Title: Effect of restrictions on smoking at home, at school, and in public places on teenage smoking: cross sectional study
Abstract: <h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To determine the relation between extent of restrictions on smoking at home, at school, and in public places and smoking uptake and smoking prevalence among school students. <b>Design:</b> Cross sectional survey with merged records of extent of restrictions on smoking in public places. <b>Setting:</b> United States. <b>Participants:</b> 17 287 high school students. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Five point scale of smoking uptake; 30 day smoking prevalence. <b>Results:</b> More restrictive arrangements on smoking at home were associated with a greater likelihood of being in an earlier stage of smoking uptake (P<0.05) and a lower 30 day prevalence (odds ratio 0.79 (95% confidence interval 0.67 to 0.91), P<0.001). These findings applied even when parents were smokers. More pervasive restrictions on smoking in public places were associated with a higher probability of being in a earlier stage of smoking uptake (P<0.05) and lower 30 day prevalence (0.91 (0.83 to 0.99), P=0.03). School smoking bans were related to a greater likelihood of being in an earlier stage of smoking uptake (0.89 (0.85 to 0.99), P<0.05) and lower prevalence (0.86 (0.77 to 0.94), P<0.001) only when the ban was strongly enforced, as measured by instances when teenagers perceived that most or all students obeyed the rule. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings suggest that restrictions on smoking at home, more extensive bans on smoking in public places, and enforced bans on smoking at school may reduce teenage smoking.