Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1750896089', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.141.10.3243', 'title': 'Target cell lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes that lack detectable hemolytic perforin activity.', 'display_name': 'Target cell lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes that lack detectable hemolytic perforin activity.', 'publication_year': 1988, 'publication_date': '1988-11-15', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1750896089', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.141.10.3243', 'mag': '1750896089', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3263417'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.141.10.3243', 'pdf_url': 'https://journals.aai.org/jimmunol/article-pdf/141/10/3243/1041388/3243.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S38008053', 'display_name': 'The Journal of Immunology', 'issn_l': '0022-1767', 'issn': ['0022-1767', '1550-6606'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4320800377', 'host_organization_name': 'American Association of Immunologists', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4320800377'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Association of Immunologists'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'bronze', 'oa_url': 'https://journals.aai.org/jimmunol/article-pdf/141/10/3243/1041388/3243.pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5048509828', 'display_name': 'Nancy L. Allbritton', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9242-768X'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63966007', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042nb2s44', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'N L Allbritton', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5039689409', 'display_name': 'Cathryn Nagler‐Anderson', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63966007', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042nb2s44', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'C Nagler-Anderson', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5050218469', 'display_name': 'Tim Elliott', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1097-0222'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63966007', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042nb2s44', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'T J Elliott', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5023863374', 'display_name': 'C R Verret', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63966007', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042nb2s44', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'C R Verret', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5049585042', 'display_name': 'Herman N. Eisen', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63966007', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042nb2s44', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'H N Eisen', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 1.277, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 18, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.594623, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 84, 'max': 85}, 'biblio': {'volume': '141', 'issue': '10', 'first_page': '3243', 'last_page': '3248'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12159', 'display_name': 'T-cell and Retrovirus Studies', 'score': 0.891, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2403', 'display_name': 'Immunology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/24', 'display_name': 'Immunology and Microbiology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12159', 'display_name': 'T-cell and Retrovirus Studies', 'score': 0.891, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2403', 'display_name': 'Immunology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/24', 'display_name': 'Immunology and Microbiology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11020', 'display_name': 'Immune Cell Function and Interaction', 'score': 0.8211, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2403', 'display_name': 'Immunology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/24', 'display_name': 'Immunology and Microbiology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10950', 'display_name': 'Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia research', 'score': 0.7452, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2739', 'display_name': 'Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/ctl*', 'display_name': 'CTL*', 'score': 0.95288676}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/cytolysin', 'display_name': 'Cytolysin', 'score': 0.80782974}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/granzyme', 'display_name': 'Granzyme', 'score': 0.5238202}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776062744', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21103279', 'display_name': 'Perforin', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.96998405}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C147969180', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5014579', 'display_name': 'CTL*', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.95288676}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C73588182', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2663023', 'display_name': 'Cytolysis', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.84476}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C80595800', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937863', 'display_name': 'Cytolysin', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.80782974}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154317977', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376266', 'display_name': 'Cytotoxic T cell', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.72022206}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5869816}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C183193105', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425068', 'display_name': 'Granzyme', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.5238202}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C57409179', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1218293', 'display_name': 'Lysis', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4554252}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C95444343', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141', 'display_name': 'Cell biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.42228732}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C203014093', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929', 'display_name': 'Immunology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.37005442}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153911025', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7202', 'display_name': 'Molecular biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.32554862}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.09155983}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C202751555', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221681', 'display_name': 'In vitro', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.07938394}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C104317684', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187', 'display_name': 'Gene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.06650475}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C60987743', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460232', 'display_name': 'Virulence', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D003602', 'descriptor_name': 'Cytotoxicity, Immunologic', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006461', 'descriptor_name': 'Hemolysis', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008562', 'descriptor_name': 'Membrane Glycoproteins', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008565', 'descriptor_name': 'Membrane Proteins', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013602', 'descriptor_name': 'T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000276', 'qualifier_name': 'immunology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000818', 'descriptor_name': 'Animals', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002118', 'descriptor_name': 'Calcium', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002118', 'descriptor_name': 'Calcium', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002460', 'descriptor_name': 'Cell Line', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003601', 'descriptor_name': 'Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004249', 'descriptor_name': 'DNA Damage', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007424', 'descriptor_name': 'Intracellular Fluid', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007424', 'descriptor_name': 'Intracellular Fluid', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008565', 'descriptor_name': 'Membrane Proteins', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008565', 'descriptor_name': 'Membrane Proteins', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000172', 'qualifier_name': 'deficiency', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D051379', 'descriptor_name': 'Mice', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008807', 'descriptor_name': 'Mice, Inbred BALB C', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D054353', 'descriptor_name': 'Perforin', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D052899', 'descriptor_name': 'Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013602', 'descriptor_name': 'T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013602', 'descriptor_name': 'T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.141.10.3243', 'pdf_url': 'https://journals.aai.org/jimmunol/article-pdf/141/10/3243/1041388/3243.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S38008053', 'display_name': 'The Journal of Immunology', 'issn_l': '0022-1767', 'issn': ['0022-1767', '1550-6606'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4320800377', 'host_organization_name': 'American Association of Immunologists', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4320800377'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Association of Immunologists'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3263417', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.141.10.3243', 'pdf_url': 'https://journals.aai.org/jimmunol/article-pdf/141/10/3243/1041388/3243.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S38008053', 'display_name': 'The Journal of Immunology', 'issn_l': '0022-1767', 'issn': ['0022-1767', '1550-6606'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4320800377', 'host_organization_name': 'American Association of Immunologists', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4320800377'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Association of Immunologists'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 0, 'referenced_works': [], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3119757668', 'https://openalex.org/W2242602639', 'https://openalex.org/W2185215548', 'https://openalex.org/W2146329250', 'https://openalex.org/W2121736846', 'https://openalex.org/W2111991328', 'https://openalex.org/W2106217565', 'https://openalex.org/W2040551850', 'https://openalex.org/W1974783148', 'https://openalex.org/W1750896089'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'When': [0], 'mouse': [1, 10, 79], 'target': [2, 64, 97, 116], 'cells': [3, 65, 98, 117], 'are': [4, 66, 87], 'subjected': [5, 67], 'to': [6, 68, 114, 121], 'cytolytic': [7, 69], 'attack': [8, 70], 'by': [9, 71, 99, 124], 'CTL': [11, 76, 80, 94, 110], 'cell': [12], 'lines': [13], 'that': [14, 60, 90, 108], 'have': [15, 27], 'been': [16], 'cultured': [17], 'for': [18], 'many': [19], 'months': [20], 'in': [21, 45], 'high': [22], 'levels': [23], 'of': [24, 52], 'IL-2,': [25], 'and': [26, 39, 49, 92], 'abundant': [28], 'perforin-rich': [29, 91], 'secretory': [30], 'granules,': [31], 'they': [32], 'exhibit': [33], 'two': [34], 'prominent': [35], 'changes:': [36], '1)': [37], 'rapid': [38], 'massive': [40], 'increase': [41], '(greater': [42], 'than': [43], '10-fold)': [44], 'intracellular': [46], 'Ca2+': [47], 'concentration': [48], '2)': [50], 'fragmentation': [51], 'DNA': [53], 'into': [54], 'nucleosome-sized': [55], 'fragments.': [56], 'We': [57], 'show': [58], 'here': [59], 'when': [61], 'the': [62, 84], 'same': [63, 85], 'perforin-deficient': [72, 93, 109], 'CTL,': [73], 'either': [74], 'human': [75], 'or': [77], 'primary': [78], 'from': [81], 'peritoneal': [82], 'exudates,': [83], 'changes': [86], 'observed,': [88], 'suggesting': [89], 'kill': [95], 'their': [96], 'similar': [100], '(if': [101], 'not': [102, 119], 'identical)': [103], 'mechanisms.': [104], 'It': [105], 'is': [106], 'possible': [107], 'produce': [111], 'enough': [112, 120], 'perforin': [113], 'destroy': [115], 'but': [118], 'be': [122], 'detected': [123], 'currently': [125], 'available': [126], 'methods.': [127]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1750896089', 'counts_by_year': [], 'updated_date': '2024-12-07T19:20:45.376925', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}