Etiology of the Protein-Energy Wasting Syndrome in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Consensus Statement From the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM)

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Juan Jesús Carrero; Peter Stenvinkel; Lílian Cuppari; T. Alp İkizler; Kamyar Kalantar‐Zadeh; George A. Kaysen; William E. Mitch; S. Russ Price; Christoph Wanner; Angela Yee‐Moon Wang; Pieter ter Wee; Harold A. Franch
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'nutrition': [306, 1481], 'body': [308, 1040, 3127, 3432, 3836], 'composition': [309, 1112], 'is': [310, 327, 343, 793, 1143, 1146, 1370, 2146, 3308, 3441, 3658, 3873, 4014], 'patients': [314, 740, 801, 837, 1276, 1305, 1379, 1490, 1582, 1710, 1781, 2010, 2152, 2209, 2645, 3461, 3482, 3564, 3665, 3760], '(CKD),': [319], 'especially': [320], 'those': [322, 3770], 'undergoing': [323, 838], 'dialysis,': [324, 2352], 'it': [326], 'high': [330, 1337], 'A': [334], 'summary': [335], 'mechanisms': [338, 2746], 'involved': [339, 648], 'these': [341, 363, 477, 825, 1422, 2251, 2804, 3862], 'provided': [344], 'Figure': [346, 3421], '1.': [347], 'contributes': [361, 1519, 2806], 'problems,': [364], 'there': [365], 'features': [367, 456], 'cannot': [372], 'be': [373, 1931, 2339, 2370, 2921, 2943, 3216, 4023], 'explained': [374], 'undernutrition': [376], 'alone.': [377], 'Many': [378, 1393], 'contributing': [379], 'causes': [380, 3119, 3139], 'directly': [382, 1518], 'related': [383], 'disease,': [386, 696], 'including': [387, 417, 1153, 1893, 2373], 'resting': [389, 3478, 3559], 'expenditure': [391, 970, 3435, 3480, 3522, 3561, 3596, 3625, 3663, 3732, 3789, 3891, 3913, 3949], '(REE),': [392], 'disorders,': [398], 'itself.': [403], 'However,': [404, 1024, 3010, 3103], 'shares': [407], 'etiologic': [408], 'cachexia': [413, 451, 535], 'non-CKD': [415], 'populations,': [416], 'cachexia,': [422], 'decreased': [423, 1373, 2993, 3112, 3877, 3977], 'aging.': [428], 'The': [429, 560, 1036, 1665, 1871, 2359, 2913, 2998, 3205, 3256, 3299, 3347, 3406, 4011], 'CKD': [430, 630, 1352, 1744, 3449, 3460], 'end-stage': [432, 3484], 'renal': [433, 707, 1398, 1450, 1480, 1787, 1793, 1817, 1829, 1861, 2013, 3485], '(ESRD)': [435], 'populations': [436], 'unique': [438, 455], 'constant': [441], 'surveillance': [442], 'facilitates': [444], 'diagnosis': [446, 614], 'before': [449], 'frank': [450], 'begins.': [452], 'Given': [453], 'syndrome,': [459], '(ISRNM)': [468], 'common': [471], 'nomenclature': [472, 498], 'diagnostic': [474, 500], 'criteria': [475, 501, 564], 'context': [481], 'CKD.1Fouque': [483], 'D.': [484, 1297, 1443, 2297, 2687, 3895, 3899, 3941], 'Kalantar-Zadeh': [485], 'K.': [486, 780, 987, 1291, 1445, 1595, 2222, 3060, 3827], 'Kopple': [487, 787, 1292, 1602, 2229], 'J.': [488, 993, 1100, 1566, 2193, 2681, 3058], 'Cano': [489], 'N.': [490, 884, 1628, 1952, 2582, 3512, 3615, 3722, 3779], 'Chauveau': [491], 'P.': [492, 1065, 1096, 1160, 1166, 1199, 1207, 1777, 2036, 2069, 2137, 2143, 2262, 2392, 3897, 3937], 'Cuppari': [493, 1068, 1813, 3583, 3655], 'L.': [494, 882, 1069, 1681, 1814, 1954, 2299, 2426, 2542, 3544, 3584, 3656], 'et': [495, 755, 853, 889, 926, 967, 1105, 1169, 1208, 1241, 1365, 1478, 1536, 1573, 1635, 1955, 1994, 2037, 2070, 2144, 2200, 2306, 2463, 2511, 2552, 2589, 2631, 2688, 3519, 3593, 3622, 3690, 3729, 3786, 3830, 3906, 3944], 'al.A': [496], 'protein-energy': [503], 'acute': [506], 'disease.Kidney': [510, 1383], 'Int.': [511, 976, 1384, 1692, 2086], '2008;': [512, 1457, 2017, 2696, 2726], '73:': [513], '391-398Crossref': [514], 'PubMed': [515, 577, 774, 817, 872, 909, 946, 1019, 1057, 1088, 1224, 1261, 1322, 1388, 1460, 1556, 1660, 1701, 1734, 1838, 1924, 1976, 2020, 2053, 2090, 2126, 2172, 2276, 2333, 2413, 2445, 2491, 2531, 2614, 2654, 2704, 2734, 2799, 2847, 2859, 2968, 3047, 3079, 3179, 3200, 3494, 3537, 3574, 3606, 3640, 3707, 3747, 3804, 3927, 3961, 4006, 4058, 4074], 'Scopus': [516, 578, 775, 818, 873, 910, 947, 1020, 1089, 1192, 1225, 1262, 1389, 1461, 1557, 1661, 1702, 1735, 1839, 1925, 1977, 2021, 2054, 2091, 2127, 2173, 2277, 2334, 2414, 2446, 2492, 2615, 2655, 2705, 2735, 2860, 2969, 3048, 3080, 3201, 3538, 3575, 3641, 3708, 3748, 3805, 3928, 3962, 4007, 4075], '(349)': [517], 'Google': [518, 580, 777, 820, 875, 912, 949, 980, 1022, 1058, 1091, 1194, 1227, 1264, 1323, 1391, 1463, 1508, 1559, 1592, 1621, 1663, 1704, 1737, 1803, 1841, 1869, 1927, 1979, 2023, 2056, 2093, 2129, 2175, 2219, 2248, 2279, 2336, 2416, 2448, 2494, 2532, 2574, 2617, 2657, 2707, 2737, 2800, 2848, 2862, 2971, 3008, 3050, 3082, 3180, 3203, 3495, 3540, 3577, 3607, 3643, 3676, 3710, 3750, 3807, 3850, 3930, 3964, 4009, 4059, 4077], 'Scholar': [519, 581, 821, 950, 1023, 1136, 1265, 1324, 1392, 1664, 1738, 1870, 1928, 1980, 2024, 2094, 2130, 2280, 2337, 2449, 2495, 2533, 2738, 2801, 2863, 2915, 2972, 3009, 3083, 3204, 3496, 3541, 3578, 3608, 3711, 3751, 3808, 3851, 4010, 4078], '(PEW)': [522], 'was': [523, 545, 1270, 1342, 3756], 'denote': [526], 'concurrent': [527], 'losses': [528, 700], 'protein': [530, 632, 720, 790, 830, 1513, 1855, 2941, 2958, 2980, 2995, 3030, 3065, 3107, 3220, 3263, 3272, 3287, 3350, 3380, 3810, 3837, 3978], 'stores,': [533], 'being': [536], 'regarded': [537], 'only': [539, 1878, 2866], 'end': [541], 'stage.': [542], "ISRNM's": [543], 'intention': [544], 'begin': [547], 'creating': [548, 2353, 3987], 'framework': [550], 'promote': [557], 'PEW.2Hoffer': [558], 'L.J.': [559], 'need': [561, 2253, 2368], 'consistent': [563], 'identifying': [566], 'malnutrition.Nestle': [567], 'Nutr': [568, 2693], 'Workshop': [569], 'Ser': [570], 'Clin': [571, 1587, 1616, 1833, 2121, 2214, 2243, 2794, 2842, 3174, 3671, 4053], 'Perform': [572], 'Programme.': [573], '2009;': [574, 1726, 2273, 2325, 2965], '12:': [575, 1315], '41-52Crossref': [576], '(5)': [579], 'process,': [585], 'now': [588], 'review': [592], '(Table': [604], '1)': [605], 'advances': [612, 2715], 'therapy': [616], 'gaps': [620], 'research.Table': [625], '1Causes': [626], 'Patients1.Decreased': [631], 'intakea.Anorexiai.Dysregulation': [635], 'circulating': [637, 659, 1934], 'mediatorsii.Hypothalamic': [639], 'amino': [640, 2162, 2293, 2316, 2346, 2821, 2876, 3231, 3376], 'acid': [641, 1111, 2347, 3206], 'sensingiii.Nitrogen-based': [642], 'uremic': [643, 1767, 2258, 2269], 'toxinsb.Dietary': [644], 'restrictionsc.Alterations': [645], 'organs': [647, 3228], 'nutrient': [650, 680, 1439, 1966], 'intaked.Depressione.Inability': [651], 'obtain': [653], 'or': [654, 951, 2005, 2095, 2177, 2351, 2382, 2534, 2663, 3029, 3115, 3448, 3497], 'prepare': [655], 'food2.Hypermetabolisma.Increased': [656], 'expenditurei.Inflammationii.Increased': [658], 'proinflammatory': [660], 'cytokinesiii.Insulin': [661], 'resistance': [662, 671], 'secondary': [663], 'obesityiv.Altered': [665], 'adiponectin': [666], 'resistin': [668], 'metabolismb.Hormonal': [669], 'disordersi.Insulin': [670], 'CKDii.Increased': [673], 'glucocorticoid': [674], 'activity3.Metabolic': [675], 'acidosis4.Decreased': [676], 'activity5.Decreased': [678], 'anabolisma.Decreased': [679], 'intakeb.Resistance': [681], 'GH/IGF-1c.Testosterone': [683], 'deficiencyd.Low': [684], 'thyroid': [685], 'hormone': [686], 'levels6.Comorbidities': [687], 'lifestylea.Comorbidities': [689], '(diabetes': [690], 'mellitus,': [691], 'CHF,': [692], 'depression,': [693], 'coronary': [694], 'artery': [695], 'peripheral': [697], 'vascular': [698], 'disease)7.Dialysisa.Nutrient': [699], 'into': [701], 'dialysateb.Dialysis-related': [702], 'inflammationc.Dialysis-related': [703], 'hypermetabolismd.Loss': [704], 'residual': [706, 3715], 'function': [708, 1818, 2467], 'Open': [709], 'table': [710], 'new': [713, 2691, 2714], 'tab': [714], 'Undernutrition': [715], 'AnorexiaLow': [717], 'and/or': [719, 1434], 'associates': [722], 'significant': [725], 'decline': [726], 'parameters': [729, 757, 855], '(including': [730], 'hypoalbuminemia)': [731], 'risk': [734, 1346, 3526, 3629, 3736, 3793], 'mortality': [738, 759, 798, 857, 1173, 1215, 1350, 1377, 2082, 3525, 3628, 3735, 3792], 'advanced': [742], 'CKD.3Araujo': [743], 'I.C.': [744, 842], 'Kamimura': [745, 843, 956, 1062, 3550, 3651], 'M.A.': [746, 844, 957, 1063, 2454, 2551, 3551, 3652, 3679, 3683], 'Draibe': [747, 845, 1066, 1807, 3556, 3649, 3680], 'S.A.': [748, 846, 1067, 1808, 3557, 3650, 3681], 'Canziani': [749, 847], 'M.E.': [750, 848, 1570, 2197], 'Manfredi': [751, 849, 965, 3688], 'S.R.': [752, 850, 966, 3689, 3994, 4062], 'Avesani': [753, 851, 961, 1567, 1809, 2194, 3548, 3647, 3686], 'C.M.': [754, 852, 962, 1568, 1810, 2195, 3549, 3582, 3648, 3687, 3933], 'al.Nutritional': [756, 854], 'incident': [761, 859], 'hemodialysis': [762, 800, 840, 860, 897, 938, 1304, 1548, 1613, 1688, 2040, 2084, 2240, 2321, 2433, 2518, 3563, 3915], 'patients.J': [763, 861, 898, 1077, 1182, 1723, 2322, 2434, 3530, 3633, 3740, 3797, 3916], 'Ren': [764, 807, 862, 899, 1078, 1251, 1312, 1455, 1499, 1724, 1914, 2323, 2435, 3917], 'Nutr.': [765, 808, 863, 900, 1079, 1252, 1313, 1500, 1588, 1617, 1725, 1834, 1915, 2215, 2244, 2324, 2436, 2795, 2843, 2964, 3004, 3175, 3490, 3672, 3918, 4054], '2006;': [766, 864, 977, 1693, 3192], '16:': [767, 865, 3604], '27-35Abstract': [768, 866], 'Full': [769, 771, 812, 814, 867, 869, 904, 906, 1014, 1016, 1083, 1085, 1256, 1258, 1317, 1319, 1696, 1698, 1729, 1731, 1919, 1921, 2328, 2330, 2440, 2442, 2486, 2488, 2526, 2528, 2699, 2701, 2729, 2731, 3195, 3197, 3922, 3924], 'Text': [770, 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[810], '15-25Abstract': [811], '(66)': [819], 'most': [823, 2673], 'studies,': [826], 'intakes': [831, 2787, 2835, 3167, 4046], 'lower': [833, 1279, 1345, 3326, 3773], 'recommended': [835], 'either': [839], '(HD)3Araujo': [841], '5Bossola': [877], 'M.': [878, 880, 886, 989, 1230, 1232, 1360, 1679, 1944, 1983, 1989, 2026, 2295, 2420, 2456, 2505, 2549, 3470, 3590, 3685], 'Muscaritoli': [879], 'Tazza': [881, 1680, 2425], 'Panocchia': [883], 'Liberatori': [885], 'Giungi': [887, 1682, 2302], 'S.': [888, 1295, 1572, 1634, 1683, 1948, 2199, 2303, 2510, 2588, 3646, 3654, 3935], 'al.Variables': [890], 'reduced': [893, 1584, 2211, 2659, 3261], '2005;': [901, 943, 1553, 2123, 2856, 3673], '15:': [902, 3535, 3572, 3638, 3745, 3802], '244-252Abstract': [903], '(28)': [911], '6Burrowes': [914], 'Larive': [916, 1526], 'B.': [917, 1102, 1238, 1527, 2065, 2301, 2394, 2498], 'Chertow': [918, 1528], 'G.M.': [919, 1529], 'Cockram': [920, 1530], 'D.B.': [921, 1531], 'Dwyer': [922, 1532], 'J.T.': [923, 1533], 'Greene': [924, 1534, 1845], 'T.': [925, 1098, 1164, 1205, 1535, 2034], 'al.Self-reported': [927, 1537], 'appetite,': [928, 1538], 'death': [931, 1541], 'haemodialysis': [933, 1050, 1543, 1640, 2594, 3696, 3951], 'patients:': [934, 1544, 1689, 2041, 2471, 3697, 3952], 'findings': [935, 1545], 'from': [936, 1326, 1546, 2767, 3222, 3226, 3289, 3353, 3411, 3455, 3997, 4065], '(HEMO)': [939, 1549], 'study.Nephrol': [940, 1550], 'Dial': [941, 975, 1052, 1127, 1219, 1551, 1655, 1971, 2015, 2167, 2609, 2649, 3601, 3702, 3956], 'Transpl.': [942, 1053, 1128, 1220, 1552, 1656, 1972, 2016, 2168, 2610, 2650, 3602, 3703, 3957], '20:': [944, 1081, 1554], '2765-2774Crossref': [945, 1555], '(55)': [948, 1558], 'peritoneal': [952, 972, 997, 1075, 2006, 2469, 2477, 2566, 3528, 3631, 3738, 3795], '(PD).7Bazanelli': [954], 'A.P.': [955, 1061], 'da': [958], 'Silva': [959, 1468, 3585], 'C.B.': [960], 'Lopes': [963], 'M.G.': [964, 2030], 'al.Resting': [968, 3520, 3594, 3623, 3730, 3787], 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[1037], 'stable': [1039, 3445], 'mass': [1041], 'despite': [1042], 'low': [1043, 2778, 2786, 2826, 2834, 3158, 3166, 4037, 4045], 'reported': [1044, 1671], 'patients.Nephrol': [1051, 1218, 1970, 3600], '2002;': [1054, 1314, 3005, 3847], '17:': [1055, 3045], '1628-1633Crossref': [1056], '10Bazanelli': [1060], 'Vasselai': [1064], 'Underreporting': [1070], '2010;': [1080, 2169, 2571, 4003, 4071], '263-269Abstract': [1082], '(6)': [1090, 1193], '11Huang': [1093], 'X.': [1094, 1158, 1197], 'Sjogren': [1095], 'Cederholm': [1097, 1163, 1204], 'Arnlov': [1099], 'Lindholm': [1101, 1237, 2064, 2393], 'Riserus': [1103, 1202], 'U.': [1104, 1203], 'al.Serum': [1106, 2632, 3691], 'adipose': [1108], 'tissue': [1109], 'fatty': [1110, 1211, 2773, 2818, 2987], 'biomarkers': [1114], 'habitual': [1116], 'fat': [1118], 'elderly': [1121], 'men': [1122], 'disease.Nephrol': [1126], '2012;': [1129, 1221, 1385, 1501, 3958], '(Available': [1130, 1502], 'at:)': [1131, 1503], '(Accessed': [1132, 1504], 'January': [1133, 1505], '29,': [1134, 1506], '2013)http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/12/09/ndt.gfs478.longGoogle': [1135], 'improving': [1138], 'accuracy': [1139], 'monitoring': [1142], 'needed.': [1144], 'There': [1145], 'presently': [1147], 'limited': [1148, 3149], 'information': [1149], 'correlating': [1150], 'composition,': [1152], 'micro/macronutrient': [1154], 'intake,': [1155], 'outcomes.12Huang': [1157], 'Stenvinkel': [1159, 1198, 2136, 2261, 2391], 'Qureshi': [1161, 1200, 1470, 1563, 2062, 2138, 2190], 'A.R.': [1162, 1201, 1471, 1564, 2063, 2139, 2191], 'Barany': [1165, 1206, 2068, 2142], 'Heimburger': [1167, 2066, 2140], 'al.Clinical': [1170], 'determinants': [1171], 'predictability': [1174], 'stearoyl-coa': [1176], 'desaturase-1': [1177], 'activity': [1178, 3946], 'indices': [1179], 'Intern': [1183], 'Med.': [1184, 3075], '2012': [1185], 'Aug': [1186], '17;': [1187], '([Epub': [1188], 'ahead': [1189], 'print])https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02573.xCrossref': [1191], '13Huang': [1196], 'al.Essential': [1209], 'polyunsaturated': [1210], 'acids,': [1212, 2317, 3377], 'inflammation': [1213, 1348, 1374, 3040, 3070, 3092, 3344, 3386, 3813, 3909], '27:': [1222, 1801, 2051, 2697, 3492, 3959], '3615-3620Crossref': [1223], '(12)': [1226], '14Jankowska': [1229], 'Marszall': [1231], 'Debska-Slizien': [1233], 'A.': [1234, 1987, 1993, 2028, 2032, 2061, 2135, 2452, 2458, 2540, 3054, 3905], 'Carrero': [1235, 1476, 2389], 'J.J.': [1236, 1477, 1562, 1707, 1902, 2059, 2133, 2189, 2260, 2390], 'Czarnowski': [1239], 'W.': [1240, 2101, 2507, 3903], 'al.Vitamin': [1242], 'B6': [1243], 'immunity': [1246], 'transplant': [1249], 'recipients.J': [1250], '2013;': [1253], '23:': [1254, 2018], '57-64Abstract': [1255], '(1)': [1263], 'one': [1267], 'study': [1268, 1796], 'based': [1271], 'food-frequency': [1273], 'questionnaires,': [1274], 'HD': [1275, 3464], 'consume': [1277], 'significantly': [1278], 'amounts': [1280], 'potassium,': [1282, 1411], 'fiber,': [1284], 'vitamin': [1285], 'C,': [1286], 'certain': [1288, 3122], 'cardioprotective': [1289], 'carotenoids.15Kalantar-Zadeh': [1290], 'Deepak': [1294], 'Block': [1296, 1298, 1596, 2223], 'G.': [1299, 1356, 1597, 1685, 1946, 2224, 2422, 3035, 3056, 3943], 'Food': [1300], 'characteristics': [1302], 'obtained': [1307], 'frequency': [1310], 'questionnaire.J': [1311], '17-31Abstract': [1316], 'Data': [1325], 'Third': [1328], 'National': [1329], 'Health': [1330], 'Examination': [1333], 'Survey': [1334], 'showed': [1335], 'total': [1339, 3889, 3911], 'fiber': [1340, 1368], 'patients.16Krishnamurthy': [1353], 'V.M.': [1354], 'Wei': [1355], 'Baird': [1357], 'B.C.': [1358], 'Murtaugh': [1359], 'Chonchol': [1361], 'M.B.': [1362], 'Raphael': [1363], 'K.L.': [1364], 'al.High': [1366], 'all-cause': [1376], '81:': [1386], '300-306Crossref': [1387], '(20)': [1390], 'diets': [1399, 2932], 'contradict': [1400], 'recommendations': [1402], 'healthy': [1404], 'eating.': [1405], 'limiting': [1407], 'sodium,': [1409], 'phosphate,': [1410], 'fluid': [1413], 'prevents': [1415], 'important': [1416], 'patient': [1417, 1643, 2597], 'complications,': [1418], 'problems': [1419, 2377, 2381], 'arise': [1420], 'when': [1421, 3767], 'not': [1425, 1877, 3022, 3857, 3867], 'accompanied': [1426], 'appropriate': [1428], 'counseling': [1429], 'alternative': [1431], 'choices': [1433], 'strategies': [1435], 'ensure': [1437], 'adequate': [1438], 'intake.17Hollingdale': [1440], 'R.': [1441, 1473, 1771, 1812, 2462, 2500, 2502, 2544, 3466, 3592], 'Sutton': [1442], 'Hart': [1444], 'Facilitating': [1446], 'change': [1448, 3023], 'disease:': [1451], 'investigating': [1452], "patients'": [1453], 'perspectives.J': [1454], 'Care.': [1456], '34:': [1458], '136-142Crossref': [1459], '(10)': [1462, 1926], '18Paes-Barreto': [1465], 'J.G.': [1466], 'Barreto': [1467], 'M.I.': [1469], 'Bregman': [1472], 'Cervante': [1474], 'V.F.': [1475], 'al.Can': [1479], 'education': [1482], 'improve': [1483, 2266], 'adherence': [1484], 'low-protein': [1487], 'diet': [1488, 1791], 'stages': [1492, 1745], '3': [1493], '5': [1495], 'disease?.J': [1498], '2013)http://www.jrnjournal.org/article/S1051-2276(12)00203-8/abstractPubMed': [1507], 'ScholarAnorexia': [1509], 'often': [1510], 'drives': [1511], 'inadequate': [1512], 'quality': [1522], 'life.6Burrowes': [1524], '19Carrero': [1561], 'Axelsson': [1565, 2192], 'Suliman': [1569, 2196], 'Kato': [1571, 2198], 'al.Comparison': [1574, 2201], 'inflammatory': [1578, 2205, 4012], 'markers': [1579, 2206], 'appetite.Am': [1585, 2212], '85:': [1590, 2217], '695-701PubMed': [1591, 2218], '20Kalantar-Zadeh': [1594, 2221], 'Humphreys': [1600, 2227], 'M.H.': [1601, 2228, 2997], 'Appetite': [1604, 2231, 2427], 'nutrition,': [1607, 2234], 'anemia,': [1608, 2235], 'clinical': [1610, 1714, 2237], 'outcome': [1611, 2238], 'patients.Am': [1614, 2241, 2519], '2004;': [1618, 1973, 2245, 3044, 3534, 3571, 3637, 3744, 3801], '80:': [1619, 2246], '299-307PubMed': [1620, 2247], '21Lopes': [1623], 'A.A.': [1624, 2578], 'Elder': [1625, 2579], 'S.J.': [1626, 2580], 'Ginsberg': [1627, 2581], 'Andreucci': [1629, 2583], 'V.E.': [1630, 2584], 'Cruz': [1631, 2585], 'J.M.': [1632, 2586], 'Fukuhara': [1633, 2587], 'al.Lack': [1636, 2590], 'patients—associations': [1641, 2595], 'characteristics,': [1644, 2598], 'indicators': [1645, 2599], 'status': [1648, 1779, 1826, 2602], 'outcomes': [1650, 2604], 'international': [1653, 2607, 3954], 'DOPPS.Nephrol': [1654, 2608], '22:': [1658, 2612, 3193, 3705], '3538-3546Crossref': [1659, 2613], '(41)': [1662, 2616], 'prevalence': [1666], 'anorexia': [1668, 2367], 'has': [1669, 3866], 'been': [1670, 3868], '35%': [1673], '50%': [1675], 'ESRD': [1677], 'patients.22Bossola': [1678], 'Luciani': [1684, 2421], 'Anorexia': [1686, 1929], 'an': [1690, 3276, 3333, 3886, 3953], 'update.Kidney': [1691], '70:': [1694], '417-422Abstract': [1695], '(0)': [1703], '23Carrero': [1706], 'Identification': [1708], 'eating': [1712, 1963], 'disorders:': [1713], 'biochemical': [1716], 'signs': [1717], 'loss': [1720, 1757, 2977, 3100, 3141, 3221, 3285, 3348, 3374, 3713, 3838], '19:': [1727, 1974, 2326, 2857], '10-15Abstract': [1728], '(26)': [1736], 'few': [1740], 'studies': [1741], 'exist': [1742], '1-3,': [1746], 'progressive,': [1748], 'spontaneous': [1749, 1820], 'decrease': [1750], 'occurs': [1754, 3351], 'function,': [1760], 'which': [1761, 4021], 'correlates': [1762, 2157], 'accumulation': [1764], 'nitrogen-derived': [1766], 'toxins.24Kopple': [1768], 'Berg': [1770], 'Houser': [1772], 'H.': [1773, 1991, 2386], 'Steinman': [1774], 'T.I.': [1775], 'Teschan': [1776], 'Nutritional': [1778], 'different': [1783], 'levels': [1784, 2310, 2348], 'insufficiency.': [1788], 'Modification': [1789], '(MDRD)': [1795], 'group.Kidney': [1797], 'Int': [1798], 'Suppl.': [1799], '1989;': [1800], 'S184-S194PubMed': [1802], '25Duenhas': [1805], 'M.R.': [1806], 'Sesso': [1811, 3591], 'Influence': [1815], 'insufficiency': [1830], 'patients.Eur': [1831], '57:': [1836], '1473-1478Crossref': [1837], '(17)': [1840, 2415], '26Ikizler': [1843], 'T.A.': [1844, 3476, 3819], 'J.H.': [1846], 'Wingard': [1847], 'R.L.': [1848], 'Parker': [1849], 'R.A.': [1850], 'Hakim': [1851, 3473, 3828], 'Spontaneous': [1853], 'progression': [1858], 'failure.J': [1862], 'Am': [1863, 2407, 2722, 3531, 3568, 3634, 3741, 3798], 'Soc': [1864, 2408, 3532, 3569, 3635, 3742, 3799], 'Nephrol.': [1865, 2049, 2272, 2409, 3533, 3570, 3636, 3743, 3800], '1995;': [1866], '6:': [1867, 2411], '1386-1391PubMed': [1868], 'influencing': [1873], 'involve': [1876], 'metabolic': [1879, 2812, 3360, 3388, 3417], 'signals': [1880, 3988], 'but': [1881, 2250, 2872], 'also': [1882], 'anomalies': [1883], 'digestive': [1886], 'system': [1887], 'psychological': [1889], 'acquired': [1891], 'aspects,': [1892], 'desire': [1895], 'pleasure,': [1897], 'social': [1898], 'behavior,': [1899], 'customs.27Carrero': [1901], 'Mechanisms': [1903], 'altered': [1905], 'regulation': [1906, 1996], 'disease.J': [1913], '2011;': [1916, 2087, 2410, 2437, 2651, 3919], '21:': [1917, 2438, 3920], '7-11Abstract': [1918], 'may': [1930, 2338, 2942], 'mediated': [1932], 'regulators,': [1936], 'gastric': [1939, 2418, 2513], 'mediators': [1940, 2252], '(such': [1941, 2098, 2179, 2378], 'cholecystokinin,28Wright': [1943], 'Woodrow': [1945], "O'Brien": [1947], 'Armstrong': [1949], 'E.': [1950], 'King': [1951], 'Dye': [1953], 'al.Cholecystokinin': [1956], 'leptin:': [1958], 'their': [1959, 2472], 'influence': [1960, 3384, 3415], 'upon': [1961], 'behaviour': [1964], '133-140Crossref': [1975], '(25)': [1978, 2493], 'peptide': [1981, 1998], 'YY,29Perez-Fontan': [1982], 'Cordido': [1984], 'F.': [1985, 2424, 3939], 'Rodriguez-Carmona': [1986], 'Penin': [1988], 'Diaz-Cambre': [1990], 'Lopez-Muniz': [1992], 'al.Short-term': [1995], 'YY': [1999], 'secretion': [2000, 2760], 'mixed': [2003], 'meal': [2004], 'glucose-based': [2007], 'dialysate': [2008], 'failure.Nephrol': [2014], '3696-3703Crossref': [2019], '(13)': [2022], 'ghrelin,30Muscaritoli': [2025], 'Molfino': [2027], 'Chiappini': [2029], 'Laviano': [2031], 'Ammann': [2033], 'Spinsanti': [2035], 'al.Anorexia': [2038, 2307], 'possible': [2043], 'role': [2044, 2360, 2671], 'des-acyl': [2046], 'ghrelin.Am': [2047], '360-365Crossref': [2052], '(39)': [2055], '31Carrero': [2058], 'Nakashima': [2060], 'al.Protein-energy': [2071], 'modifies': [2073], 'association': [2075], 'ghrelin': [2077, 2265, 2319, 3339], 'leptin,': [2080], 'patients.Kidney': [2085], '79:': [2088], '749-756Crossref': [2089], '(22)': [2092, 2174], 'obestatin),': [2096], 'adipokines': [2097], 'leptin32Cheung': [2100], 'Yu': [2102], 'P.X.': [2103], 'Little': [2104], 'B.M.': [2105], 'Cone': [2106], 'R.D.': [2107], 'Marks': [2108], 'D.L.': [2109], 'Mak': [2110], 'R.H.': [2111], 'Role': [2112], 'leptin': [2114, 3337], 'melanocortin': [2116], 'signaling': [2117], 'uremia-associated': [2119], 'cachexia.J': [2120], 'Invest.': [2122], '115:': [2124], '1659-1665Crossref': [2125], '(150)': [2128], 'visfatin33Carrero': [2132], 'Witasp': [2134], 'al.Visfatin': [2145], 'negatively': [2158], 'fasting': [2160], 'serum': [2161, 3306, 3404], 'acids': [2163, 2819, 2877, 3232], 'triglyceride': [2165], 'levels.Nephrol': [2166], '25:': [2170], '901-906Crossref': [2171], 'Scholar),': [2176, 2249, 2417, 2575], 'cytokines': [2178], 'tumor': [2181], 'necrosis': [2182], 'factor': [2183], '[TNF],': [2184], 'interleukin': [2185], '[IL]-6,': [2186], 'IL-1β19Carrero': [2188], 'additional': [2254, 2745], 'milieu.34Carrero': [2259], 'Nutrition:': [2263], 'Can': [2264], 'wasting?.Nat': [2270], 'Rev': [2271, 2963], '5:': [2274], '672-673Crossref': [2275], '(8)': [2278, 3929], 'Signaling': [2281], 'hypothalamic': [2283], 'neurons': [2284], 'sense': [2286], 'ratio': [2288], 'essential': [2290], 'nonessential': [2292], 'acids35Bossola': [2294], 'Scribano': [2296], 'Colacicco': [2298], 'Tavazzi': [2300], 'Zuppi': [2304], 'C.': [2305, 2547, 2683, 3901], 'plasma': [2309, 2994, 3011, 3064], 'free': [2312, 2817], 'tryptophan,': [2313], 'branched': [2314], 'chain': [2315], '248-255Abstract': [2327], 'influenced': [2340], 'fall': [2343, 3282], 'branched-chain': [2345], 'uremia': [2350, 2365], 'so-called': [2355], 'brain': [2356], 'hyperserotoninergic-like': [2357], 'syndrome.': [2358], 'complications': [2363], 'explored,': [2372], 'dental': [2374], 'oral': [2376, 2399], 'palatability': [2380], 'incidence': [2383], 'periodontitis36Akar': [2385], 'Akar': [2387], 'G.C.': [2388], 'Systemic': [2395], 'health': [2400], 'patients.Clin': [2405], '218-226Crossref': [2412], 'alterations37Bossola': [2419], 'Rosa': [2423], 'gastrointestinal': [2429], 'symptoms': [2430, 2641], '448-454Abstract': [2439], '(9)': [2447, 2970], '(motility': [2450], 'disorders,38Aguilera': [2451], 'Bajo': [2453, 2550], 'Espinoza': [2455], 'Olveira': [2457], 'Paiva': [2459], 'A.M.': [2460], 'Codoceo': [2461, 2543], 'al.Gastrointestinal': [2464], 'pancreatic': [2466], 'relationship': [2473, 3038, 3698], 'malnutrition': [2475], 'membrane': [2478], 'abnormalities.Am': [2479], '42:': [2484], '787-796Abstract': [2485], 'dyspepsia,39Van': [2496], 'Vlem': [2497], 'Schoonjans': [2499], 'Vanholder': [2501], 'De': [2503], 'Vos': [2504], 'Vandamme': [2506], 'Van': [2508], 'Laecke': [2509], 'al.Delayed': [2512], 'emptying': [2514], 'dyspeptic': [2516], '2000;': [2523], '36:': [2524], '962-968Abstract': [2525], 'bacterial': [2535, 2554], 'infections': [2536], 'intestine40Aguilera': [2539], 'Gonzalez-Espinoza': [2541], 'Jara': [2545], 'Mdel': [2546], 'Pavone': [2548], 'al.Bowel': [2553], 'overgrowth': [2555], 'another': [2557], 'cause': [2558], 'malnutrition,': [2560], 'atherosclerosis': [2563], 'patients.Adv': [2568], 'Perit': [2569], 'Dial.': [2570, 3043], '130-136PubMed': [2573], 'depression.21Lopes': [2577], '41Hung': [2619], 'K.C.': [2620], 'Wu': [2621], 'C.C.': [2622], 'Chen': [2623, 3467], 'H.S.': [2624], 'Ma': [2625], 'W.Y.': [2626], 'Tseng': [2627], 'C.F.': [2628], 'Yang': [2629], 'L.K.': [2630], 'IL-6,': [2633], 'albumin': [2634, 3307], 'co-morbidities': [2636], 'closely': [2638], 'depression': [2643], 'maintenance': [2647, 3446], 'haemodialysis.Nephrol': [2648], '658-664Crossref': [2653], '(16)': [2656, 2861], 'ScholarAlthough': [2658], 'absorption': [2665], 'nutrients': [2667], 'plays': [2668], 'critical': [2670, 3217, 3234], 'cases': [2674], 'PEW,42Evans': [2676], 'W.J.': [2677], 'Morley': [2678], 'J.E.': [2679, 2710, 3514, 3617, 3724, 3781], 'Argiles': [2680], 'Bales': [2682], 'Baracos': [2684], 'V.': [2685], 'Guttridge': [2686], 'al.Cachexia:': [2689], 'definition.Clin': [2692], '(Edinburgh,': [2694], 'Scotland).': [2695], '793-799Abstract': [2698], '(478)': [2706], '43Morley': [2709], 'Thomas': [2711], 'D.R.': [2712], 'Cachexia:': [2713], 'management': [2718], 'diseases.J': [2721], 'Med': [2723], 'Dir': [2724], 'Assoc.': [2725], '9:': [2727, 4004, 4072], '205-210Abstract': [2728], '(37)': [2736], 'science': [2740], 'starvation': [2742, 2885, 3090, 3118, 3137, 3213, 4027], 'suggests': [2743], 'needed': [2748], '(Fig.': [2753], '2).': [2754], 'Decreased': [2755], 'reduces': [2758, 3403, 3433], 'insulin': [2759, 2929, 3295, 3368, 3992], 'stimulates': [2762, 3832], 'production': [2764, 3410], 'sugar': [2766], 'glycogen': [2768], 'mobilization': [2771, 2815], 'acids.44Shetty': [2774, 2822], 'P.S.': [2775, 2823, 3155, 4034], 'Adaptation': [2776, 2824, 3156, 4035], 'intakes:': [2780, 2828, 3160, 4039], 'responses': [2782, 2830, 3162, 3189, 3970, 4028, 4041], 'limits': [2784, 2832, 3164, 4043], 'infants,': [2789, 2837, 3169, 4048], 'children': [2790, 2838, 3170, 4049], 'adults.Eur': [2792, 2840, 3172, 4051], '1999;': [2796, 2844, 3176, 4055], '53:': [2797, 2845, 3177, 4056], 'S14-S33Crossref': [2798, 2846, 3178, 4057], 'Activation': [2802], 'systems': [2805], 'reduction': [2809], 'basal': [2811], 'rate': [2813], '45Emery': [2850], 'P.W.': [2851], 'Metabolic': [2852], 'malnutrition.Eye.': [2855], '1029-1034Crossref': [2858], 'Muscle': [2864, 2916], 'proteolysis': [2865], 'transiently': [2867], 'increases': [2868, 2982, 3399, 3408, 3454], 'early': [2870], 'starvation,': [2871, 3430], 'release': [2874], 'declines': [2878], 'over': [2879], 'first': [2881], '2': [2882], 'weeks': [2883], 'visceral': [2887, 2918, 2979, 3106, 3291], 'organ': [2888], 'proteins': [2889, 2919], 'used': [2891], 'preferentially': [2892, 3288, 3352], 'muscle.46Waterlow': [2894], 'J.C.': [2895, 3238], 'Garlick': [2896, 3239], 'P.J.': [2897, 3240], 'Millward': [2898, 3241], 'D.J.': [2899, 3242], 'Protein': [2900, 3243], 'turnover': [2901, 3244], 'mammalian': [2903, 3246], 'tissues': [2904, 3247], 'whole': [2908, 3251, 3835], 'body.': [2909, 3252], 'North': [2910, 3253], 'Holland,': [2911, 3254], 'Amsterdam,': [2912, 3255], 'Netherlands1978Google': [2914, 3257], 'can': [2920, 4022], 'preserved': [2922], 'some': [2924, 3893], 'extent': [2925], 'because': [2926, 3355], 'heightened': [2928], 'sensitivity,': [2930], 'little': [2935], '0.55': [2937], 'g/kg/day': [2938], 'balanced': [2940], 'well': [2944], 'tolerated.47Franch': [2945], 'H.A.': [2946], 'Mitch': [2947], 'W.E.': [2948], 'Navigating': [2949], 'between': [2950], 'scylla': [2952], 'charybdis': [2954], 'prescribing': [2956], 'diseases.Annu': [2962], '29:': [2966], '341-364Crossref': [2967], 'Below': [2973], 'level,': [2975], 'lipolysis': [2984], 'lead': [2985], 'infiltration': [2988], 'liver': [2991, 3300, 3391], 'synthesis.48Golden': [2996], 'development': [2999], 'concepts': [3001], 'malnutrition.J': [3003], '132:': [3006], '2117S-2122SPubMed': [3007], 'proteins,': [3012], 'particularly': [3013], 'prealbumin': [3014], 'S-albumin,': [3016], 'have': [3017], 'half-life': [3019, 3335], 'do': [3021], 'concentration': [3025], 'moderate': [3027], 'calorie': [3028], 'restriction': [3031], 'alone.49Don': [3032], 'B.R.': [3033], 'Kaysen': [3034], 'Serum': [3036], 'albumin:': [3037], 'nutrition.Semin': [3042], '432-437Crossref': [3046], '(152)': [3049], '50Myron': [3052], 'Johnson': [3053], 'Merlini': [3055], 'Sheldon': [3057], 'Ichihara': [3059], 'Clinical': [3061], 'indications': [3062], 'assays:': [3066], 'transthyretin': [3067], '(prealbumin)': [3068], 'malnutrition.Clin': [3072], 'Chem': [3073], 'Lab': [3074], '45:': [3077], '419-426Crossref': [3078], '(48)': [3081], 'Generally,': [3084], 'addition': [3088], '(especially': [3091], 'acidosis)': [3094], 'accelerated': [3098], 'hypoalbuminemia.': [3102], 'depletion': [3104], 'stores': [3108], 'caused': [3109], 'prolonged': [3111], 'frequent': [3116, 3758], 'intermittent': [3117], 'disruption': [3120], 'protective': [3123], 'mechanisms.': [3124], 'Heavy': [3125], 'ketone': [3126, 3209], 'formation': [3128], 'marks': [3129], 'transition': [3131], 'metabolism': [3133], 'more': [3135, 3757], 'severe': [3136, 3212, 3542, 3566, 4025], 'adaptation': [3144], 'prevented': [3146], 'hypoalbuminemia': [3147], 'earlier': [3152], 'starvation.44Shetty': [3154], '51Finn': [3182], 'P.F.': [3183], 'Dice': [3184], 'J.F.': [3185], 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