Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1965752447', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.07.048744', 'title': 'Screening: evidence and practice', 'display_name': 'Screening: evidence and practice', 'publication_year': 2008, 'publication_date': '2008-04-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1965752447', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.07.048744', 'mag': '1965752447', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2647432'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.07.048744', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S22004576', 'display_name': 'Bulletin of the World Health Organization', 'issn_l': '0042-9686', 'issn': ['0042-9686', '1564-0604'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319663', 'host_organization_name': 'World Health Organization', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310321776', 'https://openalex.org/P4310319663'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['United Nations', 'World Health Organization'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'diamond', 'oa_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.07.048744', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5061365300', 'display_name': 'Anthony B. Miller', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5174-3515'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I185261750', 'display_name': 'University of Toronto', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03dbr7087', 'country_code': 'CA', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I185261750']}], 'countries': ['CA'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Anthony Miller', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I185261750']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5061365300'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I185261750'], 'apc_list': {'value': 0, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 0, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 4.508, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 83, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.962391, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 96, 'max': 97}, 'biblio': {'volume': '86', 'issue': '4', 'first_page': '320', 'last_page': '320'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10582', 'display_name': 'Ethics in Clinical Research', 'score': 0.6814, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2739', 'display_name': 'Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10582', 'display_name': 'Ethics in Clinical Research', 'score': 0.6814, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2739', 'display_name': 'Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.49218383}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779473830', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899', 'display_name': 'MEDLINE', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4307321}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2522767166', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463', 'display_name': 'Data science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3246367}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.23951}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.19441575}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C55493867', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 3, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.07.048744', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S22004576', 'display_name': 'Bulletin of the World Health Organization', 'issn_l': '0042-9686', 'issn': ['0042-9686', '1564-0604'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319663', 'host_organization_name': 'World Health Organization', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310321776', 'https://openalex.org/P4310319663'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['United Nations', 'World Health Organization'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2647432', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2647432?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2647432', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.07.048744', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S22004576', 'display_name': 'Bulletin of the World Health Organization', 'issn_l': '0042-9686', 'issn': ['0042-9686', '1564-0604'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319663', 'host_organization_name': 'World Health Organization', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310321776', 'https://openalex.org/P4310319663'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['United Nations', 'World Health Organization'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.88, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3', 'display_name': 'Good health and well-being'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 0, 'referenced_works': [], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3108674512', 'https://openalex.org/W3032375762', 'https://openalex.org/W3031052312', 'https://openalex.org/W2899084033', 'https://openalex.org/W2748952813', 'https://openalex.org/W2604872355', 'https://openalex.org/W2080531066', 'https://openalex.org/W2048182022', 'https://openalex.org/W1995515455', 'https://openalex.org/W1506200166'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Screening': [0], '(secondary': [1], 'prevention)': [2], 'is': [3, 25, 50, 143, 221, 230, 298, 307, 426, 440, 450, 522, 592], 'one': [4, 395], 'of': [5, 9, 41, 53, 77, 92, 100, 236, 357, 371, 385, 461, 472, 489, 508, 512, 528, 544, 679, 686], 'the': [6, 12, 39, 51, 158, 190, 198, 234, 259, 271, 279, 295, 300, 369, 382, 391, 394, 398, 407, 414, 423, 459, 470, 473, 490, 493, 500, 510, 514, 533, 536, 542, 545, 580, 628, 639, 649, 673, 677, 689, 698, 719, 736], 'four': [7], 'pillars': [8], 'cancer': [10, 31, 35, 56, 70, 126, 240, 322], 'control,': [11], 'others': [13, 601], 'being': [14], 'prevention': [15, 76], '(primary': [16], 'prevention),': [17], 'treatment': [18], 'and': [19, 44, 114, 128, 170, 180, 219, 247, 275, 339, 364, 377, 397, 413, 432, 455, 481, 504, 600, 665, 691, 715, 724, 744], 'palliative': [20], 'care.': [21], 'For': [22], 'many,': [23], 'screening': [24, 68, 83, 185, 217, 252, 313, 319, 466, 564, 606, 647, 740], 'an': [26, 141, 463], 'attractive': [27], 'option;': [28], 'finding': [29, 48], 'a': [30, 34, 88, 202, 207, 239, 593, 605, 656], '(or': [32], 'preferably': [33], 'precursor)': [36], 'early': [37], 'carries': [38], 'promise': [40], 'reduced': [42, 55], 'mortality': [43, 127], 'simpler': [45], 'treatment.': [46], 'If': [47], 'precursors': [49], 'objective': [52], 'screening,': [54, 278, 334, 363, 421, 513], 'incidence': [57], 'should': [58, 608, 652, 746], 'follow.': [59], 'This': [60, 257, 297, 388], 'has': [61, 248, 253], 'led': [62], 'to': [63, 66, 79, 84, 96, 105, 168, 206, 210, 244, 294, 354, 451, 469, 492, 495, 524, 532, 586, 626, 644, 662, 668, 696, 734, 739], 'people': [64, 94, 281], 'referring': [65], 'such': [67, 140, 333], 'as': [69, 134, 267, 516, 518], 'prevention,': [71], 'by': [72, 332, 348, 405], 'which': [73, 214, 220, 229, 262, 539], 'they': [74, 165, 286, 410, 567, 624, 700, 709, 721, 726, 742], 'mean': [75], 'progression': [78], 'invasive': [80], 'cancer.\r\n\r\nUnfortunately,': [81], 'for': [82, 155, 213, 238, 302, 361, 465, 551, 713], 'be': [85, 97, 103, 118, 123, 355, 436, 444, 452, 731], 'effective': [86], 'in': [87, 197, 429, 434, 475, 535, 547, 553, 578, 582, 620, 694], 'population,': [89], 'large': [90], 'numbers': [91], 'healthy': [93], 'have': [95, 106, 161, 194, 329, 345, 684, 722, 727], 'tested;': [98], 'many': [99, 325, 415, 476, 482, 527, 629], 'them': [101], 'will': [102, 117, 730], 'found': [104], 'abnormalities,': [107], 'most': [108], 'not': [109, 144, 186, 419, 427, 705], 'cancers': [110, 148, 159, 191, 212, 328, 402], 'or': [111, 290, 562], 'their': [112, 288, 292, 337, 343, 529, 612, 670], 'precursors;': [113], 'substantial': [115], 'costs': [116], 'incurred.': [119], 'All': [120], 'this': [121, 430, 448, 591, 621, 663], 'would': [122], 'worthwhile': [124], 'if': [125, 147, 716], 'morbidity': [129], 'are': [130, 149, 152, 216, 283, 403, 576, 603], 'thus': [131], 'reduced.': [132], 'But,': [133], 'Raffle': [135, 263, 374], '&': [136, 264, 375, 485, 682], 'Gray': [137, 265, 376, 486, 683], 'point': [138, 367], 'out,': [139, 189], 'outcome': [142], 'inevitable,': [145], 'even': [146, 182, 291, 610], 'found.': [150], 'There': [151], 'various': [153], 'reasons': [154], 'this.': [156], 'First,': [157], 'may': [160, 175, 433, 540, 615, 704], 'been': [162, 166, 187, 249, 254, 330, 346], 'curable': [163], 'had': [164, 184], 'allowed': [167], 'progress': [169], 'present': [171, 245], 'normally.': [172], 'Second,': [173], 'death': [174], 'occur': [176], 'despite': [177], 'screening.': [178, 350, 497], 'Third,': [179], 'perhaps': [181], 'worse,': [183], 'carried': [188, 255], 'might': [192], 'never': [193], 'presented': [195], 'clinically': [196], 'individuals’': [199], 'lifetime': [200], '–': [201], 'situation': [203, 534], 'that': [204, 241, 315, 342, 359, 442, 526, 595, 632, 741], 'applies': [205], 'certain': [208], 'extent': [209], 'all': [211, 479, 509], 'there': [215, 282, 306], 'programmes,': [218], 'termed': [222], 'overdiagnosis.': [223], 'Overdiagnosis': [224], 'differs': [225], 'from': [226, 277, 311, 570, 617], 'lead': [227], 'time,': [228], 'simply': [231], 'bringing': [232], 'forward': [233], 'time': [235], 'diagnosis': [237], 'was': [242], 'destined': [243], 'clinically,': [246], 'observed': [250], 'whenever': [251], 'out.': [256], 'causes': [258], '“popularity': [260], 'paradox”,': [261], 'put': [266], 'follows:': [268], '“The': [269], 'greater': [270], 'harm': [272], 'through': [273], 'overdiagnosis': [274], 'overtreatment': [276], 'more': [280, 558], 'who': [284, 366, 417, 556, 602, 642], 'believe': [285, 341], 'owe': [287], 'health,': [289], 'life,': [293], 'programme.”': [296], 'particularly': [299, 550], 'case': [301], 'prostate': [303, 321], 'cancer,': [304], 'since': [305, 623], 'no': [308, 636], 'unequivocal': [309], 'evidence': [310], 'randomized': [312], 'trials': [314], 'prostate-specific': [316], 'antigen': [317], '(PSA)': [318], 'reduces': [320], 'mortality;': [323], 'however,': [324], 'men': [326], 'whose': [327, 401], 'detected': [331, 404], 'together': [335], 'with': [336, 655], 'relatives': [338], 'urologists,': [340], 'lives': [344], 'saved': [347], 'PSA': [349, 362], 'Such': [351], 'individuals': [352], 'tend': [353], 'members': [356], 'groups': [358, 409], 'advocate': [360], 'those': [365, 618], 'out': [368], 'lack': [370], 'evidence,': [372], 'including': [373], 'myself,': [378], 'find': [379], 'themselves': [380], 'at': [381, 648, 676, 688], 'receiving': [383], 'end': [384, 678], 'great': [386], 'hostility.': [387], 'conflict': [389], 'between': [390], 'sceptics,': [392], 'on': [393, 422, 560], 'hand,': [396, 425], 'enthusiasts': [399], '(patients': [400], 'screening),': [406], 'advocacy': [408], 'belong': [411], 'to,': [412], 'clinicians': [416], 'do': [418], 'understand': [420, 627], 'other': [424, 548], 'resolved': [428], 'book,': [431, 622], 'fact': [435], 'irresolvable,': [437], 'but': [438, 708], 'it': [439, 443, 521, 667], 'important': [441, 523], 'recognized.': [445], 'To': [446], 'read': [447], 'book': [449, 491, 546, 581, 594, 664], 'reminded': [453], 'again': [454, 456], 'that,': [457], 'sadly,': [458], 'concept': [460], 'requiring': [462], 'evidence-base': [464], 'runs': [467], 'counter': [468], 'beliefs': [471], 'public': [474, 597], 'countries,': [477], 'nearly': [478], 'politicians,': [480], 'health': [483, 598], 'professionals.\r\n\r\nRaffle': [484], 'devote': [487], 'much': [488, 732], 'need': [494, 625], 'organize': [496], 'They': [498], 'emphasize': [499], 'system': [501], 'performance': [502], 'aspects': [503], 'give': [505, 710], 'good': [506], 'coverage': [507], 'consequences': [511], 'harms': [515], 'well': [517], 'benefits.': [519], 'However,': [520], 'note': [525], 'comments': [530], 'apply': [531], 'United': [537], 'Kingdom,': [538], 'limit': [541], 'usefulness': [543], 'settings,': [549], 'readers': [552], 'developing': [554, 587], 'countries': [555], 'want': [557, 643], 'guidance': [559], 'establishing': [561], 'revising': [563], 'programmes': [565], 'than': [566], 'can': [568], 'obtain': [569], 'WHO': [571], 'publications.': [572], 'Thus,': [573], 'some': [574], 'reservations': [575], 'needed': [577], 'recommending': [579], 'its': [583], 'entirety,': [584], 'especially': [585], 'country': [588], 'programme': [589, 607, 634], 'managers.\r\n\r\nNevertheless,': [590], 'clinicians,': [596], 'officers': [599], 'introducing': [604], 'read,': [609], 'though': [611], 'own': [613], 'circumstances': [614], 'differ': [616], 'described': [619], 'common': [630], 'pitfalls': [631], 'confront': [633], 'managers': [635], 'matter': [637], 'what': [638], 'setting.': [640], 'Those': [641], 'learn': [645], 'about': [646], 'basic': [650], 'level': [651], 'probably': [653], 'start': [654], 'standard': [657], 'epidemiology': [658], 'textbook': [659], 'before': [660], 'progressing': [661], 'use': [666], 'test': [669], 'understanding': [671], 'using': [672], 'examples': [674], 'provided': [675], 'each': [680], 'chapter.\r\n\r\nRaffle': [681], 'years': [685], 'experience': [687], 'regional': [690], 'national': [692], 'levels': [693], 'trying': [695], 'solve': [697], 'problems': [699], 'describe.': [701], 'Their': [702], 'solutions': [703], 'work': [706], 'everywhere,': [707], 'us': [711], 'pause': [712], 'thought,': [714], 'we': [717, 729, 745], 'recognize': [718], 'dilemmas': [720], 'faced,': [723], 'difficulties': [725], 'solved,': [728], 'closer': [733], 'achieving': [735], 'cost-effective': [737], 'approach': [738], 'advocate,': [743], 'desire.': [747], '■': [748]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1965752447', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 4}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-13T20:45:14.629471', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}