Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W170844545', 'doi': None, 'title': 'Battle Command: Bradley and Ridgway in the Battle of the Bulge', 'display_name': 'Battle Command: Bradley and Ridgway in the Battle of the Bulge', 'publication_year': 2000, 'publication_date': '2000-03-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W170844545', 'mag': '170844545'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-51912660/battle-command-bradley-and-ridgway-in-the-battle', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764787750', 'display_name': 'Military review', 'issn_l': '0026-4148', 'issn': ['0026-4148'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315718', 'host_organization_name': 'The MIT Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315718'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['The MIT Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': [], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5058353105', 'display_name': 'Thomas Jordan', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2096-8858'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Thomas M. Jordan', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5058353105'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.0, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 0, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.0, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 0, 'max': 58}, 'biblio': {'volume': '80', 'issue': '2', 'first_page': '95', 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T14289', 'display_name': 'Anthropology: Ethics, History, Culture', 'score': 0.8766, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3314', 'display_name': 'Anthropology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T14289', 'display_name': 'Anthropology: Ethics, History, Culture', 'score': 0.8766, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3314', 'display_name': 'Anthropology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13494', 'display_name': 'Military History and Strategy', 'score': 0.8571, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T14086', 'display_name': 'Military and Defense Studies', 'score': 0.8516, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/infantry', 'display_name': 'Infantry', 'score': 0.87702}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/strategic-bombing', 'display_name': 'Strategic bombing', 'score': 0.56234926}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/military-history', 'display_name': 'Military History', 'score': 0.505713}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C198766705', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29171', 'display_name': 'Infantry', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.87702}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778627824', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178561', 'display_name': 'Battle', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8463422}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C205960476', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2287072', 'display_name': 'Operational level of war', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.6543354}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779220109', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50000', 'display_name': 'Victory', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6228028}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.6073564}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154775046', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188', 'display_name': 'German', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.60422766}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C110866185', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841418', 'display_name': 'Strategic bombing', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.56234926}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776211767', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117850', 'display_name': 'Doctrine', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5269583}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C137355542', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362', 'display_name': 'World War II', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5100253}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C5021368', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192781', 'display_name': 'Military history', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.505713}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C187736073', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921', 'display_name': 'Management', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.44593668}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C42475967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292', 'display_name': 'Operations research', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.42758834}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C21547014', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657', 'display_name': 'Operations management', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3670567}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.3324738}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C178802073', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421', 'display_name': 'Aeronautics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3280056}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.29237604}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C95457728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309', 'display_name': 'History', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.24468979}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C94625758', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163', 'display_name': 'Politics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.14183271}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C166957645', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498', 'display_name': 'Archaeology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.1186952}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.11530095}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C122133782', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7303654', 'display_name': "Red Army's tactics in World War II", 'level': 3, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-51912660/battle-command-bradley-and-ridgway-in-the-battle', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764787750', 'display_name': 'Military review', 'issn_l': '0026-4148', 'issn': ['0026-4148'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315718', 'host_organization_name': 'The MIT Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315718'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['The MIT Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 0, 'referenced_works': [], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W765403147', 'https://openalex.org/W318830769', 'https://openalex.org/W3134565002', 'https://openalex.org/W2993607360', 'https://openalex.org/W2993405959', 'https://openalex.org/W2967318621', 'https://openalex.org/W2603681606', 'https://openalex.org/W2533515368', 'https://openalex.org/W2469160806', 'https://openalex.org/W241677730', 'https://openalex.org/W239894485', 'https://openalex.org/W236120789', 'https://openalex.org/W2342967243', 'https://openalex.org/W19733505', 'https://openalex.org/W171180933', 'https://openalex.org/W161604948', 'https://openalex.org/W1592717143', 'https://openalex.org/W1523650599', 'https://openalex.org/W1514294055', 'https://openalex.org/W1019607085'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'In': [0, 124, 191, 235, 456], 'recognizing': [1], 'that': [2, 53, 355, 375], 'the': [80], 'operational': [4, 66], 'level': [5], 'of': [6, 22, 82, 133, 145, 196, 265, 345, 357, 391, 428, 434, 500, 560, 563], 'war': [7, 149, 452], 'provides': [8], 'vital': [10], 'linkage': [11], 'between': [12, 482], 'national': [13], 'and': [14, 18, 69, 84, 87, 114, 159, 176, 215, 218, 307, 417, 449, 484, 492, 508, 555, 565], 'theater': [15], 'strategic': [16, 160, 358, 399, 549], 'direction': [17], 'tactical': [20, 107, 122], 'employment': [21], 'forces,': [23], 'current': [24], 'Army': [25, 128, 136, 152, 367, 448, 526], 'doctrine': [26], 'identifies': [27], 'several': [28], 'key': [29], 'planning': [30, 97, 400], 'tasks': [31, 78], 'for': [32, 43, 310, 425, 527], 'operational-level': [33], 'commanders:': [34], 'Shape': [35], 'military': [37, 51, 58], 'environment.': [38], '*': [39, 48, 61, 71], 'Set': [40], 'conditions': [42, 424], 'decisive': [44], 'results': [45], 'or': [46, 102], 'victory.': [47], 'Identify': [49], 'operations': [52, 440], 'will': [54], 'achieve': [55], 'desired': [57], 'end': [59], 'state.': [60], 'Support': [62], 'campaign': [64, 162], 'with': [65, 250, 268, 402, 568], 'intents,': [67], 'concepts': [68], 'objectives.': [70], 'Respond': [72], 'to': [73, 92, 205, 229, 253, 275, 279, 285, 297, 324, 410, 421, 444, 453, 490, 495, 553], 'continually': [74], 'changing': [75], 'conditions.1': [76], 'These': [77], 'constitute': [79], 'art': [81], 'motivating': [83], 'directing': [85], 'soldiers': [86, 494], 'their': [88], 'leaders': [89], 'into': [90], 'action': [91], 'accomplish': [93], 'missions.2': [94], 'Aside': [95], 'from': [96, 185], 'responsibilities,': [98], 'how': [99, 115], 'do': [100, 111, 118], 'corps': [101], 'higher': [103], 'commanders': [104, 179], 'affect': [105], 'level?': [108], 'What': [109], 'role': [110], 'they': [112, 119], 'play,': [113], 'much': [116], 'difference': [117], 'make': [120], 'in': [121, 138, 277, 347, 361, 404, 513, 531], 'battles?': [123], 'late': [125, 210], '1944,': [126, 523], 'US': [127, 151, 366], 'General': [129, 153, 220, 369, 460], 'Omar': [130], 'Bradley,': [131, 216], 'commander': [132], 'largest': [135], 'Group': [137], 'European': [140], 'Theater,': [141], 'noticed': [142], 'a': [143, 199, 305, 388, 395, 426, 471, 535, 569], 'weakening': [144], 'vaunted': [147], 'German': [148, 201, 240, 331, 447, 473, 579], 'machine.': [150], 'Dwight': [154], 'D.': [155], "Eisenhower's": [156, 251, 290, 442], 'broad-front': [157], 'ground': [158, 309, 537], 'air': [161], 'was': [163, 243, 350, 467, 489], 'working.': [164], 'Despite': [165], 'devastating': [166], 'Allied': [167, 188, 557, 586], 'losses': [168], 'during': [169], 'bitter': [171], 'Huertgen': [172], 'Forest': [173, 302], 'fighting,': [174], 'Bradley': [175, 248, 292, 316, 364, 407], 'other': [177], 'senior': [178], 'believed': [180, 223, 335], 'Germans': [182, 225, 379], 'were': [183, 203], 'reeling': [184], 'repeated': [187], 'Russian': [189], 'hammering.': [190], 'losing': [192], 'equivalent': [194], 'manpower': [195], 'five': [197], 'divisions': [198], 'week,': [200], 'defenses': [202], 'stretched': [204], 'breaking': [207, 241], 'point.': [208], 'By': [209], 'fall,': [211], 'intelligence': [213, 322], 'community': [214], 'Eisenhower': [217, 403], 'English': [219], 'Bernard': [221], 'Montgomery': [222], 'lacked': [226], 'capabilities': [228], 'conduct': [230, 411], 'anything': [231], 'beyond': [232], 'local': [233], 'counterattacks.': [234], "Allies'": [237, 383], 'view,': [238], 'point': [242], 'imminent.3': [244], 'As': [245], 'winter': [246], 'approached,': [247], 'agreed': [249], 'decision': [252], 'maintain': [254], 'pressure': [255], 'on': [256, 319, 545], 'Adolph': [257], "Hitler's": [258], 'beleaguered': [259], 'Wehrmacht.4': [260], 'However,': [261], 'iron': [263], 'laws': [264], 'logistics': [266], 'combined': [267], 'limited': [269, 412], 'infantry': [270], 'replacements': [271], 'forced': [272], "Bradley's": [273], 'planners': [274], 'economize': [276], 'order': [278], 'build': [280], 'up': [281], 'sufficient': [282], 'combat': [283, 337], 'power': [284, 338], 'sustain': [286], 'an': [287, 454], 'offensive.5': [288], 'With': [289, 478], 'concurrence,': [291], 'made': [293], 'calculated': [295], 'risk': [296], 'use': [298], '88mile': [300], 'Ardennes': [301, 349], 'sector': [303], 'as': [304, 547], 'reconstitution': [306], 'training': [308], 'First': [311, 416], "Army's": [312], 'tired,': [313], 'green': [314], 'divisions.6': [315], 'relied': [317], 'heavily': [318], 'British': [320], 'ULTRA': [321], 'intercepts': [323], 'confirm': [325], 'his': [326, 479, 502, 548], 'predisposed': [327], 'attitude': [328], 'regarding': [329], 'offensive': [332, 474], 'threat.': [333], 'He': [334], 'he': [339], 'would': [340, 386], 'gain': [341], 'through': [342, 475, 539], 'disposition': [344], 'forces': [346, 558], 'worth': [351], 'risk.7': [353], 'Reasoning': [354], 'nothing': [356], 'value': [359], 'lay': [360], 'region,': [363], 'convinced': [365], 'Lieutenant': [368, 459], 'Troy': [370], 'Middleton,': [371], 'VIII': [372], 'Corps': [373, 465], 'commander,': [374, 466], 'even': [376], 'if': [377], 'did': [380], 'attack,': [381], 'mobility': [384], 'advantage': [385], 'enable': [387], 'rapid': [389], 'defeat': [390], 'any': [392], 'penetration.8': [393], 'At': [394], '7': [396], 'December': [397, 522], '1944': [398], 'conference': [401], 'Maastricht,': [405], 'Netherlands,': [406], 'received': [408], 'permission': [409], 'offensives': [413], 'using': [414], 'Third': [418], 'Armies.9': [419], 'Designed': [420], 'set': [422], 'major': [427, 536], 'fensive': [429], 'aimed': [430], 'at': [431], 'heart': [433], 'Germany': [435], 'by': [436], 'early': [437, 457], '1945,': [438], 'these': [439], 'fulfilled': [441], 'desire': [443], 'destroy': [445, 556], 'bring': [450], 'end.10': [455], 'December,': [458], 'Matthew': [461], 'Ridgway,': [462], 'XVIII': [463], 'Airborne': [464], 'not': [468], 'thinking': [469], 'about': [470], 'possible': [472], 'Ardennes.': [477], 'headquarters': [480], 'split': [481], 'England': [483], 'France,': [485], "Ridgway's": [486], 'first': [487], 'concern': [488], 'refit': [491], 'train': [493], 'replace': [496], 'high': [498], 'number': [499], 'casualties': [501], 'two': [503], 'crack': [504], 'divisions,': [505], '82d': [507], '101': [509], 'st,': [510], 'had': [511], 'sustained': [512], 'ill-fated': [515], 'Arnhem': [516], 'Campaign.11': [517], 'The': [518], 'Assault': [519], 'On': [520], '16': [521], 'Gennan': [525], 'third': [529], 'time': [530], '30': [532], 'years': [533], 'launched': [534], 'assault': [538], "Ardennes'": [541], 'forested': [542], 'trails.': [543], 'Focusing': [544], 'Antwerp': [546], 'objective,': [550], 'Hitler': [551], 'planned': [552], 'encircle': [554], 'north': [559], 'line': [562], 'Bastogne-Brussels': [564], 'Antwerp.12': [566], 'Beginning': [567], 'thunderous': [570], '30-minute': [571], 'artillery': [572], 'preparation': [573], 'along': [574], 'attack': [576, 583], 'zone,': [577], 'three': [578], 'armies': [580], 'began': [581], 'against': [584], 'unsuspecting': [585], 'forces.': [587], '…': [588]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W170844545', 'counts_by_year': [], 'updated_date': '2024-12-14T05:16:07.591272', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}