Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1831100553', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1993.49.520', 'title': 'Identification of Single Specimens of the Anopheles Gambiae Complex by the Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'display_name': 'Identification of Single Specimens of the Anopheles Gambiae Complex by the Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'publication_year': 1993, 'publication_date': '1993-10-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1831100553', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1993.49.520', 'mag': '1831100553', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8214283'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1993.49.520', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S100045985', 'display_name': 'American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene', 'issn_l': '0002-9637', 'issn': ['0002-9637', '1476-1645'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315658', 'host_organization_name': 'American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315658'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5112363418', 'display_name': 'Julie A. Scott', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1289490764', 'display_name': 'Centers for Disease Control and Prevention', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042twtr12', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1289490764', 'https://openalex.org/I1299022934']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210160401', 'display_name': 'National Center for Infectious Diseases', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04vmke174', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1289490764', 'https://openalex.org/I1299022934', 'https://openalex.org/I4210160401']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Julie A. Scott', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1289490764', 'https://openalex.org/I4210160401']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5109913524', 'display_name': 'William G. Brogdon', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'William G. Brogdon', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5103583521', 'display_name': 'Frank H. Collins', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Frank H. Collins', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 11.999, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 1538, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999893, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '49', 'issue': '4', 'first_page': '520', 'last_page': '529'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10091', 'display_name': 'Malaria Research and Control', 'score': 0.999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2739', 'display_name': 'Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10091', 'display_name': 'Malaria Research and Control', 'score': 0.999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2739', 'display_name': 'Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10166', 'display_name': 'Mosquito-borne diseases and control', 'score': 0.9966, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2739', 'display_name': 'Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11075', 'display_name': 'Insect Resistance and Genetics', 'score': 0.993, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/anopheles-gambiae', 'display_name': 'Anopheles gambiae', 'score': 0.7421554}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/intergenic-region', 'display_name': 'Intergenic region', 'score': 0.5072805}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/sibling-species', 'display_name': 'Sibling species', 'score': 0.41444448}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.83525074}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C49105822', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176996', 'display_name': 'Polymerase chain reaction', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.7677456}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776802408', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135237', 'display_name': 'Anopheles gambiae', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.7421554}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C207812311', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426560', 'display_name': 'Ribosomal DNA', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.5829984}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C129312508', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133686', 'display_name': 'Oligonucleotide', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5253113}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C67905577', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215980', 'display_name': 'Ribosomal RNA', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.52439064}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C195139083', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3463539', 'display_name': 'Intergenic region', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.5072805}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.48500082}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C552990157', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430', 'display_name': 'DNA', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44676742}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778033235', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1297859', 'display_name': 'Sibling species', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.41444448}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153911025', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7202', 'display_name': 'Molecular biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.37936133}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778048844', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12156', 'display_name': 'Malaria', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.31322402}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C90132467', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171184', 'display_name': 'Phylogenetics', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.15018308}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C104317684', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187', 'display_name': 'Gene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.13537574}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C141231307', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7020', 'display_name': 'Genome', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.12417117}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C203014093', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929', 'display_name': 'Immunology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D000852', 'descriptor_name': 'Anopheles', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004275', 'descriptor_name': 'DNA, Ribosomal', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000032', 'qualifier_name': 'analysis', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007303', 'descriptor_name': 'Insect Vectors', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016133', 'descriptor_name': 'Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000818', 'descriptor_name': 'Animals', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000852', 'descriptor_name': 'Anopheles', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001483', 'descriptor_name': 'Base Sequence', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D017931', 'descriptor_name': 'DNA Primers', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D017931', 'descriptor_name': 'DNA Primers', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000737', 'qualifier_name': 'chemistry', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004275', 'descriptor_name': 'DNA, Ribosomal', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004275', 'descriptor_name': 'DNA, Ribosomal', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000737', 'qualifier_name': 'chemistry', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005260', 'descriptor_name': 'Female', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007303', 'descriptor_name': 'Insect Vectors', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008288', 'descriptor_name': 'Malaria', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008288', 'descriptor_name': 'Malaria', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000635', 'qualifier_name': 'transmission', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008297', 'descriptor_name': 'Male', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008969', 'descriptor_name': 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012091', 'descriptor_name': 'Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016415', 'descriptor_name': 'Sequence Alignment', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013045', 'descriptor_name': 'Species Specificity', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1993.49.520', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S100045985', 'display_name': 'American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene', 'issn_l': '0002-9637', 'issn': ['0002-9637', '1476-1645'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315658', 'host_organization_name': 'American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315658'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8214283', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Life on land', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15', 'score': 0.64}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 0, 'referenced_works': [], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3153640763', 'https://openalex.org/W2493235902', 'https://openalex.org/W2168694236', 'https://openalex.org/W2162866873', 'https://openalex.org/W2099367156', 'https://openalex.org/W2048332853', 'https://openalex.org/W2015937705', 'https://openalex.org/W1990575233', 'https://openalex.org/W192543484', 'https://openalex.org/W1571737442'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'A': [0], 'ribosomal': [1, 54], 'DNA-polymerase': [2], 'chain': [3], 'reaction': [4], '(PCR)': [5], 'method': [6, 110], 'has': [7], 'been': [8], 'developed': [9], 'for': [10, 105], 'species': [11, 33, 64], 'identification': [12], 'of': [13, 15, 21, 28, 39, 69, 78, 83, 94, 114], 'individuals': [14], 'the': [16, 22, 36, 53, 92, 102], 'five': [17, 115], 'most': [18], 'widespread': [19], 'members': [20], 'Anopheles': [23], 'gambiae': [24], 'complex,': [25], 'a': [26, 79, 84, 112], 'group': [27], 'morphologically': [29], 'indistinguishable': [30], 'sibling': [31], 'mosquito': [32, 85], 'that': [34], 'includes': [35], 'major': [37], 'vectors': [38], 'malaria': [40], 'in': [41, 52, 130, 136], 'Africa.': [42, 140], 'The': [43, 109], 'method,': [44], 'which': [45], 'is': [46], 'based': [47], 'on': [48], 'species-specific': [49], 'nucleotide': [50], 'sequences': [51], 'DNA': [55, 75], 'intergenic': [56], 'spacers,': [57], 'may': [58, 97], 'be': [59, 98], 'used': [60], 'to': [61, 118], 'identify': [62, 119], 'both': [63], 'and': [65, 107, 126, 138], 'interspecies': [66], 'hybrids,': [67], 'regardless': [68], 'life': [70], 'stage,': [71], 'using': [72], 'either': [73, 127], 'extracted': [74], 'or': [76, 91, 133], 'fragments': [77], 'specimen.': [80], 'Intact': [81], 'portions': [82], 'as': [86, 88], 'small': [87], 'an': [89], 'egg': [90], 'segment': [93], 'one': [95], 'leg': [96], 'placed': [99], 'directly': [100], 'into': [101], 'PCR': [103], 'mixture': [104], 'amplification': [106], 'analysis.': [108], 'uses': [111], 'cocktail': [113], '20-base': [116], 'oligonucleotides': [117], 'An.': [120, 122, 124, 128, 134], 'gambiae,': [121], 'arabiensis,': [123], 'quadriannnulatus,': [125], 'melas': [129, 135], 'western': [131], 'Africa': [132], 'eastern': [137], 'southern': [139]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1831100553', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 73}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 71}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 72}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 76}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 89}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 52}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 53}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 62}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 67}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 59}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 74}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 90}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 76}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-23T07:08:45.181065', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}