Publication Information

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4760, 4792, 4820, 4960, 4964], 'isolation': [22, 90, 365, 378, 482, 658, 3006], 'and': [23, 30, 38, 116, 123, 150, 153, 168, 188, 217, 222, 227, 240, 246, 252, 285, 318, 329, 347, 375, 447, 581, 595, 607, 639, 662, 695, 703, 746, 758, 761, 766, 776, 813, 844, 909, 967, 989, 1028, 1045, 1052, 1073, 1160, 1203, 1208, 1220, 1252, 1271, 1283, 1305, 1311, 1313, 1327, 1331, 1341, 1352, 1380, 1426, 1488, 1517, 1536, 1552, 1562, 1585, 1590, 1618, 1633, 1643, 1648, 1674, 1679, 1707, 1734, 1738, 1786, 1804, 1833, 1839, 1852, 1862, 1884, 1919, 1958, 1966, 1970, 1999, 2024, 2042, 2052, 2082, 2090, 2092, 2129, 2152, 2166, 2168, 2171, 2202, 2221, 2263, 2312, 2315, 2382, 2402, 2455, 2475, 2508, 2592, 2622, 2632, 2720, 2735, 2739, 2752, 2768, 2780, 2819, 2837, 2843, 2877, 2886, 2896, 2948, 2970, 3007, 3013, 3040, 3045, 3050, 3054, 3064, 3116, 3152, 3169, 3188, 3190, 3246, 3299, 3312, 3338, 3432, 3445, 3448, 3471, 3485, 3568, 3604, 3607, 3616, 3653, 3657, 3687, 3699, 3702, 3706, 3731, 3762, 3832, 3839, 3855, 3858, 3872, 3891, 3956, 3964, 3972, 3979, 4007, 4052, 4064, 4124, 4159, 4241, 4249, 4256, 4260, 4274, 4293, 4316, 4331, 4335, 4344, 4356, 4359, 4424, 4426, 4491, 4517, 4615, 4648, 4657, 4684, 4702, 4727, 4731, 4741, 4747, 4759, 4779, 4791, 4809, 4816, 4839, 4855, 4872, 4904, 4924, 4936, 4954, 4985, 5006], 'characterization': [24, 664, 3008], 'microbial': [27, 151], 'growth': [28, 99, 1199], 'factor': [29, 93, 143, 161, 407], 'led': [31, 725, 2352], 'to': [32, 165, 191, 206, 242, 259, 265, 293, 327, 363, 400, 414, 509, 519, 597, 635, 656, 693, 727, 821, 859, 864, 905, 934, 1163, 1242, 1277, 1287, 1385, 1410, 1503, 1514, 1777, 1830, 2012, 2020, 2141, 2157, 2162, 2248, 2284, 2327, 2353, 2372, 2439, 2854, 2945, 2949, 2979, 2982, 3019, 3060, 3076, 3185, 3203, 3261, 3264, 3275, 3389, 3533, 3671, 3803, 3905, 3916, 3961, 4003, 4029, 4072, 4122, 4136, 4147, 4305, 4326, 4456, 4698, 4752], 'elucidation': [33, 645], 'structure,': [36, 2751, 4461, 4700], 'function,': [37, 603, 2078, 2167, 4701], 'regulation': [39, 3331, 3776, 4703, 4785], 'α-keto': [41, 653, 683, 738, 1538, 1995, 3619, 4706], 'acid': [42, 104, 175, 453, 495, 547, 564, 661, 706, 724, 731, 739, 750, 775, 804, 856, 875, 884, 903, 931, 1007, 1051, 1094, 1188, 1215, 1233, 1240, 1301, 1413, 1436, 1539, 1617, 1620, 1729, 1879, 1996, 2097, 2920, 2973, 3133, 3466, 3620, 4697, 4707, 4794, 4844, 4931], 'complexes.': [44, 1731, 1881, 2265, 2993, 3135, 3468, 3622, 4709, 4916], 'The': [45, 160, 200, 371, 481, 716, 1061, 1154, 1171, 1201, 1212, 1391, 1416, 1490, 1821, 2073, 2138, 2146, 2520, 2532, 2743, 2775, 2803, 2922, 3226, 3574, 3623, 3708, 4037, 4224, 4311, 4448, 4503, 4847, 4902, 5000], 'high': [46], 'points': [47], 'are': [51, 707, 1037, 1910, 2324, 2830, 2943, 2965, 2977, 3017, 3120, 3193, 3559, 3645, 3735, 3756, 3830, 4451], 'presented': [52], 'below.': [53, 690], 'This': [54, 1334, 2266, 2451, 2576, 2649, 3282, 3591, 3926], 'discovery': [57, 2238], 'started': [58, 86], 'in': [59, 97, 134, 147, 336, 612, 722, 737, 779, 974, 1179, 1189, 1197, 1290, 1302, 1314, 1366, 1401, 1405, 1474, 1493, 1500, 1542, 1546, 1565, 1621, 1657, 1757, 1770, 1779, 1912, 1980, 1986, 2124, 2212, 2245, 2256, 2275, 2329, 2398, 2429, 2616, 2633, 2655, 2658, 2890, 2937, 2967, 3080, 3103, 3230, 3267, 3278, 3288, 3364, 3372, 3515, 3647, 3674, 3766, 3814, 3884, 3894, 3914, 3948, 4019, 4047, 4166, 4203, 4209, 4220, 4302, 4351, 4689, 4714, 4796, 4846, 4875, 4892, 4963], 'spring': [61, 136], '1949,': [63], 'about': [64, 267, 430, 435, 525, 600, 1169, 1668, 2113, 2272, 2495, 2917, 3718], '6': [65, 268, 526, 2623, 2635], 'months': [66], 'after': [67, 755, 3236], 'joined': [69], 'faculty': [71], 'Department': [74], 'Chemistry': [76], 'at': [77, 118, 125, 273, 391, 531, 583, 1030, 1269, 1439, 1788, 2569, 2717, 3209, 3536, 3545, 4439, 4744], 'University': [79, 120, 127, 4863], 'Texas.': [81, 129], 'At': [82, 177], 'time': [84, 179, 3211], 'working': [87], 'on': [88, 107, 433, 826, 835, 1022, 1183, 1456, 2380, 2517, 2628, 2862, 2868, 3033, 3243, 3505, 3737, 3758, 4186, 4244, 4337, 4567], 'replaced': [95, 1056], 'acetate': [96, 328], 'medium': [100], 'for': [101, 195, 250, 323, 417, 678, 711, 770, 807, 814, 918, 1000, 1097, 1530, 1702, 1796, 2088, 2396, 2765, 2772, 3029, 3866, 4612, 4757, 4765, 4880], 'certain': [102], 'lactic': [103], 'bacteria.': [105], 'Research': [106, 356, 4566, 4758], '“acetate-replacing': [109], 'factor”': [110, 313], 'was': [111, 203, 212, 279, 321, 341, 444, 496, 523, 567, 587, 713, 751, 805, 857, 922, 932, 948, 1002, 1008, 1068, 1131, 1167, 1216, 1223, 1229, 1363, 1375, 1421, 1429, 1482, 1555, 1774, 1815, 2186, 2453, 2543, 2579, 2652, 3003, 3285, 3381], 'initiated': [112, 4208], 'by': [113, 171, 174, 381, 569, 576, 589, 686, 842, 899, 926, 950, 979, 1039, 1057, 1117, 1324, 1486, 1916, 1921, 2309, 2448, 2457, 2462, 2582, 2588, 2662, 2832, 2879, 2929, 2959, 3122, 3150, 3177, 3195, 3219, 3233, 3332, 3409, 3512, 3595, 3608, 3689, 3695, 3703, 3741, 3942, 4022, 4139, 4289, 4295, 4419, 4427, 4453, 4624, 4721, 4742], 'Esmond': [114], 'Snell': [115], 'associates': [117, 319, 582, 767, 845, 1253, 1644, 1675, 2317, 3873, 4008, 4262, 4361], 'Wisconsin': [122], 'then': [124, 619, 4294], 'inherited': [131], 'project': [133], '1949.': [138], 'We': [139, 257, 499, 543, 819, 887, 1225, 1904, 1940, 2824, 3497, 3509, 3750, 4143, 4643], 'established': [140, 544, 568, 674], 'is': [144, 156, 162, 169, 548, 562, 945, 1414, 1498, 1948, 2009, 2219, 2243, 2342, 2421, 2436, 2927, 2935, 3175, 3182, 3200, 3353, 3407, 3593, 3724, 3782, 3819, 3930, 4300, 4563, 4576, 4654, 4661], 'widely': [145], 'distributed': [146, 2516], 'animal,': [148], 'plant,': [149], 'cells': [152, 334, 847, 872, 895], 'liver': [155, 166, 190, 211, 220, 244, 271, 389, 505, 529], 'rich': [158, 2966], 'source.': [159], 'tightly': [163, 3183], 'bound': [164, 1499, 2011, 2244, 2816, 3184, 4071], 'released': [170, 1213], 'proteolysis': [172, 2664], 'or': [173, 434, 555, 852, 876, 1148, 1346, 2909, 3864, 4152], 'hydrolysis.': [176], 'pharmaceutical': [180], 'companies': [181], 'were': [182, 225, 235, 291, 297, 395, 409, 412, 507, 885, 916, 1095, 1195, 1206, 1528, 1828, 2155, 2179, 2393, 2515, 2875, 3027, 3058, 3334, 3510, 3685, 4237], 'processing': [183, 385, 524], 'large': [184, 1865, 2729, 3035], 'amounts': [185, 789, 1623], 'pork': [187], 'beef': [189, 3147], 'obtain': [192, 243, 510], 'extracts': [193, 867, 878, 891, 1084, 1594, 3082], 'suitable': [194, 2121], 'treatment': [196], 'pernicious': [198], 'anemia.': [199], 'active': [201, 2288, 2298, 2987], 'principle': [202], 'shown': [204, 689, 841, 949, 1162, 1255, 1985, 2156], 'later': [205, 1161, 2581, 3987], 'be': [207, 636, 897, 1055, 1164, 1288, 1831, 1930, 2142, 2158, 3265, 3534, 3672], 'vitamin': [208], 'B12.': [209], 'Fresh': [210], 'extracted': [213, 1217], 'warm': [215], 'water,': [216], 'residual': [219], 'proteins': [221, 4229], 'fatty': [223], 'material': [224], 'dried': [226], 'sold': [228], 'as': [229, 665, 753, 1099, 1234, 1484, 1762, 2035, 2361, 2363, 2384, 2386, 2564], 'an': [230, 1261, 1663, 1688, 1959, 2424, 2731, 2736, 2821, 3178, 3382, 4182, 4284, 4290, 4324, 4458, 4493, 4590, 4662], 'animal': [231, 1537], 'feed': [232], 'supplement.': [233], 'Arrangements': [234], 'made': [236], 'Eli': [238, 345], 'Lilly': [239, 346, 355, 372], 'Co.': [241, 348], 'residue,': [245], 'we': [247, 962, 1047, 1698, 1848, 3256, 3271, 4074, 4207], 'developed': [248, 380, 1699, 3028, 3059], 'procedures': [249, 379, 1701, 3057], 'extracting': [251], 'purifying': [253], 'acetate-replacing': [255, 305], 'factor.': [256, 306, 370], 'progressed': [258], 'point': [261], 'being': [263], 'able': [264, 396, 3260], 'process': [266, 401], 'pounds': [269, 527], 'residue': [272, 390, 506, 530, 1510, 2255], 'time.': [275], 'A': [276, 487, 709, 998, 1584, 1628, 2228, 3108, 3663], '16,000–50,000-fold': [277], 'purification': [278, 1703], 'achieved.': [280], 'late': [283, 1181, 1403, 1718, 2400, 2660, 2996, 4211], '1940s': [284], 'early': [286, 1544, 2403, 2866, 3323, 3374, 3844, 3950, 4049], '1950s': [287, 1182, 1404, 1545, 1719, 2401], 'several': [288, 671, 1090, 1846, 3424], 'other': [289, 2804, 2947, 3300, 3309, 3943, 4745], 'groups': [290], 'trying': [292], 'isolate': [294, 539, 3061], 'factors': [295, 308], 'similar': [298, 2181, 2912], 'to,': [299], 'if': [300, 2182], 'not': [301, 849, 1110, 2057, 2183, 2226, 2844, 3095, 3222, 3790, 4134], 'identical': [302, 2560], 'with,': [303], 'These': [307, 1107, 1133, 1976, 2392, 2546, 2865, 2941, 2975, 3683, 4175], 'included': [309, 1196], '“pyruvate': [311], 'oxidation': [312, 324, 369, 740, 987, 1019, 1519, 1540, 1569, 1607, 1651, 1682, 1709], 'I.': [315, 1732, 4834], 'C.': [316, 4812, 4835], 'Gunsalus': [317, 340, 458, 726, 843, 1591], 'necessary': [322], 'carbon': [330], 'dioxide': [331], 'byStreptococcus': [332], 'faecalis': [333, 828], 'grown': [335, 834, 1364, 1573, 1597, 1612], 'synthetic': [338, 1058], 'medium.': [339, 839, 1200], 'also': [342, 1069, 3797, 4564], 'collaborating': [343], 'fall': [351], '1950,': [353], 'Laboratories': [357], 'merged': [358], 'two': [360, 1495, 1580, 1800, 1914, 2147, 2177, 2728, 2828, 3560], 'separate': [361, 2207], 'collaborations': [362], 'facilitate': [364, 2387], 'acetate-replacing/pyruvate': [368], 'group': [373, 1013, 1506, 2251, 3427, 3847, 3896], 'adapted': [374], 'scaled': [376], 'up': [377], 'us.': [382], 'Instead': [383], '6-pound': [386], 'batches': [387], 'time,': [393, 533, 1032], 'they': [394, 1624], '(using': [397], 'commercial': [398], 'equipment)': [399], '250-pound': [402], 'batches.': [403], 'Concentrates': [404], '0.1–1%': [410], 'pure': [411, 516, 541], 'sent': [413], 'my': [415, 1696, 1784, 2463, 2656, 3048, 3895, 3946], 'laboratory': [416, 1697, 2657, 3403, 3947], 'further': [418, 815, 4198], 'processing.': [419], 'obtained': [421, 768, 4075], 'first': [423, 574], 'pale': [424], 'yellow': [425, 1810], 'crystals': [426], 'factor,': [429], '3': [431], 'mg,': [432], 'March': [436], '15,': [437], '1951,': [438], 'truly': [440], 'memorable': [441], 'occasion.': [442], 'It': [443, 1773, 2185, 3206, 3818], 'partially': [445, 1074, 1150, 1430, 3848], 'characterized': [446, 1860, 3449], 'given': [448, 4678], 'trivial': [450], 'name': [451], 'α-lipoic': [452, 464], '(1Reed': [454], 'L.J.': [455, 1454, 1725, 1875, 2684, 3131, 3464, 4089, 4388, 4607], 'DeBusk': [456], 'B.G.': [457], 'I.C.': [459], 'Hornberger': [460], 'Jr.,': [461], 'C.S.': [462], 'Crystalline': [463], 'acid:': [465], 'catalytic': [467, 788, 2080, 2378, 2738, 2770, 2779, 2860, 3974, 4878], 'agent': [468], 'associated': [469, 1816], 'dehydrogenase..Science.': [472], '1951;': [473], '114:': [474], '93-94Crossref': [475], 'PubMed': [476, 1753, 1901, 2707, 3163, 3492, 4109, 4411, 4638], 'Scopus': [477, 1469, 2708, 3164, 3493, 4110, 4412, 4639], '(224)': [478], 'Google': [479, 1471, 1754, 1902, 2710, 3166, 3495, 4112, 4414, 4641], 'Scholar).': [480, 1903, 3167, 3496, 4415, 4642], 'involved': [483, 973, 2936, 4301], '300,000-fold': [485], 'purification.': [486], 'total': [488], '∼30': [490, 3727], 'mg': [491], 'crystalline': [493], 'lipoic': [494, 546, 660, 705, 723, 730, 774, 792, 803, 837, 855, 870, 874, 883, 902, 930, 953, 959, 980, 995, 1006, 1050, 1062, 1086, 1093, 1104, 1118, 1127, 1187, 1214, 1232, 1239, 1300, 1370, 1412, 1461, 1616, 4696, 4843, 4907], 'eventually': [497, 538], 'isolated.': [498], 'estimated': [500], '∼10': [502], 'tons': [503], 'processed': [508], 'small': [512], 'amount': [513], 'substance.': [517], 'And': [518], 'think': [520], 'convinced': [534], 'would': [537, 623], 'material.': [542], 'cyclic': [550, 667], 'disulfide,': [551, 668], 'either': [552], '6,8-,': [553], '5,8-,': [554], '4,8-dithiooctanoic': [556], 'acid.': [557, 793, 981, 1119, 1246], 'That': [558, 943], 'correct': [560], 'structure': [561, 2132, 2490, 2578, 2686, 2871, 5005], '6,8-dithiooctanoic': [563], '(1,2-dithiolane-3-valeric': [565], 'acid)': [566], 'synthesis': [570], 'dl-lipoic': [572], 'acid,': [573, 1128, 1425], 'achieved': [575], 'E.': [577, 1190, 1359, 1574, 1598, 1712, 2471, 2540, 2612, 2668, 3297, 3601], 'L.': [578, 4899, 4912, 4956], 'R.': [579, 1672, 4770, 4867, 4987], 'Stokstad': [580], 'Lederle': [584], 'Laboratories.': [585], 'intrigued': [588], 'simple': [591], 'yet': [592], 'unique': [593, 2646, 4364, 4391], 'substance': [594, 1374], 'wanted': [596], 'know': [598, 618], 'more': [599, 3354, 3417], 'its': [601, 663, 1011, 1221, 2476, 2518, 3917, 4172, 4190], 'biological': [602], 'i.e.': [604, 1065, 2197, 2294, 2348], 'what': [606], 'how': [608], 'does': [609, 2067], 'it': [610, 2527, 2753, 3786, 3861, 3967], 'function': [611, 2081, 3984, 4038, 4079, 4667, 4905], 'living': [613], 'cells.': [614, 1614], 'Little': [615], 'did': [616, 848, 1109], 'take': [624], 'me': [625], 'through': [626, 1010, 4788], 'five': [627, 4228], 'decades': [628], 'has': [632, 3713], 'turned': [633], 'out': [634, 2587, 3414], 'fascinating': [638, 3784], 'rewarding': [640], 'chapter': [641], 'modern': [643], 'biochemistry,': [644], 'mechanism': [648, 1319, 3284, 3352], 'oxidative': [650, 680, 1307], 'decarboxylation': [651, 681, 1308, 1992], 'acids.': [654], 'Prior': [655, 1513], 'contributions': [669], 'from': [670, 1653, 1684, 1711, 1868, 1932, 2222, 2236, 2417, 2695, 3037, 3067, 3146, 3308, 3313, 3400, 3482, 3651, 3691, 3852, 4278, 4547, 4695], 'laboratories': [672, 1548, 2892, 3290], 'had': [673, 832, 1520, 2487, 2528, 2748, 2820, 3221, 3357], 'cofactor': [676], 'requirements': [677], 'acids': [684, 1044], 'represented': [685], 'equation': [688], 'RCOCO2−+CoASH+NAD+→RCOSCoA+CO2+NADHIn': [691], 'addition': [692, 906], 'CoA': [694, 760, 2021], 'NAD+,': [696], 'thiamin': [697, 756], 'diphosphate,': [698], 'divalent': [700], 'metal': [701], 'ion,': [702], 'protein-bound': [704, 791, 1299, 1417, 1460], 'required.': [708], 'requirement': [710, 999], 'FAD': [712], 'demonstrated': [714, 1048, 1905, 2552], 'later.': [715], 'presence': [717, 1368, 1387, 3105, 3886], 'disulfide': [720], 'linkage': [721, 1502, 2247, 2267], 'propose': [728], 'underwent': [732, 3099], 'cycle': [734, 2194, 3125, 4795], 'reactions': [736, 785, 812, 972, 1322, 1984, 2446], 'comprising': [741, 4230], 'reductive': [742, 2002, 2198], 'acylation,': [743, 2199], 'acyl': [744, 1035, 2018, 2200], 'transfer,': [745, 2201, 2204], 'electron': [747, 2038, 2203, 2458, 2801, 3517, 3553, 4349, 4429, 4541, 4580, 4626], 'transfer.': [748, 2774], 'Lipoic': [749], 'visualized': [752], 'functioning': [754], 'diphosphate': [757], 'before': [759, 1014], 'NAD+.': [762], 'Gunsalus,': [763, 1561, 4833], 'Lowell': [764], 'Hager,': [765], 'evidence': [769, 1294, 1335, 2319, 4611], 'proposal': [772, 2355], 'using': [773], 'derivatives': [777], 'thereof': [778, 4552], 'substrate': [780, 908, 1622], 'amounts.': [781], 'However,': [782, 862], 'physiological': [784], 'presumably': [786, 3913], 'involve': [787, 3835], 'Elucidation': [794], 'nature': [797, 969, 1458], 'functional': [800, 1765, 1866, 1946], 'form': [801, 939, 4457], 'essential': [806], 'verification': [808], 'postulated': [811], 'clarification': [816, 1316], 'mechanism.': [818, 2301], 'decided': [820], 'focus': [822], 'our': [823, 1176, 2237, 3000, 3241, 3426, 3552, 3846], 'attention': [824], 'initially': [825, 2654], 'S.': [827, 1088, 2702, 3158, 3296, 4104, 4548, 4572, 4807, 4927], '(strain': [829, 1576], '10C1),': [830], 'which': [831, 1259, 1411, 1481, 2008, 2213, 2223, 2430, 3016, 3181, 3199, 3734, 3834], 'been': [833, 1521, 3223, 3259, 3358, 4712], 'acid-deficient': [838, 871, 960, 1087], 'As': [840, 4416], 'these': [846, 1080, 1123, 1759, 1825, 1945, 2065, 2233, 2418, 2449, 3078, 4145, 4675], 'oxidize': [850], 'α-ketobutyrate': [853], 'unless': [854], 'added': [858], 'preparations.': [861, 1153], 'attempts': [863, 3075], 'activate': [865], 'cell-free': [866, 890, 1083, 1115, 1146], 'natural': [877], 'containing': [879, 2672], 'complex': [880, 1348, 2164, 2211, 2414, 2474, 2486, 2542, 2615, 2694, 3145, 3174, 3218, 3307, 3347, 3712, 3781, 4219, 4232, 4370, 4546, 4575, 4622, 4823], 'forms': [881, 3563], 'unsuccessful.': [886], 'discovered': [888], 'deficient': [894], 'could': [896, 1054, 1125, 1929], 'activated': [898, 1009], 'incubation': [900, 1143], 'prior': [904], 'supplements.': [910], 'Approximately': [911], '30': [912, 3760, 4454], 'min': [913], 'preincubation': [915], 'required': [917, 966], 'maximal': [919], 'activation.': [920], 'Activity': [921], 'reduced': [923], 'only': [924, 3791], 'slightly': [925], 'dialysis,': [927], 'suggesting': [928, 1004], 'converted': [933], 'enzymatically': [936], 'active,': [937], '“bound”': [938], 'during': [940, 1142], 'incubation.': [942], 'such': [944], 'case': [947], 'experiments': [951, 2045, 2308], 'acid-35S2.': [954], 'By': [955, 1716, 1837, 4057], 'fractionation': [956], 'extracts,': [961], 'determined': [963, 1829], 'components': [965, 1332, 2066, 3598, 3611, 3641], 'activation': [975, 1112, 3937], 'extract': [978, 1116, 1147], 'One': [982], 'fraction': [983, 992], 'contained': [984, 993, 1602, 1629, 1637, 2813], 'apopyruvate': [986, 1018], 'system,': [988, 1064], 'second': [991], 'acid-activating': [996, 1063, 1105], 'system.': [997, 1020, 1106, 2145], 'ATP': [1001, 1053, 1130, 3274], 'established,': [1003], 'carboxyl': [1012], 'incorporation': [1015], 'into': [1016, 1218, 1231, 1377, 1579, 1856, 2105, 2120, 2727, 3436, 4077], 'Based': [1021], 'results': [1024, 3342, 3690, 4476], 'Paul': [1026], 'Berg': [1027], 'others': [1029], 'demonstrating': [1033, 2595], 'adenylates': [1036], 'produced': [1038], 'enzyme-catalyzed': [1040], 'interaction': [1041], 'organic': [1043], 'ATP,': [1046], 'lipoyl': [1059, 1158, 1257, 1356, 1419, 1491, 1631, 1639, 2006, 2190, 2241, 2282, 2350, 2359, 2366, 2390, 2811, 2817, 2841, 2913, 2923, 2984, 4286], 'adenylate.': [1060], 'lipoate-protein': [1066, 1284, 1389], 'ligase,': [1067], 'detected': [1070, 3224], 'inEscherichia': [1071], 'coli': [1072, 1360, 1575, 1599, 1713, 1889, 2472, 2613, 2669, 3602], 'purified.': [1075], 'During': [1076], 'course': [1078, 3073], 'studies': [1081, 1178, 2420, 2460, 2665, 2880, 3555, 4215, 4252, 4582], 'faecalis,': [1089], 'amides': [1091, 1108, 1124, 1140], 'synthesized': [1096], 'testing': [1098], 'possible': [1100, 2229], 'antagonists': [1101], 'inhibit': [1111], 'On': [1120, 4389], 'contrary,': [1122], 'replace': [1126], 'provided': [1129, 2318, 4323], 'present.': [1132], 'observations': [1134, 4146, 4176], 'suggested': [1135, 2825], 'hydrolysis': [1137], 'occurred': [1141], 'purified': [1151, 1168, 1207, 1396, 1660, 1764, 1802, 3849, 3958], 'enzyme': [1152, 1345, 1347, 1760, 3330], 'hydrolytic': [1155], 'enzyme,': [1156], 'designated': [1157, 1582, 2809, 3988], 'X-hydrolase': [1159], 'lipoamidase,': [1166], '100-fold.': [1170], 'availability': [1172, 1392, 4312], 'lipoamidase': [1174], 'facilitated': [1175], 'preliminary': [1177], 'biosynthesis': [1185], 'coli.': [1191, 4826], 'Possible': [1192], 'radioactive': [1193, 1373, 1418, 1479], 'precursors': [1194], 'PDH1': [1202], 'KGDH': [1204, 2153, 2264, 3014, 3065, 3097, 3605, 3615], 'complexes': [1205, 1330, 1397, 1496, 1741, 1855, 1915, 3066, 3079, 3119, 3435, 3481, 3606, 3650], 'treated': [1209], 'lipoamidase.': [1211], 'benzene': [1219], 'radioactivity': [1222], 'determined.': [1224], 'found': [1226, 1592, 2712, 3646, 4114], 'octanoate-1-14C': [1228], 'incorporated': [1230, 1376], 'unit,': [1236], 'C-1': [1237, 1243], 'corresponding': [1241], 'octanoic': [1245], 'Recently,': [1247], 'Michael': [1248], 'Marletta,': [1249], 'John': [1250, 2894], 'Cronan,': [1251], 'have': [1254, 3257, 4644, 4677, 4687, 4711], 'synthase,': [1258], 'contains': [1260, 2906], 'iron-sulfur': [1262], 'cluster,': [1263], 'catalyzes': [1264, 1989, 2016, 2026], 'insertion': [1266], 'sulfur': [1268], 'C-6': [1270], 'C-8': [1272], 'octanoyl-acyl': [1274], 'carrier': [1275, 1280], 'produce': [1278], 'lipoyl-acyl': [1279], 'protein.': [1281], 'Lipoamidase': [1282], 'ligase': [1285], 'proved': [1286], 'invaluable': [1289], 'providing': [1291, 1315], 'direct,': [1292], 'unequivocal': [1293], 'involvement': [1297], 'CoA-': [1304, 1647, 1678], 'NAD+-linked': [1306, 1649, 1680], 'model': [1321, 2605], 'catalyzed': [1323, 2447, 3176, 3194], 'thereof.': [1333], 'comprised': [1336], 'demonstration': [1338], 'inactivation': [1340, 3102, 3171, 3214, 3247], 'reactivation': [1342, 3192], 'accompanying,': [1349], 'respectively,': [1350, 2627], 'release': [1351], 'reincorporation': [1353], 'moiety.': [1357], 'When': [1358], '(Crookes': [1361, 1600, 1714], 'strain)': [1362, 1601], 'aerobically': [1365, 1596], 'acid-35S2,': [1371], 'dehydrogenation': [1382, 1730, 1740, 1880, 1891], 'systems,': [1383], 'due': [1384], 'ligase.': [1390], 'highly': [1395, 1659, 1763, 1801, 2911], 'permitted': [1398], 'rapid': [1399], 'progress': [1400], 'identification': [1406], 'moiety': [1409, 1420, 1492, 2032, 2191, 2242, 2283, 2341], 'bound.': [1415], 'oxidized': [1422, 3266], 'performic': [1424], 'hydrolyzed': [1431], '12': [1433, 2630, 3732, 3742, 3768, 4500, 4535], 'n': [1434], 'hydrochloric': [1435], '(3': [1437], 'h': [1438], '105': [1440], '°C).': [1441], 'From': [1442], 'hydrolysates': [1444], 'Hayao': [1445], 'Nawa': [1446], '(2Nawa': [1447], 'H.': [1448, 4998], 'Brady': [1449], 'W.T.': [1450], 'Koike': [1451, 1721], 'M.': [1452, 1723, 1873, 4926, 4980], 'Reed': [1453, 1724, 1874, 2683, 3130, 3463, 4088, 4387, 4606], 'Studies': [1455, 4243], 'acid..J.': [1462], 'Am.': [1463], 'Chem.': [1464, 1746, 1894, 4402, 4629, 4918], 'Soc.': [1465, 4800, 4895], '1960;': [1466, 1747], '82:': [1467], '896-903Crossref': [1468], '(52)': [1470], 'Scholar)': [1472, 1755, 2711, 4113], 'isolated': [1473, 1645, 1676, 1870], 'good': [1475], 'yield': [1476], 'ninhydrin-positive,': [1478], 'conjugate,': [1480], 'identified': [1483], 'ε-N-(6,8-disulfooctanoyl)-l-lysine': [1485], 'degradation': [1487], 'synthesis.': [1489], 'therefore': [1497], 'amide': [1501, 2246], 'ε-amino': [1505, 2250], 'lysyl': [1509, 2254], '(Fig.': [1511, 2277, 3572, 4446], '1).': [1512], '1950': [1515], 'studied': [1522], 'mainly': [1523], 'particulate': [1525], 'preparations': [1526, 1803, 3303, 3522], 'unsuitable': [1529], 'detailed': [1531], 'analysis.': [1532], 'Solubilization': [1533], 'bacterial': [1535], 'systems': [1541, 1710, 1761], 'Severo': [1550], 'Ochoa': [1551, 1563], 'David': [1553, 2590, 3697], 'Green': [1554], 'significant': [1557], 'advance.': [1558], 'Seymour': [1559], 'Korkes,': [1560], 'succeeded': [1564, 1756], 'separating': [1566], 'system': [1570, 1652, 1683, 3387], 'anaerobically': [1572, 1611], 'ATCC': [1577], '4157)': [1578], 'components,': [1581], 'Fraction': [1583, 1586, 1627, 1635], 'B.': [1587], 'Subsequently,': [1588], 'Hager': [1589], '30–50': [1603], 'times': [1604, 2395], 'activity': [1608, 2128, 3140, 3829, 3880, 4015], '4157': [1613], 'Using': [1615], 'dihydrolipoic': [1619], 'showed': [1625, 1941, 2046, 3498, 3859, 3897, 3965, 3992, 4010, 4477], 'transacetylase': [1632, 2689], 'B': [1636], 'dehydrogenase.': [1640], 'Richard': [1641, 2310, 2897, 3868, 4005], 'Schweet': [1642], 'pigeon': [1654, 3314], 'breast': [1655, 3315], 'muscle': [1656], 'state,': [1661], 'apparent': [1664, 1689], 'molecular': [1665, 1690, 1768, 1822, 2110, 2230, 2601, 2882, 3715, 3932, 4213], 'weight': [1666, 1691, 2111, 3716], '4': [1669, 2041, 2721], 'million.': [1670, 1694, 3720], 'D.': [1671], 'Sanadi': [1673], 'pig': [1685], 'heart': [1686, 3041, 3117, 3433, 3710, 3854], '2': [1693], 'mild': [1700, 3056], 'strain).': [1715], 'Masahiko': [1720], '(3Koike': [1722], 'Carroll': [1726, 1876], 'W.R.': [1727, 1877], 'α-Keto': [1728, 1878, 3132, 3465], 'Purification': [1733, 3470], 'properties': [1735, 3472, 4060], 'Escherichia': [1743, 1888, 2696, 4825], 'coli..J.': [1744], 'Biol.': [1745, 1893, 4401, 4628], '235:': [1748], '1924-1930Abstract': [1749], 'Full': [1750, 1898, 4406, 4408, 4633, 4635], 'Text': [1751, 1899, 4407, 4409, 4634, 4636], 'PDF': [1752, 1900, 4410, 4637], 'isolating': [1758], 'units': [1766, 1827, 1867, 1947], 'weights': [1769, 1823], 'millions.': [1772], 'very': [1775, 2180, 2544], 'exciting': [1776, 2394], 'see': [1778], 'analytical': [1781], 'ultracentrifuge': [1782], 'friend': [1785, 3049], 'collaborator': [1787], 'NIH,': [1789], 'William': [1790], 'Carroll,': [1791], 'major': [1793, 3824], 'symmetrical': [1794], 'peak': [1795], 'each': [1797, 1943, 2060, 2063, 2431, 2915, 2946, 4497], 'boundary': [1807], 'color': [1811], 'flavoprotein': [1814, 2054, 3981], 'main': [1819], 'peak.': [1820], 'multienzyme': [1826, 2992, 4671], '4.8': [1832], '2.4': [1834], 'million,': [1835], 'respectively.': [1836, 3841], 'careful': [1838], 'persistent': [1840], 'work': [1841], 'over': [1842], 'period': [1844, 3422], 'years,': [1847], 'dissected': [1849], 'their': [1857, 2316, 3437, 4261, 4360], 'component': [1858, 2259, 2434, 2477, 2537, 2690, 3438, 3475, 3908, 4267, 4664], 'enzymes,': [1859, 1955, 1978], 'them,': [1861], 'reassembled': [1863], 'enzymes': [1871, 1909, 1928, 2208, 2218, 2428, 2435, 2478, 3439, 3452, 3476], '(4Koike': [1872], 'IV.': [1882], 'Resolution': [1883], 'reconstitution': [1885], 'complex..J.': [1892, 4400], '1963;': [1895], '238:': [1896], '30-39Abstract': [1897], 'individual': [1908, 2217, 2445, 3451, 4585], 'linked': [1911, 2944], 'non-covalent': [1917], 'bonds': [1918], 'proper': [1922], 'selection': [1923, 4891], 'experimental': [1925], 'conditions': [1926], 'separated': [1931, 3428], 'one': [1933, 3390], 'another': [1934, 2930], 'without': [1935], 'loss': [1936], 'enzymatic': [1938, 2127], 'activity.': [1939, 3867, 4195], 'composed': [1949], 'multiple': [1951, 4881], 'copies': [1952, 4536], 'three': [1954, 1977, 2206, 2910, 3326, 3506], 'decarboxylase-dehydrogenase': [1961], '(E1),': [1962], 'dihydrolipoamide': [1964, 1973, 2642, 2670, 2873, 3526], 'acetyltransferase': [1965, 2071, 2074, 2103, 2136, 2139, 2500, 2524, 2671, 3527], 'succinyltransferase': [1968, 2536], '(E2),': [1969], 'flavoprotein,': [1972], '(E3).': [1975], 'acting': [1979], 'sequence,': [1981], 'catalyze': [1982], 'Fig.2.': [1987], 'E1': [1988, 2513, 2766, 3728, 3754], 'both': [1990, 2163, 2554, 2597, 3678], '(Reaction': [1997, 2014, 2022], '1)': [1998], 'subsequent': [2001, 2334], 'acylation': [2003], 'moiety,': [2007], 'covalently': [2010, 2815], '2).E2': [2015], 'transfer': [2019, 4838], '3),': [2023], 'E3': [2025, 2624, 3764, 4494], 'reoxidation': [2028], 'dihydrolipoyl': [2031, 2688], 'NAD+': [2034], 'ultimate': [2037], 'acceptor': [2039], '(Reactions': [2040], '5).': [2043], 'Binding': [2044], '(E1)': [2051], '(E3)': [2055], 'do': [2056, 2225], 'combine': [2058, 2068], 'other,': [2061], 'but': [2062, 3094, 3796, 4133], '(E2).': [2072, 3528], 'serves': [2075], 'dual': [2077], 'structural': [2084, 4365, 4392, 4569], 'function,i.e.': [2085], 'scaffold': [2087, 4513], 'localizingE1': [2091], 'E3.': [2093], 'dilute': [2095], 'acetic': [2096], '(0.83': [2098], 'm,': [2099], 'pH': [2100, 2718], '2.6)': [2101], 'dissociated': [2104], 'inactive': [2106], 'subunits': [2107, 2725, 3531, 3583, 3632, 3669], '70,000.': [2114], 'Dilution': [2115], 'acidic': [2118], 'solution': [2119], 'buffers': [2122], 'resulted': [2123], 'restoration': [2125], 'characteristic': [2131], 'native': [2135, 4066], 'unit.': [2137], 'appeared': [2140, 3532, 3670], 'self-assembling': [2144], 'flavoproteins': [2148, 2178], '(from': [2149], 'PDH': [2151, 2262, 2331, 2413, 2473, 2614, 3012, 3063, 3092, 3118, 3217, 3250, 3306, 3346, 3434, 3443, 3446, 3603, 3649, 3711, 3780, 3806, 3811, 3850, 3911, 3939, 3959, 4001, 4017, 4067, 4131, 4193, 4205, 4218, 4271, 4545, 4574, 4670], 'complexes)': [2154], 'interchangeable': [2159], 'respect': [2161], 'formation': [2165], 'enzymatic,': [2169], 'physical,': [2170], 'immunochemical': [2172], 'data': [2173], 'indicated': [2174, 2525, 3348], 'identical.': [2184], 'evident': [2187], 'undergoes': [2192, 3503], 'transformations,': [2196], 'involving': [2205, 2881], 'within': [2209, 2990, 3021, 4487], 'movement': [2214, 2357, 2839], 'restricted': [2220, 3388, 3418], 'intermediates': [2224], 'dissociate.': [2227], 'basis': [2231, 3933], 'interactions': [2234], 'emerged': [2235, 2416], 'provides': [2268, 4522], 'flexible': [2270, 2960], 'arm,': [2271], '14': [2273], 'Å': [2274], 'length': [2276], '1),': [2278], 'conceivably': [2279], 'permitting': [2280], 'rotate': [2285, 2328], 'among': [2286], 'sites': [2289, 2379, 2758, 2764, 2861], 'E1,': [2291], 'E2,': [2292, 3565, 4234], 'andE3,': [2293, 2767], '“swinging': [2296], 'arm”': [2297], 'site': [2299, 2771, 2988, 4156], 'coupling': [2300, 2442, 2989], 'Some': [2302], '15': [2303], 'years': [2304, 3425], 'later,': [2305], 'spin': [2306], 'label': [2307], 'Perham': [2311], 'Cees': [2313], 'Veeger': [2314], 'lipoyllysyl': [2322, 2340, 2848], 'residues': [2323], 'essentially': [2325], 'free': [2326], 'complex.': [2332, 2864, 3205, 3251, 4272, 4539, 4672, 4974], 'Our': [2333, 2405, 2603, 3341, 4475], 'finding': [2335, 3399, 4505], '(see': [2336, 3748], 'below)': [2337], 'part': [2343, 2902, 2952, 2998], '“super': [2346], 'arm,”': [2347], 'domain,': [2351, 2812, 4287, 4292], 'domains': [2360, 2783, 2829, 2842, 2942, 4874], 'well': [2362, 2385], 'rotation': [2364, 2846], 'moieties': [2367, 2818, 2849], 'may': [2368, 2850, 3228, 4188], 'provide': [2369, 2851, 2980], 'means': [2371, 2853], 'span': [2373, 2855], 'physical': [2375, 2857], 'gaps': [2376, 2858], 'between': [2377, 2389, 2859], 'E1,E2,': [2381], 'E3,': [2383, 3442], 'communication': [2388], 'moieties.': [2391, 2674], 'us': [2397], '1960s.': [2404], 'concept': [2406, 2452], 'macromolecular': [2409, 2608], 'organization': [2410, 2609, 4366, 4393, 4570], 'biochemical': [2419, 2550], 'organized': [2425], 'mosaic': [2426], 'uniquely': [2437], 'located': [2438, 3535, 3757, 3813], 'permit': [2440], 'efficient': [2441], 'enzymes.': [2450], 'confirmed': [2454, 2580, 2876, 3287, 3686, 4248], 'extended': [2456, 2822, 2878, 3688, 4250], 'microscopy': [2459, 4343, 4542, 4581], 'conducted': [2461], 'associate': [2464], 'Robert': [2465], 'Oliver.': [2466], 'Electron': [2467], 'micrographs': [2468], 'negatively': [2479, 3520], 'stained': [2480, 3521], 'phosphotungstate': [2482], 'revealed': [2483, 2653, 3111, 3556, 4362, 4417, 4623], 'polyhedral': [2489, 3562, 3681], 'diameter': [2493], '300': [2496], 'Å,': [2497], '(E2)': [2501], 'occupied': [2502], 'center': [2504, 4471], 'polyhedron,': [2507], 'molecules': [2511, 4586], 'andE3': [2514], 'surface.': [2519], 'shape': [2521, 2533], 'cubelike': [2530, 2639, 2793], 'structure.': [2531, 2648, 2823], 'coliKGDH': [2541], 'similar.': [2545], 'results,': [2547], 'together': [2548], 'data,': [2551], 'E2s': [2555], 'consist': [2556], '24': [2558, 3581], 'apparently': [2559, 3929, 4032, 4138, 4276], 'polypeptide': [2561, 2955], 'chains': [2562], 'arranged': [2563, 3586, 3635, 4438], 'eight': [2565], 'trimers': [2566, 4437, 4450, 4486], '(morphological': [2567], 'subunits)': [2568], 'vertices': [2571, 3538, 3547, 4441], 'cube': [2574, 3567], '(Fig.3A).': [2575], 'proposed': [2577, 3751, 4645], 'x-ray': [2583, 3692, 4420], 'diffraction': [2584, 3693], 'analyses': [2585], 'carried': [2586], 'collaborators': [2589, 3696, 4743], 'DeRosier': [2591, 3698], 'Marvin': [2593, 3700], 'Hackert': [2594, 3701], 'acyltransferases': [2598, 2643, 2874, 2905], 'possess': [2599, 2644], '432': [2600], 'symmetry.': [2602, 3590, 3639], 'interpretative': [2604], 'mid-1960s': [2618], 'depicted': [2619], '12E1': [2620], 'dimers': [2621, 2625, 3765], 'arranged,': [2626], 'edges': [2631, 3761], 'faces': [2636, 3769], 'E2.': [2640, 4310], 'All': [2641], 'multidomain': [2647], 'architectural': [2650], 'feature': [2651], '1970s': [2661, 3845], 'limited': [2663, 2714, 2884, 3391], '[2-3H]lipoyl': [2673], 'Dennis': [2675], 'Bleile': [2676], '(5Bleile': [2677], 'D.M.': [2678], 'Munk': [2679], 'P.': [2680, 4776, 4887], 'Oliver': [2681], 'R.M.': [2682], 'Subunit': [2685], 'coli..Proc.': [2697], 'Natl.': [2698, 3154, 4100], 'Acad.': [2699, 3155, 4101, 4830, 4942], 'Sci.': [2700, 3156, 4102], 'U.': [2701, 3157, 4103, 4382], 'A.': [2703, 3159, 4105, 4782], '1979;': [2704], '76:': [2705], '4385-4389Crossref': [2706], '(82)': [2709], 'tryptic': [2715, 2805], 'digestion': [2716], '7.0': [2719], '°C': [2722], 'cleaved': [2723], 'theE2': [2724, 4485], '(Mr∼64,500)': [2726], 'fragments,': [2730], 'outer': [2732], 'lipoyl-bearing': [2733], 'domain': [2734, 2870, 2924, 4298], 'inner': [2737, 2786, 3023, 3800, 4307, 4318], 'subunit': [2740, 2781, 3502, 3722, 3975, 4094], 'domain.': [2742], 'latter': [2744, 3624], 'fragment': [2745, 2806], '(Mr': [2746, 2807], '∼29,600)': [2747], 'compact': [2750, 2778], 'possessed': [2754], 'intersubunit': [2756], 'acetyltransferase,': [2761, 2790], 'acetyl': [2773], 'assemblage': [2776], 'constitutes': [2784], 'core': [2787, 3740, 4308, 4319, 4562, 4653, 4962], 'conferring': [2791], 'appearance': [2794, 3514], 'seen': [2798], 'microscope.': [2802], '∼31,600),': [2808], 'connected': [2831, 4452], 'trypsin-sensitive': [2834], 'hinge': [2835], 'region': [2836], 'simply': [2845], 'findings': [2867], 'genetics,': [2883], 'proteolysis,': [2885], 'proton': [2887], 'NMR': [2888], 'spectroscopy': [2889], 'Guest': [2895], 'Perham.': [2898], 'Briefly,': [2899], 'amino-terminal': [2901, 4285], 'one,': [2907], 'two,': [2908], 'domains,': [2914, 2985], '80': [2918], 'amino': [2919, 2972], 'residues.': [2921, 2974, 3508], '(or': [2925], 'domains)': [2926], 'followed': [2928, 4288], 'structurally': [2931], 'distinct': [2932, 3561], 'segment': [2933], 'E3and/or': [2939], 'E1.': [2940], 'carboxyl-terminal': [2951, 4297], 'chain': [2956, 3618], '(catalytic': [2957], 'domain)': [2958], 'segments': [2961, 2976], '(hinge': [2962], 'regions)': [2963], 'alanine,': [2968], 'proline,': [2969], 'charged': [2971], 'thought': [2978], 'flexibility': [2981], 'facilitating': [2986], '1960s': [2997, 3324, 3375], 'effort': [3002], 'directed': [3004, 4468], 'toward': [3005, 4469], 'mammalian': [3011, 3310, 3345, 3525, 3614, 3652, 3779, 4797, 4971, 5001], 'complexes,': [3015, 4206], 'localized': [3018], 'mitochondria': [3020, 3032, 3149, 3857], 'membrane-matrix': [3024], 'compartment.': [3025], 'Procedures': [3026], 'preparation': [3030], 'scale': [3036], 'bovine': [3038, 3084, 3114, 3430, 3483, 3709, 3853, 4096, 4270], 'kidney': [3039, 3085, 3115, 3148, 3431, 3484, 3856], '(with': [3042], 'advice': [3044], 'assistance': [3046], 'colleague,': [3051], 'Daniel': [3052], 'Ziegler),': [3053], 'relatively': [3055], 'mitochondrial': [3069, 3801, 3816], 'extracts.': [3070], 'stabilize': [3077], 'crude': [3081], 'mitochondria,': [3086], 'Tracy': [3087], 'Linn': [3088], 'observed': [3089, 3941], 'complex,': [3093, 3098, 3187, 3812, 3912], 'time-dependent': [3101], 'ATP.': [3107], 'systematic': [3109], 'investigation': [3110], 'regulated': [3121, 3408], 'phosphorylation-dephosphorylation': [3124, 3333, 3410], '(6Linn': [3126], 'T.C.': [3127, 3454], 'Pettit': [3128, 3457, 3890], 'F.H.': [3129, 3458], 'X.': [3136], 'Regulation': [3137], 'phosphorylation': [3151, 3220, 3245, 3504], 'dephosphorylation..Proc.': [3153], '1969;': [3160], '62:': [3161], '234-241Crossref': [3162], '(514)': [3165], 'Phosphorylation': [3168], 'concomitant': [3170, 3191], 'ATP-dependent': [3179], 'kinase,': [3180, 3337, 3444], 'dephosphorylation': [3189], 'Mg2+-dependent': [3197, 3971], 'phosphatase,': [3198], 'loosely': [3201], 'attached': [3202], 'seemed': [3207], 'curious': [3208], '(1968)': [3212], 'earlier.': [3225], 'explanation': [3227, 4525], 'lie': [3229], 'remark': [3232], 'Henry': [3234], 'Lardy': [3235], 'receiving': [3237], 'preprint': [3239], 'paper': [3242], '(This': [3252], 'finding)': [3253], '“explains': [3254], 'why': [3255], 'never': [3258], 'get': [3262], 'submitochondrial': [3268], 'particles,': [3269], 'because': [3270, 3785], 'invariably': [3272], 'add': [3273], 'keep': [3276], 'things': [3277], '‘optimum’': [3280], 'state.”': [3281], 'control': [3283, 3386, 4969], 'subsequently': [3286, 3874, 4009], 'Otto': [3292], 'Wieland,': [3293, 4996], 'Philip': [3294, 3870], 'Randle,': [3295, 3871, 4886], 'Severin,': [3298], 'investigators': [3301, 3377], 'tissues': [3311], 'muscle,': [3316], 'plant': [3317], 'tissue,': [3318], 'andNeurospora': [3319], 'crassa.': [3320], 'known': [3327, 3821], 'examples': [3328], 'phosphorylase,': [3335], 'phosphorylase': [3336], 'glycogen': [3339], 'synthase.': [3340], 'regulatory': [3351, 4093, 4968], 'general': [3355], 'than': [3356], 'recognized': [3359], 'previously.': [3360], 'Edwin': [3361], 'Krebs': [3362], 'mentioned': [3363], 'fourteenth': [3366], 'Hopkins': [3367, 4862], 'Memorial': [3368], 'Lecture': [3369], '(1984)': [3370], 'some': [3376, 4679], 'wondered': [3378], 'whether': [3379], '“this': [3380], 'esoteric': [3383], 'type': [3384], 'area': [3392], 'carbohydrate': [3394], 'metabolism': [3395], '…': [3396], 'Lester': [3401], "Reed's": [3402], 'field': [3412], 'broke': [3413], 'area.”': [3419], 'Over': [3420], '(E1': [3440], '(α2β2),E2,': [3441], 'phosphatase)': [3447], '(7Linn': [3453], 'Pelley': [3455], 'J.W.': [3456], 'Hucho': [3459], 'F.': [3460], 'Randall': [3461], 'D.D.': [3462], 'XV.': [3469], 'heart..Arch.': [3486], 'Biochem.': [3487, 4799, 4894, 5010], 'Biophys.': [3488], '1972;': [3489], '148:': [3490], '327-342Crossref': [3491], '(192)': [3494], 'E1α': [3501], 'seryl': [3507], 'surprised': [3511], 'microscope': [3518, 3554], 'Its': [3529, 3721], 'morphological': [3530, 3664], 'pentagonal': [3541, 3570, 3627, 3773, 4444, 4501], 'dodecahedron': [3542, 3571, 4445], 'instead': [3543], 'cube.': [3550], 'Thus,': [3551], 'there': [3558], '3).': [3573], 'former': [3575], 'design,': [3576, 3625], 'cube,': [3578], 'consists': [3579, 3629, 3968], '(8': [3584], 'trimers)': [3585, 3634], 'octahedral': [3588], '(432)': [3589], 'design': [3592], 'exhibited': [3594], 'branched': [3617], 'dodecahedron,': [3628], '60E2': [3631], '(20': [3633], 'icosahedral': [3637], '(532)': [3638], 'morphology': [3644], 'avian': [3654], 'tissues,': [3655], 'fungi,': [3656], 'Gram-positive': [3659], 'bacterium': [3660], 'Bacillus': [3661], 'stearothermophilus.': [3662], 'unit': [3665], 'consisting': [3666], 'threeE2': [3668], 'important': [3673], 'assembly': [3676], 'types': [3679], 'forms.': [3682], 'conclusions': [3684], 'analysis': [3694], 'Wim': [3704], 'Hol': [3705, 4423], 'associates.': [3707], '9.5': [3719], 'composition': [3723], '60': [3725], 'E2subunits,': [3726], 'tetramers': [3729, 3755], '(α2β2),': [3730], 'E3dimers,': [3733], 'positioned': [3736], 'E3-binding': [3743, 4245, 4291], '(protein': [3745], 'X)': [3746], 'monomers': [3747], 'below).': [3749], 'dodecahedron.': [3774], 'Hormonal': [3775, 4784], 'particularly': [3783, 3995], 'involves': [3787], 'signal': [3788], 'transduction': [3789], 'across': [3792, 3798], 'cell': [3794], 'membrane': [3795, 3802], 'target': [3804], 'phosphatase': [3807, 3828, 3851, 3883, 3904, 3940, 3960, 4002, 4018, 4028, 4068, 4132, 4194], 'and,': [3808], 'consequently,': [3809], 'matrix.': [3817], 'now': [3820], 'regulators': [3825], 'Ca2+': [3831, 3877, 3899], 'Mg2+,': [3833, 4137], 'hormones': [3837], 'epinephrine': [3838], 'insulin,': [3840], 'requires': [3862], 'Mg2+': [3863, 4123], 'Mn2+': [3865], 'Denton,': [3869, 4769], 'reported': [3875], 'stimulates': [3878, 4013], 'Mg2+.': [3888, 4004, 4030], 'Flora': [3889, 3954], 'Thomas': [3892, 4254], 'Roche': [3893, 4255], 'mediates': [3900], 'translocation': [3901, 3928], 'proximity': [3915], 'substrate,': [3918], 'phosphorylatedE1,': [3919], 'thereby': [3920], 'increasing': [3921, 4023], 'rate': [3923], 'dephosphorylation.': [3925], 'Ca2+-mediated': [3927], 'epinephrine-induced': [3936], 'investigators.': [3944], '1980s': [3951, 4212], 'Martin': [3952], 'Teague,': [3953], 'Pettit,': [3955], 'co-workers': [3957], 'near': [3962, 4481], 'homogeneity': [3963], 'Ca2+-stimulated': [3973], '(50': [3976], 'kDa;': [3977, 3986], 'PDPc)': [3978], 'unknown': [3983], '(100': [3985], 'PDPr).': [3989], 'Zahi': [3990], 'Damuni': [3991], 'polyamines,': [3994], 'spermine,': [3996], 'increase': [3997], 'sensitivity': [3999, 4025, 4119, 4129], 'Denton': [4006], 'insulin': [4012, 4035], 'adipose': [4020], 'tissue': [4021], 'Spermine': [4031], 'mimics': [4033], 'effect.': [4036, 4174], 'PDPr': [4040, 4116, 4150, 4167, 4187], 'remained': [4041], 'mystery': [4043], 'until': [4044], 'Janet': [4045], 'Lawson': [4046, 4086, 4602], '1990s': [4050, 4341], 'cloned': [4051], 'expressed': [4053], 'cDNA': [4054], 'encoding': [4055, 4226], 'PDPc.': [4056], 'comparing': [4058], 'recombinant': [4062, 4314], 'PDPc': [4063, 4121, 4135, 4158], 'heterodimer': [4069], '(PDPc': [4070], 'PDPr),': [4073], 'insight': [4076], 'PDPr.': [4081, 4142], 'Jiangong': [4082], 'Yan': [4083], '(8Yan': [4084], 'J.': [4085, 4773, 4777, 4804, 4888, 4900, 4913, 4952], 'J.E.': [4087, 4603], 'Role': [4090, 4958], 'phosphatase..Proc.': [4099], '1996;': [4106], '93:': [4107], '4953-4956Crossref': [4108], '(32)': [4111], 'decreases': [4117], 'spermine': [4126, 4161], 'increases': [4127], 'interacting': [4140], 'interpreted': [4144], 'indicate': [4148], 'blocks': [4151], 'distorts': [4153], 'Mg2+-binding': [4155], 'produces': [4162], 'conformational': [4164, 4616], 'change': [4165], '(allosteric': [4168], 'effect)': [4169], 'reverses': [4171], 'inhibitory': [4173], 'raise': [4177], 'intriguing': [4179], 'prospect': [4180], 'insulin-induced': [4183], 'allosteric': [4184], 'effect': [4185], 'underlie': [4189], 'stimulation': [4191], 'To': [4196], 'gain': [4197], 'understanding': [4199], 'structure-function': [4201], 'relationships': [4202], 'eukaryotic': [4204], 'genetics': [4214], 'yeastSaccharomyces': [4222], 'cerevisiae.': [4223], 'genes': [4225], '(E1α,E1β,': [4233], 'BP,': [4235], 'andE3)': [4236], 'cloned,': [4238], 'sequenced,': [4239], 'expressed,': [4240], 'disrupted.': [4242], '(BP)': [4247], 'previous': [4251], 'Gordon': [4258], 'Lindsay': [4259], 'X': [4266], 'BP': [4273, 4282, 4304, 4334, 4479], 'evolved': [4277], 'common': [4280], 'ancestor.': [4281], 'possesses': [4283], 'anchoring': [4303], 'BP,E3,': [4315], 'ofE2': [4320], '(truncated': [4321], 'E2(tE2))': [4322], 'opportunity': [4325], 'elucidate': [4327], 'stoichiometry': [4330], 'localization': [4332], 'BP-E3complex': [4336], 'tE2.': [4338], 'cryoelectron': [4342], 'three-dimensional': [4345, 4428, 4579, 4625], 'image': [4346], 'reconstruction': [4347], '(three-dimensional': [4348], 'microscopy)': [4350], 'collaboration': [4352], 'James': [4354], 'Stoops': [4355, 4608], 'Timothy': [4357], 'Baker': [4358, 4385], 'tE2·BP-E3': [4369], '(9Stoops': [4371], 'J.K.': [4372, 4609], 'Cheng': [4373, 4600], 'R.H.': [4374, 4601], 'Yazdi': [4375], 'M.A.': [4376], 'Maeng': [4377], 'C-Y.': [4378], 'Schroeter': [4379], 'J.P.': [4380], 'Klueppelberg': [4381], 'Kolodziej': [4383], 'S.J.': [4384], 'T.S.': [4386], 'Saccharomyces': [4396], 'cerevisiae': [4397, 4549, 4573], '1997;': [4403], '272:': [4404], '5757-5764Abstract': [4405], '(50)': [4413, 4640], 'previously': [4418], 'crystallography': [4421], '(Wim': [4422], 'associates)': [4425], 'microscopy,': [4430], '60-mer': [4432, 4652], 'tE2consists': [4433], '20': [4435, 4449], 'cone-shaped': [4436], '4).': [4447], 'bridges': [4455], 'empty': [4459], 'cagelike': [4460], 'tip': [4464], 'trimer': [4467], 'cage.': [4474], 'binds': [4480, 4531], 'tips': [4483], 'central': [4489], 'cavity': [4490], 'anchors': [4492], 'dimer': [4495], 'inside': [4496], 'faces.': [4502], 'unusual': [4504, 4591], 'geometric': [4508], 'constraints': [4509], 'tE2': [4512, 4530, 4588], 'determine': [4514], 'extent': [4516], 'disposition': [4518, 4556], 'BP-E3': [4520, 4538], 'satisfactory': [4524], 'observation': [4528], 'maximum': [4533], 'Three-dimensional': [4540], 'wild-type': [4544], 'andE2·E1': [4550], 'subcomplex': [4551], 'shows': [4553], 'E1tetramers': [4558], 'around': [4559], 'restricted.': [4565], 'continuing.': [4577], 'Recent': [4578], 'reveal': [4583], 'exhibit': [4589], 'size': [4592, 4614], 'variability': [4593, 4617], '20%': [4595], '(10Zhou': [4596], 'Z.H.': [4597], 'Liao': [4598], 'W.': [4599, 4853], 'McCarthy': [4604], 'D.B.': [4605], 'Direct': [4610], 'microscopy..J.': [4627], '2001;': [4630], '276:': [4631], '21704-21713Abstract': [4632], 'expansion': [4647], 'contraction': [4649], 'thermally': [4655], 'driven': [4656], 'dynamics': [4660], 'integral': [4663], 'hope': [4674], 'reflections': [4676], 'appreciation': [4680], 'thrill': [4683], 'excitement': [4685], 'experienced': [4688], 'establishing': [4690], 'accompanied': [4713], 'various': [4716], 'stages': [4717], 'journey': [4720], 'excellent': [4722], 'associates,': [4723], 'including': [4724], 'undergraduate,': [4725], 'graduate,': [4726], 'postdoctoral': [4728], 'students,': [4729], 'technicians,': [4730], 'members': [4732], 'senior': [4735], 'staff': [4736], 'Biochemical': [4739], 'Institute,': [4740], 'universities': [4746], 'institutes.': [4748], 'am': [4750], 'pleased': [4751], 'acknowledge': [4753], 'Clayton': [4755], 'Foundation': [4756], 'National': [4761], 'Institutes': [4762], 'Health': [4764], 'generous': [4766], 'financial': [4767], 'support.': [4768], 'M.,': [4771], 'McCormack,': [4772], 'G.,': [4774], 'Midgley,': [4775], 'W.,': [4778], 'Rutter,': [4780], 'G.': [4781, 4811], '(1987)': [4783], 'fluxes': [4787], 'citric': [4793], 'tissues.': [4798], 'Symp.54,': [4801], '127–143': [4802], 'Guest,': [4803], 'R.,': [4805], 'Angier,': [4806], 'J.,': [4808], 'Russell,': [4810], '(1989)': [4813, 4929], 'Structure,': [4814], 'expression,': [4815], 'engineering': [4818], 'Ann.': [4827, 4939], 'N.': [4828, 4868, 4940], 'Y.': [4829, 4941], 'Sci.573,': [4831], '76–99': [4832], '(1954)': [4836], 'Group': [4837], 'acyl-generating': [4840], 'functions': [4841], 'derivatives.': [4845], 'Mechanism': [4848], 'Enzyme': [4850], 'Action': [4851], '(McElroy,': [4852], 'D.,': [4854], 'Glass,': [4856], 'B.,': [4857], 'eds)': [4858, 4989], 'pp.': [4859, 4990], '545–580,': [4860], 'Johns': [4861], 'Press,': [4864], 'Baltimore': [4865], 'Perham,': [4866], '(2000)': [4869], 'Swinging': [4870], 'arms': [4871], 'swinging': [4873], 'multifunctional': [4876], 'enzymes:': [4877], 'machines': [4879], 'reactions.Annu.': [4882], 'Rev.': [4883, 5008], 'Biochem.69,': [4884], '961–1004': [4885], '(1986)': [4889], 'Fuel': [4890], 'animals.': [4893], 'Symp.14,': [4896], '799–806': [4897], 'Reed,': [4898, 4911], '(1957)': [4901], 'chemistry': [4903], 'acid.Adv.': [4908], 'Enzymol.18,': [4909], '319–347': [4910], '(1974)': [4914], 'Multienzyme': [4915], 'Acc.': [4917], 'Res.7,': [4919], '40–46': [4920], 'Roche,': [4921, 4944, 4982], 'T.': [4922, 4945, 4983], 'E.,': [4923, 4946, 4984], 'Patel,': [4925], '(eds)': [4928], 'Alpha-keto': [4930], 'complexes:': [4933], 'organization,': [4934], 'regulation,': [4935], 'biomedical': [4937], 'ramifications.': [4938], 'Sci.573,1–462': [4943], 'Liu,': [4947], 'S.,': [4948, 4950, 4981], 'Ravindran,': [4949], 'Baker,': [4951], 'C.,': [4953], 'Wang,': [4955], '(1996)': [4957], 'dominant': [4965], 'mechanisms': [4966], 'inAlpha-Keto': [4975], 'Acid': [4976], 'Dehydrogenase': [4977], 'Complexes': [4978], '(Patel,': [4979], 'Harris,': [4986], 'A.,': [4988], '33–52,': [4991], 'Birkhaüser': [4992], 'Verlag,': [4993], 'Basel,': [4994], 'Switzerland': [4995], 'O.': [4997], '(1983)': [4999], 'complex:': [5004], 'regulation.': [5007], 'Physiol.': [5009], 'Pharmacol.96,': [5011], '123–170': [5012]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1966553114', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 16}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 17}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 17}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 13}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-29T12:15:21.651816', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}