Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1678355425', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1938.121.2.400', 'title': 'THE RESPONSE OF SINGLE OPTIC NERVE FIBERS OF THE VERTEBRATE EYE TO ILLUMINATION OF THE RETINA', 'display_name': 'THE RESPONSE OF SINGLE OPTIC NERVE FIBERS OF THE VERTEBRATE EYE TO ILLUMINATION OF THE RETINA', 'publication_year': 1938, 'publication_date': '1938-01-31', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1678355425', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1938.121.2.400', 'mag': '1678355425'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1938.121.2.400', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S204210209', 'display_name': 'American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content', 'issn_l': '0002-9513', 'issn': ['0002-9513', '2163-5773'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320155', 'host_organization_name': 'American Physiological Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320155'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Physiological Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5006716330', 'display_name': 'H. K. Hartline', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210138366', 'display_name': 'Johnson Foundation', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/037d2wg57', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210138366']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'H. K. Hartline', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['From the Eldridge Reeves Johnson Foundation for Medical Physics, University of Pennsylvania'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'From the Eldridge Reeves Johnson Foundation for Medical Physics, University of Pennsylvania', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210138366']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5006716330'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210138366'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 14.473, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 929, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.995455, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '121', 'issue': '2', 'first_page': '400', 'last_page': '415'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13869', 'display_name': 'Ocular and Laser Science Research', 'score': 0.9967, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2731', 'display_name': 'Ophthalmology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13869', 'display_name': 'Ocular and Laser Science Research', 'score': 0.9967, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2731', 'display_name': 'Ophthalmology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10691', 'display_name': 'Retinal Development and Disorders', 'score': 0.9966, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10427', 'display_name': 'Visual perception and processing mechanisms', 'score': 0.9939, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2805', 'display_name': 'Cognitive Neuroscience'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/neurophysiology', 'display_name': 'Neurophysiology', 'score': 0.5460023}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C19071747', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755207', 'display_name': 'Receptive field', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.718994}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C169760540', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.7005032}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777093970', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169342', 'display_name': 'Retina', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.62966186}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C152478114', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660910', 'display_name': 'Neurophysiology', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5460023}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776058522', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364768', 'display_name': 'Visual field', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.43438303}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780837183', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186029', 'display_name': 'Optic nerve', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.43171218}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780827179', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001', 'display_name': 'Retinal', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.42437726}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C105702510', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514', 'display_name': 'Anatomy', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.35770097}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.33792692}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.33378968}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.2221443}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C118487528', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437', 'display_name': 'Ophthalmology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.20657936}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1938.121.2.400', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S204210209', 'display_name': 'American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content', 'issn_l': '0002-9513', 'issn': ['0002-9513', '2163-5773'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320155', 'host_organization_name': 'American Physiological Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320155'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Physiological Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 0, 'referenced_works': [], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4250327228', 'https://openalex.org/W3143229198', 'https://openalex.org/W2913266608', 'https://openalex.org/W2089544495', 'https://openalex.org/W2079003682', 'https://openalex.org/W2053858942', 'https://openalex.org/W2007896059', 'https://openalex.org/W1988319545', 'https://openalex.org/W1974952476', 'https://openalex.org/W1555021777'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'ArticleTHE': [0], 'RESPONSE': [1], 'OF': [2, 7, 13], 'SINGLE': [3], 'OPTIC': [4], 'NERVE': [5], 'FIBERS': [6], 'THE': [8, 14], 'VERTEBRATE': [9], 'EYE': [10], 'TO': [11], 'ILLUMINATION': [12], 'RETINAH.': [15], 'K.': [16, 18, 571], 'HartlineH.': [17], 'HartlineFrom': [19], 'the': [20, 114, 136, 190, 212, 244, 271, 304, 308, 418, 565, 616], 'Eldridge': [21], 'Reeves': [22], 'Johnson': [23], 'Foundation': [24], 'for': [25, 110, 161, 186, 189, 383, 440], 'Medical': [26], 'Physics,': [27], 'University': [28], 'of': [29, 75, 81, 99, 135, 153, 192, 206, 214, 227, 238, 263, 270, 296, 307, 320, 352, 375, 389, 407, 414, 432, 457, 477, 503, 522, 529, 551, 577, 608, 615, 633], 'PennsylvaniaPublished': [30], 'Online:31': [31], 'Jan': [32], '1938https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1938.121.2.400MoreSectionsPDF': [33], '(3': [34], 'MB)Download': [35], 'PDF': [36, 51], 'ToolsExport': [37], 'citationAdd': [38], 'to': [39, 47, 141], 'favoritesGet': [40], 'permissionsTrack': [41], 'citations': [42], 'ShareShare': [43], 'onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat': [44], 'Previous': [45], 'Back': [46], 'Top': [48], 'Next': [49], 'Download': [50], 'FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation': [52], 'Cited': [53], 'ByGanglion': [54], 'cells': [55], 'in': [56, 113, 211, 243, 282, 303, 359, 386, 417, 467, 490, 531, 564, 681], 'larval': [57], 'zebrafish': [58], 'retina': [59], 'integrate': [60], 'inputs': [61], 'from': [62, 653], 'multiple': [63], 'cone': [64], 'typesV.': [65], 'P.': [66, 365], 'Connaughton': [67], 'and': [68, 91, 108, 119, 132, 184, 208, 219, 235, 256, 279, 289, 313, 361, 367, 392, 399, 424, 449, 471, 482, 515, 537, 543, 558, 569, 600, 625], 'R.': [69], 'Nelson18': [70], 'October': [71, 195, 371, 573, 629], '2021': [72], '|': [73, 97, 125, 150, 170, 197, 225, 261, 294, 318, 350, 373, 405, 430, 455, 475, 496, 520, 549, 575, 606, 631, 645], 'Journal': [74, 98, 152, 226, 262, 295, 319, 351, 374, 406, 431, 456, 476, 521, 550, 576, 607, 632], 'Neurophysiology,': [76, 100, 228, 264, 297, 321, 353, 376, 408, 433, 458, 523, 552, 578, 609, 634], 'Vol.': [77, 101, 128, 155, 175, 202, 229, 265, 298, 322, 354, 377, 409, 434, 459, 484, 499, 524, 553, 579, 610, 635, 648], '126,': [78], 'No.': [79, 103, 130, 157, 177, 231, 267, 300, 324, 356, 379, 411, 436, 461, 486, 501, 526, 555, 581, 612, 637, 650], '4Models': [80], 'vestibular': [82], 'semicircular': [83], 'canal': [84], 'afferent': [85], 'neuron': [86], 'firing': [87], 'activityMichael': [88], 'G.': [89], 'Paulin': [90], 'Larry': [92], 'F.': [93], 'Hoffman13': [94], 'December': [95, 453], '2019': [96, 124], '122,': [102], '6Diverse': [104], 'Cell': [105], 'Types,': [106], 'Circuits,': [107], 'Mechanisms': [109], 'Color': [111], 'Vision': [112], 'Vertebrate': [115], 'RetinaWallace': [116], 'B.': [117, 248, 627], 'Thoreson': [118], 'Dennis': [120], 'M.': [121, 510], 'Dacey29': [122], 'May': [123], 'Physiological': [126, 646, 669], 'Reviews,': [127, 647], '99,': [129, 355], '3Quantification': [131], 'statistical': [133], 'analysis': [134], 'transient': [137], 'visual': [138, 162, 193, 273], 'evoked': [139], 'potential': [140], 'a': [142, 239], 'contrast-reversing': [143], 'pattern:': [144], 'A': [145, 507], 'frequency-domain': [146], 'approach10': [147], 'July': [148, 168], '2018': [149], 'European': [151], 'Neuroscience,': [154], '48,': [156], '2A': [158], 'psychophysical': [159], 'model': [160], 'discomfort': [163], 'based': [164], 'on': [165, 327], 'receptive': [166, 181, 233], 'fields29': [167], '2016': [169, 495], 'Lighting': [171, 198], 'Research': [172, 199], '&': [173, 200, 663], 'Technology,': [174, 201], '50,': [176], '2Pupillary': [178], 'light': [179], 'reflex,': [180], 'field': [182, 234], 'mechanism': [183], 'correction': [185], 'retinal': [187], 'position': [188], 'assessment': [191], 'discomfort20': [194], '2017': [196], '20The': [203], 'functional': [204], 'asymmetry': [205], 'ON': [207], 'OFF': [209], 'channels': [210], 'perception': [213], 'contrastYaoguang': [215], 'Jiang,': [216], 'Gopathy': [217], 'Purushothaman,': [218], 'Vivien': [220], 'A.': [221, 369, 567, 598, 623], 'Casagrande17': [222], 'November': [223, 316], '2015': [224, 260], '114,': [230, 266], '5Distinctive': [232], 'physiological': [236], 'properties': [237], 'wide-field': [240], 'amacrine': [241], 'cell': [242], 'macaque': [245], 'monkey': [246], 'retinaMichael': [247], 'Manookin,': [249], 'Christian': [250], 'Puller,': [251], 'Fred': [252], 'Rieke,': [253], 'Jay': [254], 'Neitz,': [255], 'Maureen': [257], 'Neitz8': [258], 'September': [259, 518], '3Genetic': [268], 'disruption': [269], 'On': [272], 'pathway': [274], 'affects': [275], 'cortical': [276], 'orientation': [277], 'selectivity': [278], 'contrast': [280], 'sensitivity': [281], 'miceRashmi': [283], 'Sarnaik,': [284], 'Hui': [285], 'Chen,': [286], 'Xiaorong': [287], 'Liu,': [288], 'Jianhua': [290], 'Cang1': [291], 'June': [292, 348, 403, 494], '2014': [293], '111,': [299], '11Collision-Sensitive': [301], 'Neurons': [302], 'Optic': [305], 'Tectum': [306], 'Bullfrog,': [309], 'Rana': [310], 'catesbeianaHideki': [311], 'Nakagawa,': [312], 'Kang': [314], 'Hongjian1': [315], '2010': [317], '104,': [323], '5Surprising': [325], 'Twist': [326], 'Auditory': [328, 335, 441], 'Representation.': [329], 'Focus': [330], 'on:': [331], '"What\'s': [332], 'That': [333], 'Sound?': [334], 'Area': [336], 'CLM': [337], 'Encodes': [338], 'Stimulus': [339, 438, 463], 'Surprise,': [340], 'Not': [341], 'Intensity': [342, 344], 'or': [343], 'Changes"Timothy': [345], 'Q.': [346], 'Gentner1': [347], '2008': [349], '6Position': [357], 'Selectivity': [358], 'Scene-': [360], 'Object-Responsive': [362], 'Occipitotemporal': [363], 'RegionsSean': [364], 'MacEvoy,': [366], 'Russell': [368], 'Epstein1': [370], '2007': [372], '98,': [378], '4Behavioral': [380], 'Receptive': [381, 488], 'Field': [382], 'Ocular': [384], 'Following': [385], 'Humans:': [387], 'Dynamics': [388], 'Spatial': [390], 'Summation': [391], 'Center-Surround': [393], 'InteractionsFrédéric': [394], 'V.': [395], 'Barthélemy,': [396], 'Ivo': [397], 'Vanzetta,': [398], 'Guillaume': [400], 'S.': [401, 539], 'Masson1': [402], '2006': [404, 429], '95,': [410, 435], '6Functional': [412], 'Organization': [413], 'Ganglion': [415, 505], 'Cells': [416, 563], 'Salamander': [419], 'RetinaRonen': [420], 'Segev,': [421], 'Jason': [422], 'Puchalla,': [423], 'Michael': [425], 'J.': [426], 'Berry1': [427], 'April': [428, 643], '4Adaptive': [437], 'Optimization': [439], 'Cortical': [442, 639], 'NeuronsKevin': [443], 'N.': [444], "O'Connor,": [445], 'Christopher': [446], 'I.': [447], 'Petkov,': [448], 'Mitchell': [450], 'L.': [451, 513, 620], 'Sutter1': [452], '2005': [454], '94,': [460], '6Decoupling': [462], 'Duration': [464], 'From': [465], 'Brightness': [466], 'Metacontrast': [468], 'Masking:': [469], 'Data': [470], 'Models.1': [472], 'January': [473, 678, 684], '2004': [474], 'Experimental': [478], 'Psychology:': [479], 'Human': [480], 'Perception': [481], 'Performance,': [483], '30,': [485], '4Complex': [487], 'Fields': [489], 'Primary': [491, 532], 'Visual': [492, 533], 'Cortex29': [493], 'The': [497], 'Neuroscientist,': [498], '9,': [500], '5Classification': [502], 'Retinal': [504, 586], 'Cells:': [506], 'Statistical': [508], 'ApproachStephen': [509], 'Carcieri*,': [511], 'Adam': [512], 'Jacobs*,': [514], 'Sheila': [516], 'Nirenberg1': [517], '2003': [519], '90,': [525], '3Temporal': [527], 'Coding': [528], 'Contrast': [530], 'Cortex:': [534], 'When,': [535], 'What,': [536], 'WhyDaniel': [538], 'Reich,': [540], 'Ferenc': [541], 'Mechler,': [542], 'Jonathan': [544], 'D.': [545, 641], 'Victor1': [546], 'March': [547], '2001': [548], '85,': [554], '3Contrast': [556], 'Rectification': [557], 'Distributed': [559], 'Encoding': [560], 'Byon-off': [561], 'Amacrine': [562], 'RetinaDwight': [566], 'Burkhardt,': [568], 'Patrick': [570], 'Fahey1': [572], '1999': [574, 605], '82,': [580], '4Light-Induced': [582], 'Calcium': [583], 'Influx': [584], 'Into': [585], 'Axons': [587], 'Is': [588], 'Regulated': [589], 'by': [590, 667], 'Presynaptic': [591], 'Nicotinic': [592], 'Acetylcholine': [593], 'Receptor': [594], 'Activity': [595], 'In': [596], 'VivoJames': [597], 'Edwards,': [599], 'Hollis': [601], 'T.': [602], 'Cline1': [603], 'February': [604], '81,': [611], '2Cell-Based': [613], 'Model': [614], 'Limulus': [617], 'Lateral': [618], 'EyeChristopher': [619], 'Passaglia,': [621], 'Frederick': [622], 'Dodge,': [624], 'Robert': [626], 'Barlow1': [628], '1998': [630, 644], '80,': [636], '4Adult': [638], 'DynamicsCHARLES': [640], 'GILBERT1': [642], '78,': [649], '2': [651], 'More': [652], 'this': [654], 'issue': [655], '>': [656], 'Volume': [657], '121Issue': [658], '2January': [659], '1938Pages': [660], '400-415': [661], 'Copyright': [662], 'PermissionsCopyright': [664], '©': [665], '1938': [666, 679, 685], 'American': [668], 'Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1938.121.2.400History': [670], 'Received': [671], '8': [672], 'August': [673], '1937': [674], 'Published': [675, 680], 'online': [676], '31': [677, 683], 'print': [682], 'Metrics': [686]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1678355425', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 17}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 22}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 22}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 20}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 20}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 22}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 23}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 27}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 21}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 9}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-21T17:52:11.324735', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}