Radiation Exposure during the Evaluation and Management of Nephrolithiasis

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Tony T. Chen; Chu Wang; Michael N. Ferrandino; Charles D. Scales; Terry T. Yoshizumi; Glenn M. Preminger; Michael E. Lipkin
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492], 'are': [216, 315, 333, 493], 'at': [217, 494, 730, 770, 1202, 1808], 'potentially': [218], 'significant': [219, 319, 495], 'risk': [220, 496, 917, 1713], 'for': [221, 228, 254, 351, 387, 497, 531, 544, 703, 707, 860, 933, 980, 1014, 1032, 1278, 1336, 1397, 1491, 1512, 1531, 1551, 1646, 1764, 1894], 'due': [224], 'need': [227], 'manage': [231], 'recurrent': [232], 'stone': [233, 313, 364, 750, 1261], 'disease.': [234], 'We': [235], 'reviewed': [236], 'literature': [238], 'in': [239, 304, 554, 557, 678, 694, 762, 790, 809, 829, 855, 881, 948, 998, 1061, 1096, 1118, 1125, 1209, 1238, 1282, 1294, 1317, 1338, 1359, 1393, 1461, 1515, 1556, 1753, 1757, 1923], 'an': [240, 336, 449, 1206, 1484, 1508], 'attempt': [241], 'better': [243, 529], 'characterize': [244], 'actual': [245], 'risks': [246, 511, 526], 'discussed': [248], 'methods': [249], 'reduce': [251, 412, 455], 'adult': [255], 'patients': [256, 368, 415, 545, 833, 1210, 1239], 'nephrolithiasis.': [258, 547, 1016], 'Materials': [259], 'Methods:': [261], 'A': [262, 296, 1812], 'PubMed®': [263], 'search': [264], 'was': [265], 'performed': [266], 'using': [267, 417, 1598], 'key': [269], 'words': [270], 'nephrolithiasis,': [271], 'stones,': [272], 'radiation,': [273], 'fluoroscopy,': [274], 'ureteroscopy,': [275], 'percutaneous': [276, 331, 355, 458, 1413, 1433, 1450, 1462, 1492, 1516, 1532, 1549], 'nephrolithotomy,': [277], 'computerized': [278, 327, 347, 425, 788, 931, 1152, 1263], 'tomography': [279, 426, 789, 910, 932, 1013], 'shock': [281, 398], 'wave': [282, 399], 'lithotripsy.': [283, 1717], 'Additional': [284], 'citations': [285], 'were': [286, 302], 'identified': [287], 'by': [288, 467, 637, 1572, 1726, 1949, 1975, 1993, 2014, 2035, 2075, 2096, 2117], 'reviewing': [289], 'reference': [290, 1160, 1376], 'lists': [291], 'pertinent': [293], 'articles.': [294], 'Results:': [295], 'total': [297], '50': [299, 1702], 'relevant': [300], 'articles': [301, 1974, 1992, 2013, 2034, 2074, 2095, 2116], 'included': [303], 'this': [305, 1976, 1994, 2015, 2036, 2076, 2097, 2118], 'review.': [306], 'a': [309, 318, 362, 468, 472, 656, 744, 748, 814, 857, 885, 968, 977, 1037, 1175, 1295, 1534, 1574, 1599, 1633, 1643, 1666, 1888, 1924], 'first': [310], 'time': [311, 461, 1448], 'acute': [312, 764, 794, 1212], 'event': [314], 'exposed': [316, 334], 'radiation.': [322], 'Most': [323], 'tomography.': [328, 348, 818, 1264], 'undergoing': [330], 'nephrolithotomy': [332, 356, 1517, 1550, 1569], 'equal': [337], 'or': [338], 'greater': [339], 'than': [343], 'they': [344], 'received': [345], 'Risk': [349, 385], 'factors': [350, 386], 'increased': [352, 388, 498], 'include': [357, 392, 416], 'obesity,': [358], 'multiple': [359], 'tracts': [360], 'larger': [363], 'burden.': [365], 'Ureteroscopy': [366, 1663], 'exposes': [367], 'approximately': [370], 'same': [372], 'as': [376, 429, 431, 976, 1374, 1507, 1887], 'plain': [377], 'x-ray': [378, 615], 'kidneys,': [381], 'ureters': [382], 'bladder.': [384], 'ureteroscopy': [391, 463], 'obesity': [393, 1612], 'ureteral': [395, 1188, 1342], 'dilation.': [396], 'During': [397], 'lithotripsy': [400], 'not': [407], 'well': [408], 'characterized.': [409], 'Interventions': [410], 'ultrasound': [418, 947, 992], 'when': [419, 442], 'possible': [420], 'implementing': [422], 'low': [423, 430, 513, 969, 1158], 'dose': [424, 609, 701, 873, 905, 1148, 1159, 1177, 1204, 1259, 1316, 1426, 1430, 1592, 1619, 1709], 'protocols.': [427], 'The': [428, 446, 509, 585, 783], 'reasonably': [432], 'achievable': [433], 'principle': [434], 'should': [438], 'always': [439], 'be': [440, 465, 522, 536], 'followed': [441], 'fluoroscopy': [443, 505, 659, 663, 1511, 1689], 'performed.': [445], 'use': [447, 1482], 'air': [450, 1485], 'retrograde': [451, 1486], 'pyelogram': [452, 1487], 'may': [453, 464], 'also': [454, 535], 'nephrolithotomy.': [459, 1414, 1434, 1451, 1463, 1493], 'Fluoroscopy': [460, 1916], 'decreased': [466], 'laser': [469], 'guided': [470, 1570], 'C-arm,': [471], 'dedicated': [473], 'C-arm': [474], 'technician,': [475], 'stent': [476], 'placement': [477], 'under': [478], 'direct': [479, 1154], 'vision': [480], 'tactile': [482], 'feedback': [483], 'help': [485], 'guide': [486], 'wire': [487], 'placement.': [488], 'Conclusions:': [489], 'used': [506], 'treatment.': [508], 'true': [510], 'remain': [516], 'uncertain.': [517], 'It': [518], 'important': [520], 'aware': [523], 'these': [525], 'provide': [528], 'counseling': [530], 'patients.': [532, 1098], 'Urologists': [533], 'must': [534], 'familiar': [537], 'techniques': [539, 1117], 'decrease': [541], 'References': [548], '1': [549], ':': [550, 568, 605, 631, 653, 673, 739, 759, 782, 805, 826, 852, 871, 903, 928, 944, 963, 990, 1009, 1026, 1048, 1077, 1108, 1138, 1170, 1199, 1232, 1254, 1273, 1306, 1332, 1356, 1387, 1406, 1423, 1442, 1459, 1476, 1501, 1526, 1545, 1567, 1587, 1610, 1629, 1686, 1703], 'U.S.': [556], '2006:': [558], 'preliminary': [559], 'results.': [560], 'Health': [561, 1718], 'Phys2008;': [562], '95:': [563], '502.': [564], 'Google': [565, 582, 602, 628, 650, 670, 696, 736, 756, 779, 802, 823, 849, 868, 900, 925, 941, 960, 987, 1006, 1023, 1045, 1074, 1105, 1135, 1167, 1196, 1229, 1251, 1270, 1303, 1329, 1353, 1384, 1403, 1420, 1439, 1456, 1473, 1498, 1523, 1542, 1564, 1584, 1607, 1626, 1652, 1683, 1700, 1722], 'Scholar': [566, 583, 603, 629, 651, 671, 697, 737, 757, 780, 803, 824, 850, 869, 901, 926, 942, 961, 988, 1007, 1024, 1046, 1075, 1106, 1136, 1168, 1197, 1230, 1252, 1271, 1304, 1330, 1354, 1385, 1404, 1421, 1440, 1457, 1474, 1499, 1524, 1543, 1565, 1585, 1608, 1627, 1653, 1684, 1701, 1723], '2': [567, 771], 'Computed': [569], 'tomography—an': [570], 'source': [572], 'exposure.': [575], 'N': [576, 1017], 'Engl': [577, 1018], 'J': [578, 646, 752, 774, 797, 819, 845, 863, 936, 1002, 1019, 1041, 1101, 1162, 1190, 1247, 1265, 1299, 1348, 1380, 1415, 1435, 1452, 1494, 1538, 1602, 1674, 1696, 1748, 1882], 'Med2007;': [579], '357:': [580], '2277.': [581], '3': [584], '2007': [586], 'Recommendations': [587], 'International': [590], 'Commission': [591, 713, 727], 'on': [592, 1146, 1219, 1311], 'Radiological': [593], 'Protection.': [594], 'ICRP': [595], 'publication': [596, 1774, 1798, 1833, 1862, 1906, 1936], '103.': [597], 'Ann': [598], 'ICRP2007;': [599], '37:': [600, 626], '1.': [601], '4': [604], 'Estimation': [606], 'effective': [608, 1429, 1707], 'examinations': [616, 911], 'measurements': [618], 'dose-area': [621], 'product.': [622], 'Phys': [623], 'Med': [624], 'Biol1992;': [625], '2117.': [627, 866], '5': [630], '16-Detector': [632], 'multislice': [633], 'CT:': [634, 1079, 1120, 1846], 'dosimetry': [635, 1367], 'estimation': [636], 'TLD': [638], 'measurement': [639, 952], 'compared': [640, 1052, 1368], 'Monte': [642], 'Carlo': [643], 'simulation.': [644], 'Br': [645], 'Radiol2004;': [647], '77:': [648], '662.': [649], '6': [652], 'Comparison': [654, 1922], 'reduced': [657], 'protocol': [660, 878, 1237, 1262], 'conventional': [662, 1672], 'uncomplicated': [665], 'ureteroscopy.': [666, 1622, 1673, 1695], 'Urology2011;': [667], '78:': [668], '286.': [669], '7': [672], 'Size-Specific': [674], 'Dose': [675, 1845], 'Estimates': [676], '(SSDE)': [677], 'Pediatric': [679], 'Adult': [681], 'Body': [682], 'CT': [683, 879, 1031, 1062, 1083, 1091, 1173, 1201, 1236, 1280, 1319, 1395], 'Examinations.': [684], 'Report': [685], 'No.': [686], '204.': [687], 'College': [688, 890], 'Park:': [689], 'American': [690, 889, 1727, 1950], 'Association': [691, 1729, 1952], 'Physicists': [693], 'Medicine2011.': [695], '8': [698], '§20.1201': [699], 'Occupational': [700], 'limits': [702], 'adults.': [704, 1324], 'Part': [705], '20—Standards': [706], 'Protection': [708], 'against': [709, 1156], 'Radiation,': [710], 'Nuclear': [711, 725], 'Regulatory': [712, 726], 'Regulations': [714], 'Title': [715], '10,': [716], 'Code': [717], 'Federal': [719], 'Regulation.': [720], 'Washington,': [721], 'D.C.:': [722], 'United': [723, 883], 'States': [724], '1991.': [728], 'Available': [729], 'http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part020/full-text.html#part020-1201.': [731], 'Accessed': [732], 'March': [733], '19,': [734], '2015.': [735, 1682], '9': [738], 'What': [740], 'can': [743], 'expect': [746], 'single': [749], 'episode?.': [751], 'Endourol2008;': [753, 1539], '22:': [754, 1327, 1540, 1650], '419.': [755], '10': [758], 'short-term': [766], 'management': [767, 792, 1340], 'urolithiasis': [769, 835, 1145, 1597], 'academic': [772], 'centers.': [773], 'Urol2009;': [775, 937], '181:': [776], '668.': [777], 'Link,': [778, 801, 867, 940, 1166, 1269, 1352, 1419, 1606], '11': [781], 'value': [784, 1641], 'unenhanced': [786], 'helical': [787], 'flank': [795, 1558], 'pain.': [796], 'Urol1998;': [798], '159:': [799], '735.': [800], '12': [804], 'Limitations': [806, 945], 'ultrasonography': [808, 973, 1506], 'evaluation': [811], 'urolithiasis:': [813, 1036, 1363], 'correlation': [815], 'computed': [817, 909, 1012], 'Endourol2012;': [820, 1436], '26:': [821, 1437], '209.': [822], '13': [825], 'follow-up': [831], 'comparing': [836], 'digital': [837, 1370], 'tomosynthesis,': [838], 'non-contrast': [839], 'CT,': [840], 'standard': [841], 'KUB,': [842], 'IVU.': [844], 'Endourol2013;': [846, 1003], '27:': [847, 1004], '1187.': [848], '14': [851], 'urology:': [856], 'genitourinary': [858], 'catalogue': [859], 'imaging.': [862], 'Urol2013;': [864, 1266, 1349], '190:': [865], '15': [870], 'index': [874, 972, 1467], 'renal': [876, 1186, 1213, 1243, 1513], 'colic': [877], 'studies': [880], 'States:': [884], 'report': [886], 'Radiology': [892, 894], 'National': [893, 1750], 'Data': [895], 'Registry.': [896], 'Radiology2014;': [897], '271:': [898], '445.': [899], '16': [902], 'associated': [906, 914, 1614, 1711], 'common': [908], 'lifetime': [915], 'attributable': [916], 'cancer.': [919], 'Arch': [920], 'Intern': [921], 'Med2009;': [922], '169:': [923], '2078.': [924], '17': [927], 'Ultrasound': 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1245, 1297, 1378], 'Am': [1040, 1100, 1246, 1298, 1379], 'Roentgenol2008;': [1042], '191:': [1043], '396.': [1044], '23': [1047], 'Model-based': [1049, 1109], 'iterative': [1050, 1056, 1087, 1110, 1115, 1217, 1275, 1309], 'reconstruction': [1051, 1057, 1088, 1111, 1116, 1218, 1276, 1310], 'adaptive': [1054, 1085, 1113], 'statistical': [1055, 1086, 1114], 'filtered': [1059, 1093], 'back-projection': [1060], 'kidneys': [1065], 'adjacent': [1068], 'retroperitoneum.': [1069], 'Acad': [1070, 1648], 'Radiol2014;': [1071], '21:': [1072], '774.': [1073], '24': [1076], 'Abdominal': [1078], 'comparison': [1080, 1121, 1155, 1670], 'routine-dose': [1090], 'back': [1094], 'projection': [1095], '53': [1097], 'Roentgenol2010;': [1102, 1381], '195:': [1103, 1382], '713.': [1104], '25': [1107], 'abdominal': [1119, 1207, 1279], 'image': [1123, 1220, 1287, 1312], 'quality': [1124, 1221, 1313, 1634], 'colorectal': [1129], 'liver': [1130], 'metastases.': [1131], 'Radiology2013;': [1132], '269:': [1133], '469.': [1134], '26': [1137], 'Prospective': [1139], 'trial': [1140], 'ultralow': [1147], '(sub': [1149], 'mSv)': [1150], 'noncontrast': [1151], 'tomography:': [1153], 'routine': [1157], 'standard.': [1161, 1377], 'Urol2014;': [1163], '192:': [1164], '1433.': [1165], '27': [1169], 'Does': [1171], 'ultra-low-dose': [1172], 'equivalent': [1178], 'that': [1180], 'KUB': [1182], 'suffice': [1183], 'detect': [1185], 'calculi?.': [1189], 'Comput': [1191], 'Assist': [1192], 'Tomogr2006;': [1193], '30:': [1194], '44.': [1195], '28': [1198], 'Non-contrast': [1200], 'comparable': [1203], 'radiograph': [1208], 'colic;': [1214], 'impact': [1215], 'performance.': [1224], 'Insights': [1225], 'Imaging2014;': [1226], '5:': [1227], '217.': [1228], '29': [1231], 'Low-dose': [1233], 'standard-dose': [1235], 'clinically': [1241], 'colic.': [1244], 'Roentgenol2007;': [1248], '188:': [1249], '927.': [1250], '30': [1253], 'Obesity': [1255, 1460], 'triples': [1256], '189:': [1267, 1350], '2142.': [1268], '31': [1272], 'Hybrid': [1274], 'technique': [1277], 'protocols': [1281, 1335], 'obese': [1283], 'patients:': [1284], 'assessment': [1285], 'quality,': [1288], 'dose,': [1290], 'low-contrast': [1292], 'detectability': [1293], 'phantom.': [1296], 'Roentgenol2014;': [1300], '202:': [1301], 'W146.': [1302], '32': [1305], 'Impact': [1307], 'multidetector': [1318], 'large': [1321], 'size': [1323], 'Eur': [1325], 'Radiol2012;': [1326], '1631.': [1328], '33': [1331], 'Clinical': [1333], 'effectiveness': [1334], 'calculous': [1343], 'disease:': [1344], 'AUA': [1345], 'technology': [1346], 'assessment.': [1347], '1203.': [1351], '34': [1355], 'Digital': [1357, 1818], 'tomosynthesis': [1358], 'radiography': [1371], 'MDCT': [1373], '161.': [1383], '35': [1386], 'Use': [1388], 'regional': [1391], 'variation': [1392], 'initial': [1394], 'Pediatrics2014;': [1400], '134:': [1401], '909.': [1402], '36': [1405], 'Factors': [1407, 1443], 'affecting': [1408, 1444], 'Urol2010;': [1416], '184:': [1417], '2373.': [1418], '37': [1422], 'Organ-specific': [1424], 'rates': [1427, 1431], '439.': [1438], '38': [1441], 'fluoroscopic': [1446, 1489, 1529], 'screening': [1447], 'Endourol2009;': [1453], '23:': [1454], '1825.': [1455], '39': [1458], 'Is': [1464], 'really': [1468], 'important?.': [1469], 'Urology2014;': [1470], '84:': [1471], '538.': [1472], '40': [1475], 'Reduced': [1477, 1809], 'access': [1490, 1514, 1530], 'Endourol2011;': [1495, 1697], '25:': [1496, 1698], '563.': [1497], '41': [1500], 'Safety': [1502, 1919], 'efficacy': [1504], 'adjunct': [1509], '(PCNL).': [1518], 'Int2011;': [1520], '108:': [1521], '1346.': [1522], '42': [1525], 'Ultrasonographic': [1527], 'nephrolithotomy:': [1533], 'randomized': [1535], 'clinical': [1536], 'trial.': [1537], '281.': [1541], '43': [1544], 'Ultrasound-guided': [1546], 'X-ray': [1547], 'free': [1548], 'treatment': [1552, 1595], 'simple': [1554], 'stones': [1555], 'position.': [1559], 'Urol': [1560], 'Res2011;': [1561], '39:': [1562], '205.': [1563], 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