Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1659934059', 'doi': None, 'title': 'Liberalization of trade: why so much controversy?', 'display_name': 'Liberalization of trade: why so much controversy?', 'publication_year': 2004, 'publication_date': '2004-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1659934059', 'mag': '1659934059'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:pra:mprapa:36280', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401271', 'display_name': 'RePEc: Research Papers in Economics', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I77793887', 'host_organization_name': 'Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I77793887'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'preprint', 'type_crossref': 'posted-content', 'indexed_in': [], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5015883568', 'display_name': 'Ann Harrison', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1873-2432'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Ann Harrison', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5023596216', 'display_name': 'Helena Tang', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Helena Tang', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': None, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 11, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.89954, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 82, 'max': 83}, 'biblio': {'volume': None, 'issue': None, 'first_page': None, 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10128', 'display_name': 'Global trade and economics', 'score': 0.9482, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2000', 'display_name': 'General Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10128', 'display_name': 'Global trade and economics', 'score': 0.9482, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2000', 'display_name': 'General Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/openness-to-experience', 'display_name': 'Openness to experience', 'score': 0.5828674}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C35532855', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200435', 'display_name': 'Free trade', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6206454}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C182769425', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377302', 'display_name': 'Trade barrier', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5975398}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C84976871', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015673', 'display_name': 'Openness to experience', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5828674}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5805318}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C18547055', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417', 'display_name': 'International economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5516468}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C58823610', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746418', 'display_name': 'Liberalization', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5446696}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C155202549', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803', 'display_name': 'International trade', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5192866}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C76474335', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215551', 'display_name': 'Comparative advantage', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.50544906}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C140413371', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q572564', 'display_name': 'Commercial policy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.49474546}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C506295513', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729438', 'display_name': 'Economic integration', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46813712}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C90924733', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5335686', 'display_name': 'International free trade agreement', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.45368305}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C187452473', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2897903', 'display_name': 'Goods and services', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.41328707}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C34447519', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522', 'display_name': 'Market economy', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.16064873}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C77805123', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272', 'display_name': 'Social psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:pra:mprapa:36280', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401271', 'display_name': 'RePEc: Research Papers in Economics', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I77793887', 'host_organization_name': 'Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I77793887'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'No poverty', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1', 'score': 0.53}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 0, 'referenced_works': [], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W97106410', 'https://openalex.org/W922202428', 'https://openalex.org/W3150292126', 'https://openalex.org/W3149804365', 'https://openalex.org/W3125863417', 'https://openalex.org/W3125624271', 'https://openalex.org/W3124575050', 'https://openalex.org/W3123907691', 'https://openalex.org/W3110483439', 'https://openalex.org/W3030872594', 'https://openalex.org/W2572996615', 'https://openalex.org/W2291509170', 'https://openalex.org/W2240754594', 'https://openalex.org/W1939485421', 'https://openalex.org/W1559164652', 'https://openalex.org/W1555648218', 'https://openalex.org/W1549279854', 'https://openalex.org/W1535651042', 'https://openalex.org/W151911930', 'https://openalex.org/W1512707367'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Drawing': [0], 'on': [1, 265], 'the': [2, 8, 32, 198, 212, 261, 273, 281, 285, 306, 311, 331], 'experience': [3], 'and': [4, 42, 62, 85, 87, 92, 117, 138, 153, 167, 169, 190, 253, 258, 295, 302, 330], 'academic': [5], 'research': [6], 'of': [7, 34, 140, 161, 186, 200, 240, 260, 275, 298], '1990s,': [9], 'this': [10], 'chapter': [11], 'identifies': [12], 'five': [13], 'lessons:\n\n•': [14], 'Openness': [15], 'to': [16, 99, 108, 123, 196, 268, 284], 'trade': [17, 35, 174, 179, 187, 219], 'has': [18, 40, 221], 'been': [19, 45], 'a': [20, 52, 131, 205, 270], 'central': [21], 'element': [22], 'of\nsuccessful': [23], 'growth': [24, 31, 77], 'strategies.': [25], 'In': [26], 'all': [27], 'countries': [28, 203, 233], 'that\nhave': [29], 'sustained': [30], 'share': [33], 'in': [36, 89, 177, 202, 316], 'gross\ndomestic': [37], 'product': [38], '(GDP)': [39], 'increased,': [41], 'trade\nbarriers': [43], 'have': [44], 'reduced.\n•': [46], 'Trade': [47, 333], 'is': [48, 107, 125, 130, 231, 247], 'an': [49, 64, 101, 248], 'opportunity,': [50], 'not': [51, 126, 191], 'guarantee.While\ntrade': [53], 'reforms': [54, 175], 'can': [55, 320], 'help': [56], 'accelerate': [57], 'integration': [58], 'in\nthe': [59], 'world': [60], 'economy': [61], 'strengthen': [63], 'effective\ngrowth': [65], 'strategy,': [66], 'they': [67], 'cannot': [68], 'ensure': [69], 'its': [70, 266], 'success.\nOther': [71], 'elements': [72], 'that': [73, 128, 215, 232], 'address': [74], 'binding': [75], 'constraints\nto': [76], 'are': [78, 95, 224], 'needed,': [79], 'possibly': [80], 'including': [81], 'sound\nmacroeconomic': [82], 'management,': [83], 'trade-related\ninfrastructure': [84], 'institutions,': [86], 'economywide\ninvestments': [88], 'human': [90], 'capital': [91], 'infrastructure.\n•': [93], 'There': [94], 'many': [96], 'possible': [97], 'ways': [98], 'open': [100], 'economy.\nThe': [102], 'challenge': [103], 'for': [104], 'policy': [105, 220, 229], 'makers': [106], 'identify\nwhich': [109], 'best': [110, 325], 'suits': [111], 'their': [112], 'country’s': [113], 'political\neconomy,': [114], 'institutional': [115], 'constraints,': [116], 'initial\nconditions.As': [118], 'these': [119], 'vary': [120], 'from': [121, 211], 'country': [122, 134], 'country,\nit': [124], 'surprising': [127], 'there': [129, 223], 'striking': [132], 'heterogeneity\nin': [133], 'experiences': [135], 'regarding': [136], 'the\ntiming': [137], 'pace': [139], 'reforms.': [141], 'Different': [142], 'countries\nhave': [143], 'opened': [144], 'up': [145], 'different': [146], 'sectors': [147, 242], 'at': [148], 'different\nspeeds': [149], '(for': [150], 'example': [151], 'Bangladesh': [152], 'India);': [154], 'others\nhave': [155, 171], 'achieved': [156], 'partial': [157], 'liberalization': [158, 188], 'through\nthe': [159, 327], 'establishment': [160], 'export': [162], 'processing': [163], 'zones': [164], '(for\nexample': [165, 181], 'China': [166], 'Mauritius);': [168], 'yet': [170], 'combined': [172], 'unilateral': [173], 'with\nparticipation': [176], 'regional': [178], 'agreements': [180], 'Estonia).\n•': [182], 'The': [183, 256], 'distributive': [184, 226], 'effects': [185], 'are\ndiverse,': [189], 'always': [192], 'pro-poor.Trade': [193], 'reforms\nwere': [194], 'expected': [195], 'increase': [197], 'incomes': [199], 'the\nunskilled': [201], 'with': [204], 'comparative': [206], 'advantage\nin': [207], 'producing': [208], 'unskilled-intensive': [209], 'goods.Yet\nevidence': [210], '1990s': [213], 'suggests': [214], 'even': [216], 'in\ninstances': [217], 'where': [218], 'reduced\npoverty,': [222], 'still': [225], 'issues.': [227], 'One\nimportant': [228], 'lesson': [230], 'need': [234], 'to\nhelp': [235], 'workers': [236], 'affected': [237], 'move': [238], 'out': [239], 'contracting\n(import-competing)': [241], 'into': [243], 'expanding\n(exporting)': [244], 'sectors.': [245], 'This': [246], 'issue': [249], 'relevant': [250], 'to\nboth': [251], 'developing': [252, 277], 'industrialized': [254], 'countries.\n•': [255], 'preservation': [257], 'expansion': [259], 'world\ntrade': [262], 'system': [263], 'hinges': [264], 'ability': [267], 'strike': [269], 'better\nbalance': [271], 'between': [272], 'interests': [274], 'industrialized\nand': [276], 'countries.': [278], 'Global': [279], 'markets\nare': [280], 'most': [282], 'hostile': [283], 'products': [286], 'produced': [287], 'by\nthe': [288], 'world’s': [289], 'poor—such': [290], 'as': [291], 'agricultural': [292], 'products\nand': [293], 'textiles': [294], 'apparel.The': [296], 'problems': [297, 319], 'escalating\ntariffs,': [299], 'tariff': [300], 'peaks,': [301], 'quota': [303], 'arrangements\nsystematically': [304], 'deny': [305], 'poor': [307], 'market': [308], 'access': [309], 'and\nskew': [310], 'incentives': [312], 'against': [313], 'adding': [314], 'value': [315], 'poor\ncountries.': [317], 'These': [318], 'be': [321], 'addressed\nthrough': [322], 'collective': [323], 'action,': [324], 'pursued': [326], 'Doha': [328], 'Round': [329], 'World': [332], 'Organization.': [334]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1659934059', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-07T15:33:42.078019', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}