Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1968046362', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1359641', 'title': 'Comparative Genomic Hybridization for Molecular Cytogenetic Analysis of Solid Tumors', 'display_name': 'Comparative Genomic Hybridization for Molecular Cytogenetic Analysis of Solid Tumors', 'publication_year': 1992, 'publication_date': '1992-10-30', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1968046362', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1359641', 'mag': '1968046362', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1359641'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1359641', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S3880285', 'display_name': 'Science', 'issn_l': '0036-8075', 'issn': ['0036-8075', '1095-9203'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315823', 'host_organization_name': 'American Association for the Advancement of Science', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315823'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Association for the Advancement of Science'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5028823431', 'display_name': 'Anne Kallioniemi', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3552-8158'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I180670191', 'display_name': 'University of California, San Francisco', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/043mz5j54', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I180670191']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Anne Kallioniemi', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Division of Molecular Cytometry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Division of Molecular Cytometry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I180670191']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5050670008', 'display_name': 'Olli Kallioniemi', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3231-0332'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I180670191', 'display_name': 'University of California, San Francisco', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/043mz5j54', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I180670191']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Olli-P. Kallioniemi', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Division of Molecular Cytometry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Division of Molecular Cytometry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I180670191']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5062658603', 'display_name': 'Damir Sudar', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2510-7272'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I180670191', 'display_name': 'University of California, San Francisco', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/043mz5j54', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I180670191']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Damir Sudar', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Division of Molecular Cytometry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Division of Molecular Cytometry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I180670191']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5037698639', 'display_name': 'Denis Rutovitz', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2800150677', 'display_name': 'Western General Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/009kr6r15', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1324252669', 'https://openalex.org/I2800150677']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I90344618', 'display_name': 'Medical Research Council', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03x94j517', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210087105', 'https://openalex.org/I90344618']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Denis Rutovitz', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2800150677', 'https://openalex.org/I90344618']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5028899187', 'display_name': 'Joe W. Gray', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9225-6756'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I180670191', 'display_name': 'University of California, San Francisco', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/043mz5j54', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I180670191']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Joe W. Gray', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Division of Molecular Cytometry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Division of Molecular Cytometry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I180670191']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5075241752', 'display_name': 'F M Waldman', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I180670191', 'display_name': 'University of California, San Francisco', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/043mz5j54', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I180670191']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Fred Waldman', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Division of Molecular Cytometry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Division of Molecular Cytometry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I180670191']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5003975992', 'display_name': 'Dan Pinkel', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I180670191', 'display_name': 'University of California, San Francisco', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/043mz5j54', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I180670191']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Dan Pinkel', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Division of Molecular Cytometry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Division of Molecular Cytometry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I180670191']}]}], 'countries_distinct_count': 2, 'institutions_distinct_count': 3, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 51.896, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 3322, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999761, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '258', 'issue': '5083', 'first_page': '818', 'last_page': '821'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11369', 'display_name': 'Molecular Characterization of Colorectal Cancer', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2734', 'display_name': 'Pathology and Forensic Medicine'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11369', 'display_name': 'Molecular Characterization of Colorectal Cancer', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2734', 'display_name': 'Pathology and Forensic Medicine'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11213', 'display_name': 'Genomic Rearrangements and Copy Number Variations', 'score': 0.9995, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1311', 'display_name': 'Genetics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11287', 'display_name': 'Genomic Landscape of Cancer and Mutational Signatures', 'score': 0.9993, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1306', 'display_name': 'Cancer Research'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-genomic-hybridization', 'display_name': 'Comparative genomic hybridization', 'score': 0.8924532}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer-genomics', 'display_name': 'Cancer Genomics', 'score': 0.546726}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/intratumor-heterogeneity', 'display_name': 'Intratumor Heterogeneity', 'score': 0.544582}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/molecular-characterization', 'display_name': 'Molecular Characterization', 'score': 0.51814}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/dna-mismatch-repair', 'display_name': 'DNA Mismatch Repair', 'score': 0.512471}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-evolution', 'display_name': 'Tumor Evolution', 'score': 0.507037}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/genomic-dna', 'display_name': 'genomic DNA', 'score': 0.47737715}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C124942203', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q656638', 'display_name': 'Comparative genomic hybridization', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.8924532}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.71146774}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C30481170', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37748', 'display_name': 'Chromosome', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5461442}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153911025', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7202', 'display_name': 'Molecular biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5418535}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C552990157', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430', 'display_name': 'DNA', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5315466}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C141231307', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7020', 'display_name': 'Genome', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5165845}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5157497}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17757408', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135516', 'display_name': 'genomic DNA', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.47737715}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54871578', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2074275', 'display_name': 'Nucleic acid thermodynamics', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.47042346}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C7602840', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746284', 'display_name': 'Gene duplication', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.44671863}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C174475383', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246128', 'display_name': 'Cytogenetics', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.43583727}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C51679486', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380546', 'display_name': 'DNA sequencing', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.42803144}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C104317684', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187', 'display_name': 'Gene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.25193447}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C3017666073', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1764062', 'display_name': 'Base sequence', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.1151385}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D004273', 'descriptor_name': 'DNA, Neoplasm', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009369', 'descriptor_name': 'Neoplasms', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009693', 'descriptor_name': 'Nucleic Acid Hybridization', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002874', 'descriptor_name': 'Chromosome Mapping', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D015342', 'descriptor_name': 'DNA Probes', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004273', 'descriptor_name': 'DNA, Neoplasm', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005260', 'descriptor_name': 'Female', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016650', 'descriptor_name': 'Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005456', 'descriptor_name': 'Fluorescent Dyes', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005784', 'descriptor_name': 'Gene Amplification', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D017353', 'descriptor_name': 'Gene Deletion', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D017404', 'descriptor_name': 'In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008297', 'descriptor_name': 'Male', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009154', 'descriptor_name': 'Mutation', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009369', 'descriptor_name': 'Neoplasms', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009857', 'descriptor_name': 'Oncogenes', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012150', 'descriptor_name': 'Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012235', 'descriptor_name': 'Rhodamines', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014407', 'descriptor_name': 'Tumor Cells, Cultured', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1359641', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S3880285', 'display_name': 'Science', 'issn_l': '0036-8075', 'issn': ['0036-8075', '1095-9203'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315823', 'host_organization_name': 'American Association for the Advancement of Science', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315823'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Association for the Advancement of Science'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1359641', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 10, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1556926745', 'https://openalex.org/W1972300053', 'https://openalex.org/W1990582989', 'https://openalex.org/W1992387060', 'https://openalex.org/W2001258296', 'https://openalex.org/W2008029824', 'https://openalex.org/W2052788252', 'https://openalex.org/W2060183661', 'https://openalex.org/W2161410968', 'https://openalex.org/W2266955236'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4388014327', 'https://openalex.org/W3146032748', 'https://openalex.org/W2367076742', 'https://openalex.org/W2115382138', 'https://openalex.org/W2051169179', 'https://openalex.org/W2011058249', 'https://openalex.org/W2010170260', 'https://openalex.org/W1979058569', 'https://openalex.org/W1971060716', 'https://openalex.org/W1883409887'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Comparative': [0], 'genomic': [1], 'hybridization': [2, 37], 'produces': [3], 'a': [4, 12], 'map': [5], 'of': [6, 14, 45, 49, 65, 68, 77, 89], 'DNA': [7, 24, 28, 50], 'sequence': [8], 'copy': [9], 'number': [10], 'as': [11, 53, 60], 'function': [13], 'chromosomal': [15], 'location': [16], 'throughout': [17], 'the': [18, 63, 66, 69, 73], 'entire': [19], 'genome.': [20], 'Differentially': [21], 'labeled': [22], 'test': [23], 'and': [25, 81], 'normal': [26, 33], 'reference': [27], 'are': [29, 58], 'hybridized': [30], 'simultaneously': [31], 'to': [32, 97], 'chromosome': [34], 'spreads.': [35], 'The': [36], 'is': [38], 'detected': [39], 'with': [40], 'two': [41, 70], 'different': [42, 87], 'fluorochromes.': [43], 'Regions': [44], 'gain': [46], 'or': [47, 56], 'loss': [48], 'sequences,': [51], 'such': [52], 'deletions,': [54], 'duplications,': [55], 'amplifications,': [57], 'seen': [59], 'changes': [61], 'in': [62, 92], 'ratio': [64], 'intensities': [67], 'fluorochromes': [71], 'along': [72], 'target': [74], 'chromosomes.': [75], 'Analysis': [76], 'tumor': [78], 'cell': [79], 'lines': [80], 'primary': [82], 'bladder': [83], 'tumors': [84], 'identified': [85], '16': [86], 'regions': [88], 'amplification,': [90], 'many': [91], 'loci': [93], 'not': [94], 'previously': [95], 'known': [96], 'be': [98], 'amplified.': [99]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1968046362', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 30}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 27}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 31}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 28}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 49}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 54}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 59}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 65}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 61}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 89}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 98}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-12T20:08:36.683937', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}