Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1966733655', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1318201111', 'title': 'Observational determination of albedo decrease caused by vanishing Arctic sea ice', 'display_name': 'Observational determination of albedo decrease caused by vanishing Arctic sea ice', 'publication_year': 2014, 'publication_date': '2014-02-18', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1966733655', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1318201111', 'mag': '1966733655', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24550469', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3948279'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1318201111', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/111/9/3322.full.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S125754415', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences', 'issn_l': '0027-8424', 'issn': ['0027-8424', '1091-6490'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320052', 'host_organization_name': 'National Academy of Sciences', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320052'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Academy of Sciences'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'bronze', 'oa_url': 'https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/111/9/3322.full.pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5090114665', 'display_name': 'Kristina Pistone', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6130-0192'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I150209017', 'display_name': 'Scripps Institution of Oceanography', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04v7hvq31', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I150209017', 'https://openalex.org/I36258959']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I36258959', 'display_name': 'University of California, San Diego', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0168r3w48', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I36258959']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Kristina Pistone', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0221'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0221', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I150209017', 'https://openalex.org/I36258959']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5076440468', 'display_name': 'Ian Eisenman', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0190-2869'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I150209017', 'display_name': 'Scripps Institution of Oceanography', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04v7hvq31', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I150209017', 'https://openalex.org/I36258959']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I36258959', 'display_name': 'University of California, San Diego', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0168r3w48', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I36258959']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Ian Eisenman', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0221'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0221', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I150209017', 'https://openalex.org/I36258959']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5101990054', 'display_name': 'V. Ramanathan', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3534-5987'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I150209017', 'display_name': 'Scripps Institution of Oceanography', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04v7hvq31', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I150209017', 'https://openalex.org/I36258959']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I36258959', 'display_name': 'University of California, San Diego', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0168r3w48', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I36258959']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'V. Ramanathan', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0221'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0221', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I150209017', 'https://openalex.org/I36258959']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 9.467, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 211, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999929, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '111', 'issue': '9', 'first_page': '3322', 'last_page': '3326'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11459', 'display_name': 'Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1902', 'display_name': 'Atmospheric Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11459', 'display_name': 'Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1902', 'display_name': 'Atmospheric Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11333', 'display_name': 'Climate change and permafrost', 'score': 0.9926, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1902', 'display_name': 'Atmospheric Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10644', 'display_name': 'Cryospheric studies and observations', 'score': 0.9926, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1902', 'display_name': 'Atmospheric Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/ice-albedo-feedback', 'display_name': 'Ice-albedo feedback', 'score': 0.7175369}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/albedo', 'display_name': 'Albedo (alchemy)', 'score': 0.61412823}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/arctic-geoengineering', 'display_name': 'Arctic geoengineering', 'score': 0.5968683}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/forcing', 'display_name': 'Forcing (mathematics)', 'score': 0.49053878}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/arctic-dipole-anomaly', 'display_name': 'Arctic dipole anomaly', 'score': 0.4602022}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C49204034', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139', 'display_name': 'Climatology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.74525934}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C189059800', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1310671', 'display_name': 'Ice-albedo feedback', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.7175369}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C143510601', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16243069', 'display_name': 'Arctic sea ice decline', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.7123617}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C518008717', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25322', 'display_name': 'Arctic', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.68349725}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C136894858', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213926', 'display_name': 'Sea ice', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6734977}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C161798024', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3651008', 'display_name': 'Arctic ice pack', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6490392}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C195886398', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110050', 'display_name': 'Albedo (alchemy)', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.61412823}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C155372631', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4787572', 'display_name': 'Arctic geoengineering', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.5968683}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C99578197', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1463606', 'display_name': 'Radiative forcing', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5959636}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C39432304', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847', 'display_name': 'Environmental science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.52014285}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C197115733', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1003136', 'display_name': 'Forcing (mathematics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.49053878}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C132651083', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942', 'display_name': 'Climate change', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4760487}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C19807395', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878463', 'display_name': 'Arctic dipole anomaly', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.4602022}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C197435368', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q493109', 'display_name': 'Cryosphere', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.44603258}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C91586092', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520', 'display_name': 'Atmospheric sciences', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.43911332}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111368507', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518', 'display_name': 'Oceanography', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3774479}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127313418', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069', 'display_name': 'Geology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.29616085}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C16335420', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18205270', 'display_name': 'Antarctic sea ice', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.24873194}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142362112', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735', 'display_name': 'Art', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C554144382', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213156', 'display_name': 'Performance art', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C52119013', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637', 'display_name': 'Art history', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D057231', 'descriptor_name': 'Climate Change', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D046448', 'descriptor_name': 'Ice Cover', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013472', 'descriptor_name': 'Sunlight', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001110', 'descriptor_name': 'Arctic Regions', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D063809', 'descriptor_name': 'Satellite Imagery', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012621', 'descriptor_name': 'Seasons', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 5, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1318201111', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/111/9/3322.full.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S125754415', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences', 'issn_l': '0027-8424', 'issn': ['0027-8424', '1091-6490'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320052', 'host_organization_name': 'National Academy of Sciences', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320052'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Academy of Sciences'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6k14n7tm', 'pdf_url': 'https://escholarship.org/content/qt6k14n7tm/qt6k14n7tm.pdf?t=oflsha', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400115', 'display_name': 'eScholarship (California Digital Library)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I2801248553', 'host_organization_name': 'California Digital Library', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2801248553'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['California Digital Library'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3948279', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3948279?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3948279', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24550469', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1318201111', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/111/9/3322.full.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S125754415', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences', 'issn_l': '0027-8424', 'issn': ['0027-8424', '1091-6490'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320052', 'host_organization_name': 'National Academy of Sciences', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320052'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Academy of Sciences'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.71, 'display_name': 'Life below water', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 29, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1947599688', 'https://openalex.org/W1960586518', 'https://openalex.org/W1965707518', 'https://openalex.org/W1982297907', 'https://openalex.org/W1985217958', 'https://openalex.org/W1989561469', 'https://openalex.org/W2003819578', 'https://openalex.org/W2006506545', 'https://openalex.org/W2007837447', 'https://openalex.org/W2011806334', 'https://openalex.org/W2015320755', 'https://openalex.org/W2021057500', 'https://openalex.org/W2028999185', 'https://openalex.org/W2033779644', 'https://openalex.org/W2035221792', 'https://openalex.org/W2063539079', 'https://openalex.org/W2073773661', 'https://openalex.org/W2092354469', 'https://openalex.org/W2110620076', 'https://openalex.org/W2115421472', 'https://openalex.org/W2118222708', 'https://openalex.org/W2120809444', 'https://openalex.org/W2134591556', 'https://openalex.org/W2136238670', 'https://openalex.org/W2136562363', 'https://openalex.org/W2147283044', 'https://openalex.org/W2162911451', 'https://openalex.org/W3123703159', 'https://openalex.org/W4245826308'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4321091456', 'https://openalex.org/W2966692070', 'https://openalex.org/W2841489438', 'https://openalex.org/W2749450293', 'https://openalex.org/W2146942440', 'https://openalex.org/W2024417959', 'https://openalex.org/W1993208092', 'https://openalex.org/W1979627586', 'https://openalex.org/W1966733655', 'https://openalex.org/W1671309412'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'The': [0, 18, 74], 'decline': [1], 'of': [2, 13, 21, 27, 119, 186], 'Arctic': [3, 23, 98, 125, 180, 187, 193], 'sea': [4, 56, 84], 'ice': [5, 57, 85], 'has': [6, 37, 101], 'been': [7], 'documented': [8], 'in': [9, 64, 152, 170, 178], 'over': [10, 131], '30': [11], 'y': [12, 34], 'satellite': [14, 48, 54, 92], 'passive': [15], 'microwave': [16, 55], 'observations.': [17, 44], 'resulting': [19], 'darkening': [20], 'the': [22, 61, 72, 97, 124, 132, 150, 184], 'and': [24, 67, 83, 109, 163], 'its': [25, 68], 'amplification': [26], 'global': [28], 'warming': [29], 'was': [30], 'hypothesized': [31], 'almost': [32], '50': [33], 'ago': [35], 'but': [36], 'yet': [38], 'to': [39, 59, 105, 112, 138, 149, 173], 'be': [40], 'verified': [41], 'with': [42, 53], 'direct': [43, 166], 'This': [45], 'study': [46], 'uses': [47], 'radiation': [49], 'budget': [50], 'measurements': [51], 'along': [52], 'data': [58], 'document': [60], 'Arctic-wide': [62], 'decrease': [63, 136], 'planetary': [65, 81, 99], 'albedo': [66, 82, 100, 135, 189], 'amplifying': [69], 'effect': [70], 'on': [71], 'warming.': [73, 194], 'analysis': [75], 'reveals': [76], 'a': [77, 139, 175], 'striking': [78], 'relationship': [79], 'between': [80, 107], 'cover,': [86], 'quantities': [87], 'inferred': [88], 'from': [89, 103, 161], 'two': [90], 'independent': [91], 'instruments.': [93], 'We': [94], 'find': [95], 'that': [96, 141, 147], 'decreased': [102], '0.52': [104], '0.48': [106], '1979': [108], '2011,': [110], 'corresponding': [111], 'an': [113], 'additional': [114], '6.4': [115], '±': [116], '0.9': [117], 'W/m(2)': [118], 'solar': [120], 'energy': [121], 'input': [122], 'into': [123], 'Ocean': [126], 'region': [127], 'since': [128], '1979.': [129], 'Averaged': [130], 'globe,': [133], 'this': [134, 155], 'corresponds': [137], 'forcing': [140], 'is': [142], '25%': [143], 'as': [144, 146], 'large': [145], 'due': [148], 'change': [151], 'CO2': [153], 'during': [154], 'period,': [156], 'considerably': [157], 'larger': [158], 'than': [159], 'expectations': [160], 'models': [162], 'other': [164], 'less': [165], 'recent': [167], 'estimates.': [168], 'Changes': [169], 'cloudiness': [171], 'appear': [172], 'play': [174], 'negligible': [176], 'role': [177], 'observed': [179], 'darkening,': [181], 'thus': [182], 'reducing': [183], 'possibility': [185], 'cloud': [188], 'feedbacks': [190], 'mitigating': [191], 'future': [192]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1966733655', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 23}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 29}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 38}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 22}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 18}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 18}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 17}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 16}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 7}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-15T04:15:06.561327', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}