), A New Antisemitism? Debating Judeophobia in the 21st Century, London, 2003, p. 4, available at http://axt.org.uk. 26. Jacqueline Rose, The Question of Zion, Princeton, 2005; John Rose, The Myths of Zionism, London, 2004. 27. Tony Judt, 'Israel: The Alternative', The New York Review of Books, 23 October 2003; 'Goodbye to All of That?' The Nation, 3 January 2005. 28. Ofira Seliktar, '"Tenured Radicals" in Israel: From New Zionism to Political Activism', Israel Affairs, Vol. 11 (2005), pp. 717–736; Edward Alexander, 'Israeli Intellectuals and Israeli Politics', World Affairs, No. 159 (1997), pp. 95–100. 29. Edward Alexander, 'Suicide Bombing 101', The American Spectator, Vol. 36 (2003), pp. 28–30; 'Hitler's Professors, Arafat's Professors', Judaism, Vol. 52 (2003), pp. 95–102. 30. See, inter alia, Alan Dershowitz, The Case for Israel, Hoboken, NJ, 2003; Josef Joffe, 'A World without Israel', Foreign Policy, Vol. 146 (2005), pp. 36–42. 31. Robert Fisk, 'Telling It Like it Isn't', Los Angeles Times, 27 December 2005. For a more balanced report on this issue, which also demonstrates the differences between British biased reporters and American reporters, see: Greg Myre, 'In the Middle East, Even Words Go to War', 3 August 2003, www.cnn.com; Jonathon Mark, 'No Lull in War of Words', New York Jewish Week, 18 March 2005. 32. Thomas Friedman, 'Arafat's War', New York Times, 13 October 2000. 33. Tom Gross, 'The BBC Discovers "Terrorism", Briefly', Jerusalem Post, 12 July 2005. 34. Cited in Pickett, 'Nasty or Nazi? The Use of Anti-Semitic Topoi' p. 4. 35. Howard Jacobson, 'Wordsmiths and Atrocities against Language: The Incendiary Use of the Holocaust and Nazism against Jews', in P. Igansky and B. Kosmin (eds.), A New Antisemitism? Debating Judeophobia in the 21st Century, London, 2003, pp. 1–2, available at axt.org.uk. 36. Emanuele Ottolenghi, 'Antisemitism and the Media in Italy', in Antisemitism and Xenophobia Today, London, Institute for Jewish Policy Research, www.axt.org.uk, 16 November 2005. p. 3. 37. Jacobson, 'Wordsmiths and Atrocities against Language', pp. 2–3. 38. Department of State, 'Resolutions Related to Israel Opposed by the United States', pp. 259–277, www.state.gov/documents/organization/44507.pdf. 39. Mitchell Bard, 'The UN and Israel', www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/UN/israel_un.html. 40. 'US Vetoes of UN Resolutions Critical of Israel, 1972–2004', Jewish Virtual Library, www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/UN/usvetoes.html. 41. Robert Jennings, 'The Exclusion of Israel from the UN Regional Group System', 4 November 1999, www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/UN/Jennings.html. See also Anne Bayefsky, 'Israel: Second-Class Status at the UN', National Post, 18 February 2003. 42. See The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 98 (2004), pp. 361–364 and Vol. 99 (2005). 43. Joel S. Tashjian, 'Contentious Matters and the Advisory Power: The ICJ and Israel's Wall', Chicago Journal of International Law, Vol. 6 (2005), pp. 427–437. 44. Yitzhak Benhorin, 'Israeli Gets Top U.N. Post', Ynetnews.com, 13 June 2005, www.ynetnews.com. 45. Daniel Okrent, 'The Hottest Button: How the Times Covers Israel and Palestine', New York Times, 24 April 2005. 46. Stephanie Gutmann, The Other War: Israelis, Palestinians and the Struggle for Media Supremacy, San Francisco, 2005, pp. 39–83; Nidra Poller, 'Myth, Fact and the al-Dura Affair', Commentary, Vol. 120 (2005), pp. 23–30; James Fallows, 'Who Shot Mohammed al-Dura?', The Atlantic Monthly, No. 291 (2003), pp. 49–56; Esther Schapira, Three Bullets and a Dead Child: Who Shot Mohammad al-Dura? Documentary, ARD Television, Germany, 2002; Richard Landes, al Durah: What Happened? Documentary, Second Draft, 2005, www.seconddraft.org/aldurah.php. 47. See, for example, Human Rights Watch Report, 'Jenin: IDF Military Operations', www.hrw.org. 48. Gutmann, The Other War, pp. 145–178; Sharon Sadeh, 'How Jenin Battle Became a "Massacre"', Guardian, 6 May 2002. 49. Hersh Goodman and Jonathan Cummings (eds.), The Battle of Jenin: A Case Study in Israel's Communication Strategy, Tel Aviv, The Jaffe Centre for Strategic Studies, Memorandum, No. 63 (2003). 50. Phil Reeves, 'Even Journalists Are Wrong Sometimes', The Independent, 3 August 2002. 51. Clément Weill Raynal, 'L'Agence France Presse: Le Récit Contre Les Faits', Observatoire du Monde Juif, No. 2, March 2002. 52. Décryptage, directed by Jacques Tarnero and Philippe Bensoussan, 2002. 53. The Glasgow media group suggested that television coverage in the United States, Britain and Germany is tilted toward Israel primarily because the public is ignorant of Middle East history and the networks do not provide adequate context. Greg Philo and Mike Berry, Bad News from Israel, London, 2004.The problem with this study is that it relies on questionable, anti-Israeli sources, which offer an inaccurate history of the Arab–Israeli conflict. For criticism of these sources, see Efraim Karsh, Fabricating Israeli History: The New Historians, London, 2000. 54. Tom Gross, 'New Prejudices for Old: The Euro Press and the Intifada', National Review, 1 November 2001. 55. Trevor Asserson and Elisheva Mironi, The BBC and the Middle East: A Critical Study, March 2002; Trevor Asserson, The BBC and the Middle East: An Analysis, December 2002; Trevor Asserson and Lee Kern, The BBC and the War on Iraq: An Analysis, June 2003, http://bbcwatch.com. 56. Trevor Asserson and Cassie Williams, The BBC and the Middle East: The Documentary Campaign, 2000–2004, July 2004, http://bcwatch.com. 57. Douglas Davis, 'Hatred in the Air: The BBC, Israel and Antisemitism', in P. Igansky and B. Kosmin (eds.), A New Antisemitism? Debating Judeophobia in the 21st Century, London, 2003, pp. 130–147, available at http://axt.org.uk. 58. Barbie Zelizer, David Park and David Gudelunas, 'How Bias Shapes the News: Challenging The New York Times' Status as a Newspaper of Record on the Middle East', Journalism, Vol. 3 (2002), pp. 283–307. 59. Joshua Muravchik, Covering the Intifada: How the Media Reported the Palestinian Uprising, Washington, 2003. 60. Gutmann, The Other War, p. 8. 61. Michael Goldfarb, 'All Journalism is Local: Reporting on the Middle East', Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, Vol. 6 (2001), pp. 110–115; Marda Dunsky, 'Missing: The Bias Impact Implicit in the Absent', Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol. 23 (2001), pp. 1–23. 62. Alain Hertoghe, La Guerre a Outrances: Comment La Pressses Nous a Deisinformes Sure L'Iraq, Paris, 2003. 63. Dov Aharoni, General Sharon's War Against Time Magazine: His Trial and Vindication, New York, 1985. 64. Ze'ev Chafets, Double Vision: How America's Press Distorts Our View of the Middle East, New York, 1985. 65. Thomas Friedman, From Beirut to Jerusalem, New York, pp. 72–73. 66. Tom Gross, 'A Mild Sign of Hope in the Media?', Jerusalem Post, 20 October 2004. 67. Tom Gross, 'J'accuse: Antisemitism in Le Monde and Beyond', Wall Street Journal, 2 June 2005. 68. Jim Lederman, Battle Lines: The American Media and the Intifada, New York, 1992; Gutmann, The Other War, pp. 259–271. 69. For a critical analysis of 'journalism of attachment', see Eytan Gilboa, 'Media and International Conflict', in J. Oetzel and S. Ting-Toomey (eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Communication, Thousand Oaks, CA, 2006, pp. 595–626. 70. Fiamma Nirenstein, 'The Journalists and the Palestinians', Commentary, Vol. 111, No. 1 (2001), pp. 55–58. 71. Ehud Ya'ari estimates that over 95 percent of television footage of events in the Palestinian territories supplied to networks around the world is produced by Palestinian film crews. 'Palestinian "Hasbara"', Jerusalem Report, 7 May 2001. The foreign press in Israel also employs Palestinian translators and guides, who also 'fix' the news, see Gutmann, The Other War, pp. 207–214. 72. European Commission, Brussels, Eurobarometer 151: Iraq and Peace in the World, 2003. 73. Thomas Fuller, 'EU Leader Attacks Poll Calling Israel a Threat', International Herald Tribune, 4 November 2003; Dalia Dassa Kaye, 'Is Israel Really the Biggest Threat to Peace?', International Herald Tribune, 8–9 November 2003. 74. David Lexner, 'The Media Dimension of Israeli Public Diplomacy in Scandinavia', MA Thesis, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, pp. 27, 34. 75. Cited and analyzed in Ottolenghi, 'Antisemitism and the Media in Italy', p. 3. 76. Uri Savir, who was the Director General of the Israeli Foreign Ministry under Peres, made a similar statement. Jerusalem Post, 2 April 2001. Hersh Goodman, a former military correspondent, expressed the same view in 'It's the Policy Stupid', bitterlemons.org, No. 42, 17 November 2003, pp. 5–6. 77. Greer Fay Cashman, 'PR Chief: Don't Use the Word Hasbara', Jerusalem Post, 22 January 2004. 78. Gideon Meir, 'What Hasbara is All About', Jerusalem Post, 24 May 2005. 79. Bret Stephens, 'What's Wrong with Israel's Hasbara?', Jerusalem Post, 7 June 2002. 80. Zvi Mazel, 'The Old Diplomacy is Dead', Jerusalem Post, 26 August 2005. 81. Dan Diker, 'Why Are Israel's Public Relations so Poor?', Jerusalem Letter/Viewpoints, No. 487, October–November 2002, Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs. 82. Stephens, 'What's Wrong with Israel's Hasbara?'. 83. Hilary Krieger, 'Expert: Israeli PR Improving, But …', Jerusalem Post, 16 December 2004. 84. Office of the Israeli State Comptroller, 'State Comptroller Annual Report', No. 53A, The Hasbara System, Jerusalem, 7 October 2002, pp. 9–23 (Hebrew). 85. Dan Izenberg and Herb Keinon, 'Cabinet to Mull Legal Aid for Israelis Accused of War Crimes', Jerusalem Post, 23 September 2005. 86. Herb Keinon, 'Israeli Ambassador Wrecks Swedish Pro-Terror Exhibit', Jerusalem Post, 18 January 2004. 87. Robert Fulford, 'The Socialism of Fools', National Post, 22 October 2005. 88. Stephens, 'What's Wrong with Israel's Hasbara?'. 89. Max Singer, 'How to Talk about Gaza', Jerusalem Post, 6 September 2005. 90. Nachman Shai, 'PR Isn't the Problem', Jerusalem Post, 31 May 2004. 91. CAMERA, www.camera.org. Honest Reporting, www.honestreporting.com. 92. Palestinian Media Watch, www.pmw.org.il; Middle East Media Research Institute, www.memri.org. 93. Manfred Gerstenfeld and Ben Green, 'Watching the Pro-Israeli Media Watchers', Jewish Political Science Review, Vol. 16 (2004), pp. 1–27 (Internet edition), www.jcpa.org; Mitchell G. Bard, 'The Media's Anti-Israel Bias', frontpagemagazine.com, 18 March 2005. 94. CAMERA, 'A Record of Bias: National Public Radio's Coverage of the Arab–Israeli Conflict, September 26–November 26, 2000', 27 March 2001, www.camera.org. 95. NGO Monitor, www.ngo-monitor.org. 96. Haim Handwerker, 'It Isn't Enough to Defend Your Position in the US, Says the Marketers', Ha'aretz, 22 December 2005; Gary Rosenblatt, 'Marketing a New Image', New York Jewish Week, 21 January 2005. 97. Steve Lipman, 'A Bounce for Israel PR', New York Jewish Week, 12 November 2002. 98. Larry Weinberg, 'Transforming Israel's Image: Two Paradigms: Changing the Topic from Conflict to Contribution', Jewish News, 14 July 2005. 99. Nathaniel Popper, 'PR Group Clashes with Jerusalem on Image of Israel', Forward, 12 November 2004. Additional informationNotes on contributorsEytan GilboaEytan Gilboa is Professor of International Communication at Bar-Ilan University and Senior Research Associate at the Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. He is also a Visiting Professor and editor of the USC Public Diplomacy Annual at the Center on Public Diplomacy, Annenberg School for Communication, University of Southern California. The Center, under the leadership of Joshua Fouts, and the School of Communication, directed by Larry Gross, provided an ideal intellectual environment for the completion of this paper. The author thanks David Chang for his research assistance.
Publication Year: 2006
Publication Date: 2006-10-01
Language: en
Type: article
Indexed In: ['crossref']
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Cited By Count: 97
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