Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1862271745', 'doi': None, 'title': 'Network Security: Private Communication in a Public World', 'display_name': 'Network Security: Private Communication in a Public World', 'publication_year': 1995, 'publication_date': '1995-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1862271745', 'mag': '1862271745'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'http://connections-qj.org/article/network-security-private-communication-public-world', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': None, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'book', 'type_crossref': 'book', 'indexed_in': [], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5109893426', 'display_name': 'Charlie Kaufman', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Charlie Kaufman', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5113716598', 'display_name': 'Radia Perlman', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Radia Perlman', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5076911924', 'display_name': 'Mike Speciner', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Mike Speciner', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 24.371, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 743, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999556, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': None, 'issue': None, 'first_page': None, 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12221', 'display_name': 'Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies', 'score': 0.6069, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12221', 'display_name': 'Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies', 'score': 0.6069, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-cryptography', 'display_name': 'Financial cryptography', 'score': 0.4369599}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/id-based-cryptography', 'display_name': 'ID-based cryptography', 'score': 0.41964424}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.62819225}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C203062551', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339', 'display_name': 'Public-key cryptography', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.48157835}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C148730421', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090', 'display_name': 'Encryption', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4720821}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C178489894', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789', 'display_name': 'Cryptography', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.45427522}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C515488857', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q936407', 'display_name': 'Financial cryptography', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.4369599}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C38652104', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521', 'display_name': 'Computer security', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.42523947}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C19150895', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582616', 'display_name': 'ID-based cryptography', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.41964424}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C167615521', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048911', 'display_name': 'Elliptic curve cryptography', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.416426}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C80444323', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974', 'display_name': 'Theoretical computer science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.378087}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C160333310', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398153', 'display_name': 'Key distribution', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.2204493}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'http://connections-qj.org/article/network-security-private-communication-public-world', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': None, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.69, 'display_name': 'Peace, justice, and strong institutions', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 0, 'referenced_works': [], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W329998640', 'https://openalex.org/W3145042860', 'https://openalex.org/W2158923961', 'https://openalex.org/W2157604883', 'https://openalex.org/W2156186849', 'https://openalex.org/W2150010995', 'https://openalex.org/W2146749986', 'https://openalex.org/W2140471436', 'https://openalex.org/W2117420234', 'https://openalex.org/W2108834246', 'https://openalex.org/W2010939995', 'https://openalex.org/W1996360405', 'https://openalex.org/W1949661937', 'https://openalex.org/W1785492489', 'https://openalex.org/W1733713784', 'https://openalex.org/W1660562555', 'https://openalex.org/W1635413415', 'https://openalex.org/W1585665690', 'https://openalex.org/W1573231949', 'https://openalex.org/W106406016'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Acknowledgments.': [0], '1.': [1], 'Introduction.': [2, 78, 101, 121, 139, 167, 191, 297, 317, 401, 514, 612, 677, 746], 'Roadmap': [3], 'to': [4, 52, 124, 632, 805], 'the': [5, 325, 527, 577, 776, 806, 814, 873, 886], 'Book.': [6], 'What': [7, 54, 425], 'Type': [8], 'of': [9, 44, 62, 99, 196, 206, 238, 358, 375, 465, 483, 494, 576, 583, 586, 614, 638, 739, 835, 875, 888], 'Book': [10], 'Is': [11, 55, 217], 'This?': [12], 'Terminology.': [13, 403], 'Notation.': [14, 192], 'Primer': [15], 'on': [16], 'Networking.': [17], 'Active': [18], 'vs.': [19, 113, 785, 799, 869], 'Passive': [20], 'Attackc.': [21], 'Layers': [22], 'and': [23, 118, 152, 188, 225, 255, 319, 338, 409, 412, 415, 462, 468, 565, 598, 645, 654, 684], 'Cryptography.': [24, 53, 67, 70, 77, 200], 'Authorization.': [25], 'Tempest.': [26], 'Key': [27, 32, 66, 69, 76, 137, 232, 332, 362, 380, 399, 428, 679, 685, 692, 829], 'Escrow': [28, 33], 'for': [29, 34, 276, 336, 341, 388, 443, 569, 783, 791, 797], 'Law': [30], 'Enforcement.': [31], 'Careless': [35, 256], 'Users.': [36, 257, 389], 'Viruses,': [37], 'Worms,': [38], 'Trojan': [39], 'Horses.': [40], 'The': [41], 'Multi-level': [42], 'Model': [43], 'Security.': [45, 424, 561, 731, 733, 736], 'Legal': [46], 'Issues.': [47, 596, 745], 'I.': [48], 'CRYPTOGRAPHY.': [49], '2.': [50], 'Introduction': [51], 'Cryptography?': [56], 'Breaking': [57], 'an': [58], 'Encryption': [59, 83, 88, 92, 109, 335, 340, 784, 863], 'Scheme.': [60], 'Types': [61], 'Cryptographic': [63, 213, 222, 372], 'Functions.': [64], 'Secret': [65, 75, 251, 781], 'Public': [68, 136], 'Hash': [71, 816], 'Algorithms.': [72, 138, 373], 'Homework.': [73, 96, 115, 134, 201, 235, 266, 292, 311, 351, 395, 420, 457, 458, 486, 487, 511, 553, 554, 607, 671, 742, 757, 894], '3.': [74], 'Generic': [79], 'Block': [80], 'Encryption.': [81, 642, 800], 'Data': [82, 87, 450, 631, 842, 850, 857], 'Standard': [84, 93, 146], '(DES).': [85], 'International': [86], 'Algorithm': [89], '(IDEA).': [90], 'Advanced': [91], '(AES).': [94], 'RC4.': [95], '4.': [97], 'Modes': [98], 'Operation.': [100], 'Encrypting': [102, 859], 'a': [103, 127, 250, 602, 615, 639, 769, 818, 822, 845, 853], 'Large': [104], 'Message.': [105, 617, 641], 'Generating': [106], 'MACs.': [107], 'Multiple': [108, 648], 'DES.': [110], 'CBC': [111], 'Outside': [112], 'Inside.': [114], '5.': [116], 'Hashes': [117], 'Message': [119, 349, 579, 588, 603, 658], 'Digests.': [120], 'Nifty': [122], 'Things': [123], 'Do': [125, 478, 862], 'with': [126, 186, 844, 852], 'Hash.': [128, 299], 'MD2.': [129], 'MD4.': [130], 'MD5.': [131], 'SHA-1.': [132], 'HMAC.': [133], '6.': [135], 'Modular': [140, 168], 'Arithmetic.': [141, 169], 'RSA.': [142], 'Diffie-Hellman.': [143], 'Digital': [144], 'Signature': [145, 687], '(DSS).': [147], 'How': [148, 247], 'Secure': [149], 'Are': [150], 'RSA': [151], 'Diffie-Hellman?': [153], 'Elliptic': [154, 189, 198], 'Curve': [155, 199], 'Cryptography': [156], '(ECC).': [157], 'Zero': [158], 'Knowledge': [159], 'Proof': [160, 582, 585], 'Systems.': [161, 208, 722], 'Homework': [162, 182], 'Problems.': [163, 183, 756], '7.': [164], 'Number': [165, 879], 'Theory.': [166], 'Primes.': [170], "Euclid's": [171], 'Algorithm.': [172], 'Chinese': [173], 'Remainder': [174], 'Theorem.': [175, 181], 'Zn.': [176], "Euler's": [177, 180], 'Totient': [178], 'Function.': [179], '8.': [184], 'Math': [185], 'AES': [187], 'Curves.': [190], 'Groups.': [193], 'Fields.': [194], 'Mathematics': [195], 'Rijndael.': [197], 'II.': [202], 'AUTHENTICATION.': [203], '9.': [204], 'Overview': [205, 464], 'Authentication': [207, 214, 237, 261, 279, 289, 575, 644], 'Password-Based': [209], 'Authentication.': [210, 212, 274, 331, 385, 530, 751], 'Address-Based': [211], 'Protocols.': [215, 296, 302, 310, 838], 'Who': [216], 'Being': [218], 'Authenticated?': [219], 'Passwords': [220, 254], 'as': [221, 532, 661], 'Keys.': [223, 528, 573, 619, 867], 'Eavesdropping': [224], 'Server': [226], 'Database': [227], 'Reading.': [228, 551], 'Trusted': [229], 'Intermediaries.': [230], 'Session': [231, 427, 446, 524], 'Establishment.': [233, 429], 'Delegation.': [234], '10.': [236], 'People.': [239], 'Passwords.': [240], 'On-Line': [241], 'Password': [242, 245, 259, 295, 301, 304, 307], 'Guessing.': [243, 246], 'Off-Line': [244], 'Big': [248], 'Should': [249, 715], 'Be?': [252], 'Eavesdropping.': [253], 'Initial': [258], 'Distribution.': [260, 680], 'Tokens.': [262], 'Physical': [263], 'Access.': [264], 'Biometrics.': [265], '11.': [267], 'Security': [268, 475, 567, 721, 755], 'Handshake': [269], 'Pitfalls.': [270], 'Login': [271], 'Only.': [272, 343, 864], 'Mutual': [273], 'Integrity/Encryption': [275], 'Data.': [277, 889], 'Mediated': [278], '(with': [280], 'KDC).': [281], 'Nonce': [282], 'Types.': [283, 688], 'Picking': [284], 'Random': [285, 878], 'Numbers.': [286, 334, 537], 'Performance': [287], 'Considerations.': [288], 'Protocol': [290], 'Checklist.': [291], '12.': [293], 'Strong': [294, 300, 303, 306], "Lamport's": [298], 'Credentials.': [305], 'Credentials': [308], 'Download': [309], 'III.': [312], 'STANDARDS.': [313], '13.': [314], 'Kerberos': [315, 353, 392], 'V4.': [316, 726], 'Tickets': [318], 'Ticket-Granting': [320], 'Tickets.': [321, 348], 'Configuration.': [322], 'Logging': [323], 'Into': [324], 'Network.': [326], 'Replicated': [327], "KDC's.": [328], 'Realms.': [329, 376], 'Interrealm': [330], 'Version': [333, 536], 'Privacy': [337], 'Integrity.': [339, 580], 'Integrity': [342, 646, 786], 'Network': [344, 737], 'Layer': [345], 'Addresses': [346], 'in': [347, 367, 546, 666, 775, 817, 837], 'Formats.': [350, 659, 696], '14.': [352], 'V5.': [354], 'ASN.1.': [355], 'Names.': [356], 'Delegation': [357], 'Rights.': [359], 'Ticket': [360], 'Lifetimes.': [361], 'Versions.': [363], 'Making': [364], 'Master': [365, 807], 'Keys': [366, 387, 764, 774, 782, 790, 796], 'Different': [368, 773, 780, 789, 792, 795], 'Realms': [369], 'Different.': [370], 'Optimizations.': [371], 'Hierarchy': [374], 'Evading': [377], 'Password-Guessing': [378], 'Attacks.': [379, 714, 882], 'Inside': [381], 'Authenticator.': [382], 'Double': [383], 'TGT': [384], 'PKINIT-Public': [386], 'KDC': [390], 'Database.': [391], 'V5': [393], 'Messages.': [394, 652], '15.': [396], 'PKI': [397, 404, 531], '(Public': [398], 'Infrastructure).': [400], 'Some': [402, 620], 'Trust': [405], 'Models.': [406], 'Revocation.': [407, 686], 'Directories': [408], 'PKI.': [410], 'PKIX': [411, 416], 'X.509.': [413], 'X.509': [414], 'Certificates.': [417], 'Authorization': [418], 'Futures.': [419], '16.': [421], 'Real-time': [422], 'Communication': [423], 'Layer?': [426], 'Perfect': [430, 760], 'Forward': [431, 761, 890], 'Secrecy.': [432, 762], 'PFS-Foilage.': [433], 'Denial-of-Service/Clogging': [434], 'Protection.': [435, 452, 647, 787], 'Endpoint': [436], 'Identifier': [437], 'Hiding.': [438], 'Live': [439], 'Partner': [440], 'Reassurance.': [441], 'Arranging': [442], 'Parallel': [444], 'Computation.': [445], 'Resumption.': [447, 525], 'Plausible': [448], 'Deniability.': [449], 'Stream': [451], 'Negotiating': [453, 538, 541, 892], 'Crypto': [454], 'Parameters.': [455, 893], 'Easy': [456, 485, 552], '17.': [459], 'IPsec:': [460, 489], 'AH': [461, 470], 'ESP.': [463], 'Ipsec.': [466], 'IP': [467], 'Ipv6.': [469], '(Authentication': [471], 'Header).': [472], 'ESP': [473], '(Encapsulating': [474], 'Payload).': [476], 'So,': [477], 'We': [479], 'Need': [480], 'AH?': [481], 'Comparison': [482], 'Encodings.': [484], '18.': [488], 'IKE.': [490, 495, 500], 'Photuris.': [491], 'SKIP.': [492], 'History': [493], 'IKE': [496], 'Phases.': [497], 'Phase': [498, 501], '1': [499], '-': [502], '2': [503], 'IKE:': [504], 'Setting': [505], 'up': [506], 'Ipsec': [507], 'Sas.': [508], 'ISAKMP/IKE': [509], 'Encoding.': [510, 549, 682], '19.': [512], 'SSL/TLS.': [513], 'Using': [515], 'TCP.': [516, 518], 'Quick': [517, 519], 'History.': [520, 622], 'SSL/TLS': [521], 'Basic': [522], 'Protocol.': [523], 'Computing': [526], 'Client': [529], 'Deployed': [533], 'by': [534], 'SSL.': [535], 'Cipher': [539], 'Suites.': [540], 'Compression': [542], 'Method.': [543], 'Attacks': [544], 'Fixed': [545], 'v3.': [547], 'Exportability.': [548], 'Further': [550], 'IV.': [555], 'ELECTRONIC': [556], 'MAIL.': [557], '20.': [558], 'Electronic': [559, 570], 'Mail': [560], 'Distribution': [562], 'Lists.': [563], 'Store': [564], 'Forward.': [566], 'Services': [568], 'Mail.': [571], 'Establishing': [572, 618], 'Privacy.': [574], 'Source.': [578], 'Non-Repudiation.': [581], 'Submission.': [584], 'Delivery.': [587], 'Flow': [589], 'Confidentiality.': [590], 'Anonymity.': [591], 'Containment.': [592], 'Annoying': [593], 'Text': [594], 'Format': [595], 'Names': [597], 'Addresses.': [599], 'Verifying': [600], 'When': [601, 820], 'Was': [604], 'Really': [605], 'Sent.': [606], '21.': [608], 'PEM': [609, 616, 621, 623, 640, 651], '&': [610], 'S/MIME.': [611, 667], 'Structure': [613, 637], 'Certificate': [624, 626, 669, 683], 'Hierarchy.': [625, 670], 'Revocation': [627], 'Lists': [628], '(CRLs).': [629], 'Reformatting': [630], 'Get': [633], 'Through': [634], 'Mailers.': [635], 'General': [636], 'Source': [643], 'Recipients.': [649], 'Bracketing': [650], 'Forwarding': [653], 'Enclosures.': [655], 'Unprotected': [656], 'Information.': [657], 'DES-CBC': [660], 'MIC': [662], "Doesn't": [663], 'Work.': [664, 712], 'Differences': [665], 'S/MIME': [668], '22.': [672], 'PGP': [673], '(Pretty': [674], 'Good': [675], 'Privacy).': [676], 'Overview.': [678], 'Efficient': [681], 'Your': [689], 'Private': [690], 'Key.': [691, 808, 815, 876], 'Rings.': [693], 'Anomalies.': [694], 'Object': [695], 'V.': [697], 'LEFTOVERS.': [698], '23.': [699], 'Firewalls.': [700], 'Packet': [701], 'Filters.': [702], 'Application': [703], 'Level': [704], 'Gateway.': [705], 'Encrypted': [706, 841, 849], 'Tunnels.': [707], 'Comparisons.': [708], 'Why': [709], 'Firewalls': [710, 716], "Don't": [711, 809, 839, 847, 861], 'Denial-of-Service': [713], 'Go': [717], 'Away?': [718], '24.': [719], 'More': [720], 'NetWare': [723, 725], 'V3.': [724], 'KryptoKnight.': [727], 'DASS/SPX.': [728], 'Lotus': [729], 'Notes': [730], 'DCE': [732], 'Microsoft': [734], 'Windows': [735], 'Denial': [738], 'Service.': [740], 'Clipper.': [741], '25.': [743], 'Web': [744, 754], 'URLs/URIs.': [747], 'HTTP.': [748], 'HTTP': [749], 'Digest': [750], 'Cookies.': [752], 'Other': [753], '26.': [758], 'Folklore.': [759], 'Change': [763], 'Periodically.': [765], 'Multiplexing': [766], 'Flows': [767], 'over': [768], 'Single': [770], 'SA.': [771], 'Use': [772, 779, 788, 794, 834], 'Two': [777], 'Directions.': [778], 'Purposes.': [793], 'Signing': [798], 'Have': [801], 'Both': [802], 'Sides': [803], 'Contribute': [804], 'Let': [810, 840, 848], 'One': [811], 'Side': [812], 'Determine': [813], 'Constant': [819], 'Hashing': [821], 'Password.': [823], 'HMAC': [824], 'Rather': [825], 'than': [826], 'Simple': [827], 'MD.': [828], 'Expansion.': [830], 'Randomly': [831], 'Chosen': [832], 'Ivs.': [833], 'Nonces': [836], 'Begin': [843, 851], 'Constant.': [846], 'Predictable': [854], 'Value.': [855], 'Compress': [856], 'Before': [858], 'It.': [860], 'Avoiding': [865], 'Weak': [866], 'Minimal': [868], 'Redundant': [870], 'Designs.': [871], 'Overestimate': [872], 'Size': [874], 'Hardware': [877], 'Generators.': [880], 'Timing': [881], 'Put': [883], 'Checksums': [884], 'at': [885], 'End': [887], 'Compatibility.': [891], 'Bibliography.': [895], 'Glossary.': [896], 'Index.': [897]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1862271745', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 18}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 16}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 25}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 20}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 29}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 31}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 33}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 32}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-14T09:04:39.357951', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}