Publication Information

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'indicators.': [312, 1164, 1364, 1717], 'European': [313, 1165, 1365, 1634, 1718], 'Journal': [314, 1166, 1290, 1328, 1366, 1635, 1719, 2005], 'Political': [316, 458, 553, 829, 1168, 1292, 1368, 1477, 1637, 1721, 1975, 2142], 'Economy,': [317, 1169, 1369, 1722], '19(3),': [318, 1170, 1370, 1723], '497–527.[Crossref]': [319, 1171, 1371, 1724], ',': [320, 359, 406, 467, 528, 754, 837, 902, 1091, 1172, 1300, 1338, 1372, 1400, 1461, 1645, 1725, 1984, 2014, 2088], '[Google': [321, 360, 407, 468, 529, 571, 669, 703, 755, 838, 903, 944, 1092, 1173, 1301, 1339, 1373, 1401, 1429, 1462, 1489, 1518, 1646, 1726, 1985, 2015, 2089], 'Scholar],': [322, 361, 756, 1340, 1374, 1402, 1430, 1463, 1490], 'Art.': [323], '1': [324], 'Sec.': [325], '1).2.': [326], 'Cole': [327, 722, 2056], 'Ramirez': [329, 724, 2058], '(2013)': [330, 338, 655, 725, 733, 2059, 2067], 'COLE,': [331, 726, 2060], 'Wade': [332, 727, 2061], 'M.,': [333, 728, 1381, 2062], 'RAMIREZ,': [335, 730, 2064], 'Francisco': [336, 731, 2065], 'O.': [337, 732, 2066], 'Conditional': [339, 734, 2068], 'decoupling:': [340, 735, 2069], 'Assessing': [341, 736, 930, 2070], 'impact': [343, 738, 2072], 'national': [345, 740, 2074], 'institutions,': [348, 743, 2077, 2158], '1981–2004.': [349, 744, 2078], 'American': [350, 457, 496, 745, 1289, 1974, 2079], 'Sociological': [351, 746, 2080], 'Review,': [352, 460, 747, 1977, 2081], '78(4),': [353, 748, 2082], '702–725.[Crossref],': [354, 749, 2083], '[Web': [355, 463, 524, 750, 833, 1296, 1334, 1457, 1641, 1980, 2010, 2084], 'Science': [357, 459, 465, 526, 752, 835, 1298, 1336, 1398, 1459, 1643, 1976, 1982, 2012, 2086, 2143], '®]': [358, 466, 527, 753, 836, 1299, 1337, 1399, 1460, 1644, 1983, 2013, 2087], 'only': [363, 1828], 'quantitative': [365], 'piece': [366], 'effectiveness': [369, 1925], 'known': [370], 'this': [372, 979, 1221, 1917, 2018, 2043], 'author,': [373], 'describe': [374], 'consequence': [378], 'global': [381, 1051], "polity's": [382], 'concern': [383], '(physical': [387], 'integrity)': [388], 'time.3.': [390], 'Although': [391, 850], 'Rejali': [392], '(2009)': [393, 396, 886, 1406, 1414], 'REJALI,': [394], 'Darius.': [395], 'Democracy': [399], '(Princeton,': [400], 'New': [401], 'Jersey:': [402], 'Princeton': [403], 'University': [404, 900, 1089, 1511], 'Press).[Crossref]': [405, 901, 1090], 'Scholar]': [408, 469, 530, 572, 839, 1093, 2090], 'reminds': [409], 'us': [410], 'that,': [411], 'despite': [412], 'reputation': [415], 'innovative': [417], 'sadism,': [418], 'Nazi': [419], 'Germany': [420], 'borrowed': [421], 'many': [422], 'its': [424, 1566, 2126], 'techniques': [426], 'cultures': [429], '(e.g.,': [430, 880, 909, 1952], 'electrotorture': [431], 'French).4.': [434], 'However,': [435, 539, 2017], 'see': [436, 540, 681], 'Fariss': [437], '(2014)': [438, 442, 1072, 1075], 'FARISS,': [439], 'Christopher': [440], 'J.': [441, 1963], 'Respect': [443], 'improved': [448], 'time:': [450], 'Modeling': [451], 'changing': [453, 481], 'standard': [454, 482, 1559], 'accountability.': [456], '108(2),': [461], '297–318.[Crossref],': [462], 'argument': [472, 575, 1097], 'these': [474, 696], 'depressing': [475], 'results': [476, 1574, 1583, 1667, 2051], 'due': [478], 'accountability': [484], 'influencing': [485], 'way': [487, 1598], 'we': [490], 'measure': [491, 1261], 'torture.5.': [492], 'Including': [493], 'Convention,': [498], 'African': [501], 'Charter.6.': [502], 'Some': [503, 1935], 'specifications': [504], 'Hathaway': [506], '(2002)': [507, 511], 'HATHAWAY,': [508], 'Oona': [509], 'A.': [510, 820, 885], 'Do': [512], 'treaties': [515, 2001], 'difference?': [518], 'Yale': [519], 'Law': [520, 656], 'Journal,': [521], '111(8),': [522], '1935–2042.[Crossref],': [523], 'show': [531, 863], 'no': [532], 'relationship': [534, 1022, 1282], 'between': [535, 1125, 1130], 'ratification': [536, 1856], 'practice.7.': [538], 'Conrad': [541], 'Moore': [543], '(2012)': [544, 552, 914], 'CONRAD,': [545], 'R.,': [547], 'MOORE,': [549], 'Institutions,': [554, 934], 'Plausible': [555], 'Deniability,': [556], 'Use': [559], 'Stealth': [561], 'Torture.': [562], 'Working': [563, 1421], 'Paper.': [564], '[Online].': [565, 1423, 1483, 1512], 'Available:': [566, 1424, 1484, 1513], 'http://visionsinmethodology.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/': [567], '[12': [568], 'November': [569, 1487], '2014].': [570, 1428, 1488, 1517], 'elections': [577, 1035], 'may': [578, 1936], 'lead': [580], 'decrease': [583], 'because': [586], 'marginalized': [587], 'groups': [588], '(not': [589], 'priority': [591], 'majority)': [594], 'often': [596], 'targeted.8.': [597], 'Monists': [598], 'treat': [599, 617], 'law': [603, 610, 621, 628, 642], 'one': [605, 765], 'system': [607], 'occupying': [611], 'hierarchically': [613], 'superior': [614], 'position.': [615], 'Dualists': [616], 'two': [623, 1266, 2034], 'separate': [624], 'spheres': [625], 'whereby': [626], 'applied': [630], 'domestically': [631], 'extent': [634], 'it': [636, 1232, 1838], 'incorporated': [638], 'into': [639, 1009, 1020], '(von': [643], 'Glahn': [644], 'Taulbee': [646], '2013': [647], 'VON': [648], 'GLAHN,': [649], 'Gerhard,': [650], 'TAULBEE,': [652], 'James': [653], 'Larry.': [654], 'Among': [657], 'Nations:': [658], 'An': [659, 1502], 'Introduction': [660], 'Public': [662], 'International': [663, 692, 1084, 1534], 'Law,': [664], '10th': [665], 'edition': [666], '(Boston:': [667], 'Pearson).': [668], 'Scholar]:': [670], '118).': [671], 'For': [672], 'comprehensive': [675], 'review': [676, 843], 'monism': [678], 'dualism,': [680], 'Marian': [682], '(2007)': [683, 686], 'MARIAN,': [684], 'Brindusa.': [685], 'The': [687, 698, 705, 995, 1038, 1050, 1079, 1116, 1443, 1582, 1741, 1866, 1965], 'dualist': [688], 'monist': [690], 'theories:': [691], "law's": [693], 'conception': [694], 'theories.': [697], 'Juridical': [699], 'Current,': [700], '1(1),': [701], '16–27.': [702], 'Scholar].9.': [704], 'Paris': [706, 852], 'Principles': [707, 853], 'were': [708], 'adopted': [709], 'General': [715], 'Assembly': [716], '1993.10.': [718], 'Studies,': [719], 'suggest': [757, 1120, 1937], 'there': [758], 'study': [762, 795, 980], 'them': [763], 'homogenous': [766], 'group:': [767], '"All': [768], 'types': [769], 'institutions': [773], 'improve': [774], 'long–term': [775], 'integrity': [777], 'outcomes': [778], 'but': [779, 846, 1107, 1209, 1539, 1837, 1904], 'civil': [781], 'political': [783, 1287, 2159], 'practices"': [785], '(1,': [786], 'emphasis': [787], 'added).': [788], 'As': [789], 'noted': [790], 'conclusion,': [793], 'future': [794, 1882, 2046], 'should': [796, 1017, 1100], 'further': [798, 1019], 'what': [799], 'aspects': [800], 'most': [804, 1039, 1844], 'effective': [805], 'curbing': [807], 'violations': [809], 'when.11.': [811], 'Approximately': [812], '8,000': [813], 'USD.12.': [814], 'See': [815, 1070], 'Simmons': [816, 1953], '(1998)': [817, 821], 'SIMMONS,': [818, 1957], 'Beth': [819, 1958], 'Compliance': [822], 'agreements.': [825], 'Annual': [826], 'Review': [827], 'Science,': [830, 1293], '1,': [831], '75–93.[Crossref],': [832], 'starting': [848], 'point.13.': [849], 'call': [854], 'NHRIs,': [857], 'number': [859], 'case': [861], 'studies': [862, 1016], 'independence': [864, 908, 1785, 1907], 'binary': [868], 'concept': [869, 1274], 'less': [876, 968], 'than': [878, 1262], 'others': [879], 'Mertus': [881], '2009': [882], 'MERTUS,': [883], 'Julie': [884], 'Matters:': [889], 'Local': [890], 'Politics': [891], '(Stanford,': [897, 1086], 'CA:': [898, 1087], 'Stanford': [899, 1088], 'Scholar]).': [904, 1174, 1647, 2016], 'Skepticism': [905], 'about': [906, 1874, 1923], 'Rosenblum': [910], '2012': [911, 1144], 'ROSENBLUM,': [912], 'Peter.': [913], 'Tainted': [915], 'origins': [916], 'uncertain': [918], 'outcomes:': [919], 'Evaluating': [920], 'NHRIs.': [921], 'In': [922], 'Rights,': [924], 'State': [925, 2146], 'Compliance,': [926], 'Social': [928], 'Change:': [929], 'Ryan': [935], 'Goodman': [936], 'Thomas': [938], 'Pegram': [939], '(eds.)': [940], '(New': [941], 'York:': [942], 'Cambridge).': [943], 'Scholar])': [945], 'actually': [946], 'provides': [947], 'conservative': [950, 1678], 'test': [951, 1796], 'my': [953, 1673, 1797, 1835], 'hypothesis,': [954], 'am': [957], 'looking': [958], 'average': [961, 1745], 'effect': [962, 1912], 'those': [964], 'dampen': [971], 'overall': [973, 1541], 'effect.14.': [974], 'Note': [975], 'tests': [977], 'do': [981, 1524], 'directly': [983], 'address': [984], 'Optional': [985], 'Protocol': [986], 'against': [992], '(OPCAT).': [994], 'temporal': [996], 'range': [997], 'data': [1000, 1625, 1944], 'go': [1001, 1008, 1896], '2007,': [1003], 'OPCAT': [1005], 'did': [1006], 'force': [1010], 'until': [1011], 'June': [1012], '22,': [1013], '2006.': [1014], 'Future': [1015], 'look': [1018], 'OPCATs': [1021], 'NHRIs.15.': [1024], 'could': [1026], 'through': [1028], 'continuum': [1030], 'mechanisms': [1032], 'revolution.': [1037], 'important': [1040], 'point': 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'anonymous': [1178], 'reviewer': [1179], 'suggestion': [1182], 'dummies': [1184], 'democracy': [1186, 1197], 'anocracy.': [1188], 'also': [1191], 'used': [1192, 1690], 'scale': [1195], 'dummy': [1200], 'variable': [1201, 1230, 1564, 1657, 2026], 'transitioning': [1203], 'almost': [1206], 'identical': [1207], 'results,': [1208], 'current': [1211, 2149], 'specification': [1212], 'makes': [1213], 'logical': [1217], 'model': [1218, 1542, 1551, 1580, 1589, 1674], 'fit.19.': [1219], 'Recall': [1220], 'result': [1223, 1742], 'increase': [1226], 'dependent': [1229, 1656], 'measures': [1233], 'protection': [1234], 'rights.20.': [1236], 'Autocracy': [1237], '(Polity': [1238], '−6)': [1241], 'referent': [1244], 'category': [1245], 'included': [1249], 'model.21.': [1252], 'Energy': [1253], 'consumption': [1254], 'reliable': [1258], 'available': [1260], 'GDP,': [1263], 'highly': [1268], 'correlated,': [1269], 'thus': [1270], 'capturing': [1271], 'same': [1273, 1577], '(Jackman': [1275], '1973': [1276], 'JACKMAN,': [1277], 'Robert.': [1278], '(1973)': [1279], 'On': [1280], 'economic': [1284, 1326, 1764], 'development': [1285], 'performance.': [1288, 1327], '17(3),': [1294], '611–621.[Crossref],': [1295], 'Scholar]).22.': [1302], 'Clague,': [1303], 'Keefer,': [1304], 'Knack,': [1305], 'Olson': [1307], '(1999)': [1308, 1318], 'CLAGUE,': [1309], 'Christopher,': [1310], 'KEEFER,': [1311], 'Philip,': [1312], 'KNACK,': [1313], 'Stephen,': [1314], 'OLSON,': [1316], 'Mancur.': [1317], 'Contract-intensive': [1319], 'money:': [1320], 'Contract': [1321], 'enforcement,': [1322], 'property': [1323], 'Growth,': [1331], '4(2),': [1332], '185–211.[Crossref],': [1333], 'Feld': [1341], 'Voigt': [1343], 'Howard': [1375], 'Carey': [1377], '(2004)': [1378, 1386], 'HOWARD,': [1379], 'Robert': [1380], 'CAREY,': [1383], 'Henry': [1384], 'F.': [1385], 'Is': [1387], 'judiciary': [1390, 1782, 2123], 'necessary': [1391], 'democracy?': [1393], 'Judicature,': [1394], '87(6),': [1395], '284–290.[Web': [1396], 'Tate': [1403], 'Keith': [1405], 'TATE,': [1407], 'C.': [1408], 'Neal,': [1409], 'KEITH,': [1411], 'Linda': [1412], 'Camp.': [1413], 'Conceptualizing': [1415], 'Operationalizing': [1417], 'Judicial': [1418, 1508, 1906], 'Independence': [1419], 'Globally,': [1420], 'Paper': [1422], 'https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=zlFC7uIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=zlFC7uIAAAAJ:UeHWp8X0CEIC': [1425], '[10': [1426], 'October': [1427], 'Cingranelli': [1431, 1444], 'Richards': [1433, 1446], '(2010a)': [1434, 1442], 'CINGRANELLI,': [1435], 'David': [1436, 1440], 'L.,': [1437], 'RICHARDS,': [1439], 'L.': [1441], '(CIRI)': [1447], 'Data': [1450], 'Project.': [1451], 'Quarterly,': [1454], '32(2),': [1455], '401–424.[Crossref],': [1456], 'Marshall': [1464], '(2010)': [1467, 1473, 1494, 1501, 1994], 'MARSHALL,': [1468], 'Monty,': [1469], 'JAGGERS,': [1471], 'Keith.': [1472], 'Project:': [1476], 'Regime': [1478], 'Characteristics': [1479], 'Transitions,': [1481], '1800–2007': [1482], 'http://www.systemicpeace.org/polityproject.html': [1485], '[14': [1486], 'Rìos-Figueroa': [1491], 'Staton': [1493], 'RÌOS-FIGUEROA,': [1495], 'Julio,': [1496], 'STATON,': [1498], 'Jeffrey': [1499], 'K.': [1500], 'Evaluation': [1503], 'Cross-National': [1505], 'Measures': [1506], 'Independence.': [1509], 'Emory': [1510], 'http://polisci.emory.edu/faculty/jkstato/page0/index.html': [1514], '[1': [1515], 'December': [1516], 'Scholar].23.': [1519], 'Three': [1520], 'variables': [1523, 1731, 1737], 'meet': [1526], 'assumption': [1528], 'parallel': [1530], 'slopes': [1531], '(CAT': [1532], 'ratification,': [1533], 'War,': [1535], 'Lagged': [1537], 'Torture),': [1538], 'meets': [1543], 'assumption.': [1545], 'Fitting': [1546], 'partial': [1548, 1586], 'proportional': [1549, 1587], 'odds': [1550, 1588], 'change': [1554], 'beta': [1556], 'coefficient': [1557], 'error': [1560], 'explanatory': [1563, 2025], 'constituents': [1567], 'substantial': [1570], 'way;': [1571], 'therefore,': [1572], 'dependent.': [1581], 'found': [1592], 'online': [1595, 1687, 2054], 'appendix.24.': [1596], 'Another': [1597], 'deal': [1600], 'autocorrelation': [1602], 'use': [1605], 'Prais-Winston': [1608, 1650], 'transformation': [1609], '(Plumper,': [1610], 'Troeger,': [1611], 'Manow': [1613], '2005': [1614, 1956], 'PLUMPER,': [1615], 'Thomas,': [1616], 'TROEGER,': [1617], 'Vera': [1618], 'E.,': [1619], 'MANOW,': [1621], 'Philip.': [1622], '(2005)': [1623, 1964], 'Panel': [1624], 'comparative': [1628], 'politics:': [1629], 'Linking': [1630], 'method': [1631, 2019], 'theory.': [1633], 'Research,': [1638], '44(2),': [1639], '327–354.[Crossref],': [1640], 'Estimating': [1648, 1995], 'require': [1653], 'lagged': [1655], '(which': [1658], 'absorbs': [1659], 'much': [1660], 'time-series': [1663], 'variance),': [1664], 'so': [1665], '"easier"': [1669], 'find,': [1671], 'making': [1672], 'choice': [1675], 'test.': [1679], 'Results': [1680], 'similar': [1682], 'presented': [1684, 1833], 'appendix.25.': [1688], 'STATA': [1691], '12': [1692], 'analyses': [1695], '(StataCorp': [1696], '2011': [1697], 'Scholar]).26.': [1727], 'dichotomous': [1730, 2035], 'medians': [1734], 'continuous': [1736], 'means.': [1740], 'slightly': [1749], '(polity': [1751], 'score': [1752, 1786], '1.68),': [1754], 'war': [1758], '(civil': [1759], 'international),': [1761], 'standing': [1765], 'par': [1767], 'Brazil': [1769], '2006,': [1771], 'population': [1774], 'around': [1776], '11': [1777], 'million': [1778], '0.452.27.': [1788], 'appropriate': [1792, 1841], 'first': [1793, 1804, 1831, 1868], 'difference': [1794, 1805, 1832, 1869], 'hypothesis:': [1798], 'however,': [1799], 'full': [1801], 'disclosure,': [1802], 'takes': [1807], 'established': [1812], 'changes': [1815], 'CAT': [1820, 1848, 1855], 'nonratifier': [1821], 'ratifier': [1823], 'yields': [1824], 'opposite': [1825], 'results.': [1826], 'Not': [1827], 'answer': [1834], 'question': [1836], 'given': [1842, 2023, 2125], 'ratify': [1846], 'before': [1849], 'they': [1850], 'establish': [1851], '(modal': [1854], 'year': [1857, 1863], '1987,': [1859], 'modal': [1860], 'adoption': [1862, 1878], '1996).': [1865], 'disparate': [1867], 'present': [1871, 2049], 'puzzle': [1873], 'timing': [1875], 'institutional': [1877], 'worth': [1879], 'exploring': [1880], 'work.28.': [1883], 'Throughout': [1884], 'assume': [1886], 'movement': [1887], 'adjacent': [1889], 'categories.': [1890], 'It': [1891], 'possible': [1893], '0': [1898], '2,': [1900], 'vice': [1902], 'versa,': [1903], 'unlikely.29.': [1905], 'highest': [1910], 'substantive': [1911, 2128], 'practices': [1915], 'model.': [1918, 2040], 'Despite': [1919], 'fact,': [1921], 'knowing': [1922], 'commit': [1929], 'agreements': [1932], 'worthwile.30.': [1934], 'matching': [1939], 'algorithm': [1940], 'preprocess': [1942], 'order': [1946], 'simulate': [1948], 'experimental': [1949], 'research': [1950, 2150], 'design': [1951], 'Hopkins': [1955], 'A.,': [1959], 'HOPKINS,': [1961], 'Daniel': [1962, 1992], 'constraining': [1966], 'power': [1967], 'treaties:': [1970], 'Theory': [1971], 'methods.': [1973], '99(4),': [1978], '623–631.[Crossref],': [1979], 'Scholar];': [1986], 'D.': [1987], 'W.': [1988, 1993], 'Hill': [1989], '2010': [1990], 'HILL,': [1991], 'effects': [1997, 2129], 'behavior.': [2004], 'Politics,': [2007], '72(4),': [2008], '1161–1174.[Crossref],': [2009], 'unusually': [2021], 'challenging': [2022], 'interest': [2028], 'interaction': [2031], 'term': [2032], 'constituent': [2036], 'terms': [2037], 'leave': [2042], 'challenge': [2044], 'research.31.': [2047], 'appendix.32.': [2055], 'begin': [2091], 'disaggregate': [2093], 'broadly': [2095], 'grouping': [2096], 'organizational': [2101], 'structure': [2102], 'mandate': [2104], '(classic': [2105], 'ombudsman,': [2106], 'commissions,': [2109], 'ombudsman).33.': [2113], 'If': [2114], 'after': [2116], 'investing': [2117], 'steps': [2119], 'large': [2127], 'model.Notes': [2132], 'contributorRyan': [2134], 'M.': [2135], 'Welch': [2136], 'PhD': [2139], 'candidate': [2140], 'Florida': [2145], 'University.': [2147], 'His': [2148], 'interests': [2151], 'include': [2152], 'law,': [2156], 'violence,': [2160], 'protest.': [2162]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1827625905', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-15T23:24:04.177986', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}