Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1598480899', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08485.x', 'title': 'Quinolinic acid, the inescapable neurotoxin', 'display_name': 'Quinolinic acid, the inescapable neurotoxin', 'publication_year': 2012, 'publication_date': '2012-01-17', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1598480899', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08485.x', 'mag': '1598480899', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22248144'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08485.x', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S37672443', 'display_name': 'FEBS Journal', 'issn_l': '1742-464X', 'issn': ['1742-464X', '1742-4658'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5075562396', 'display_name': 'Gilles J. Guillemin', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8105-4470'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I31746571', 'display_name': 'UNSW Sydney', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03r8z3t63', 'country_code': 'AU', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I31746571']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210087284', 'display_name': "St Vincent's Hospital Sydney", 'ror': 'https://ror.org/000ed3w25', 'country_code': 'AU', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210087284']}], 'countries': ['AU'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Gilles J. Guillemin', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia', 'St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I31746571']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210087284']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5075562396'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I31746571', 'https://openalex.org/I4210087284'], 'apc_list': {'value': 4580, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 4580, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 2.702, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 485, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.994962, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '279', 'issue': '8', 'first_page': '1356', 'last_page': '1365'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11266', 'display_name': 'Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2808', 'display_name': 'Neurology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11266', 'display_name': 'Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2808', 'display_name': 'Neurology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11337', 'display_name': 'Tryptophan and brain disorders', 'score': 0.9995, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2803', 'display_name': 'Biological Psychiatry'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10086', 'display_name': "Alzheimer's disease research and treatments", 'score': 0.9993, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2737', 'display_name': 'Physiology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/neurotoxin', 'display_name': 'Neurotoxin', 'score': 0.8129293}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/proinflammatory-cytokine', 'display_name': 'Proinflammatory cytokine', 'score': 0.5816568}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/gliotoxin', 'display_name': 'Gliotoxin', 'score': 0.43698594}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777896816', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411945', 'display_name': 'Quinolinic acid', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.98555565}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780358027', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407752', 'display_name': 'Neurotoxin', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8129293}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C87753298', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17157137', 'display_name': 'Neuroinflammation', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.69019175}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779830541', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1622829', 'display_name': 'Microglia', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.60049474}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C164027704', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3491837', 'display_name': 'Proinflammatory cytokine', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5816568}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C170493617', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467', 'display_name': 'Receptor', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4781581}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778938600', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389934', 'display_name': 'Agonist', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.44984883}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777183694', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413364', 'display_name': 'Gliotoxin', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.43698594}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185592680', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329', 'display_name': 'Chemistry', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.42256677}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C169760540', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.38053322}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.3629401}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C98274493', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406', 'display_name': 'Pharmacology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.35319203}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C55493867', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.31830758}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C203014093', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929', 'display_name': 'Immunology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.24183264}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776914184', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991', 'display_name': 'Inflammation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.18822339}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C515207424', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8066', 'display_name': 'Amino acid', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.06328091}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776706248', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181003', 'display_name': 'Tryptophan', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779787849', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134359', 'display_name': 'Aspergillus fumigatus', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D020258', 'descriptor_name': 'Neurotoxicity Syndromes', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000209', 'qualifier_name': 'etiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009498', 'descriptor_name': 'Neurotoxins', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000009', 'qualifier_name': 'adverse effects', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D017378', 'descriptor_name': 'Quinolinic Acid', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000009', 'qualifier_name': 'adverse effects', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000818', 'descriptor_name': 'Animals', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D020258', 'descriptor_name': 'Neurotoxicity Syndromes', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009498', 'descriptor_name': 'Neurotoxins', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D017378', 'descriptor_name': 'Quinolinic Acid', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08485.x', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S37672443', 'display_name': 'FEBS Journal', 'issn_l': '1742-464X', 'issn': ['1742-464X', '1742-4658'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22248144', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.5, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3', 'display_name': 'Good health and well-being'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 117, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W106728108', 'https://openalex.org/W114145985', 'https://openalex.org/W147581218', 'https://openalex.org/W1517096773', 'https://openalex.org/W1518552940', 'https://openalex.org/W1520396038', 'https://openalex.org/W1529137584', 'https://openalex.org/W1530111369', 'https://openalex.org/W1547937746', 'https://openalex.org/W1555958423', 'https://openalex.org/W1571431689', 'https://openalex.org/W1603819614', 'https://openalex.org/W1605075022', 'https://openalex.org/W1782672155', 'https://openalex.org/W1830769718', 'https://openalex.org/W1833773432', 'https://openalex.org/W1839257070', 'https://openalex.org/W1964475415', 'https://openalex.org/W1964709968', 'https://openalex.org/W1965240438', 'https://openalex.org/W1966244178', 'https://openalex.org/W1970022157', 'https://openalex.org/W1970949657', 'https://openalex.org/W1974271031', 'https://openalex.org/W1975956286', 'https://openalex.org/W1978388803', 'https://openalex.org/W1982792716', 'https://openalex.org/W1984121867', 'https://openalex.org/W1985871285', 'https://openalex.org/W1988479332', 'https://openalex.org/W1988691690', 'https://openalex.org/W1991672319', 'https://openalex.org/W1991795197', 'https://openalex.org/W1993293666', 'https://openalex.org/W1993419219', 'https://openalex.org/W1994611803', 'https://openalex.org/W1995988731', 'https://openalex.org/W1996005089', 'https://openalex.org/W1996006408', 'https://openalex.org/W1997838731', 'https://openalex.org/W2000762235', 'https://openalex.org/W2002506549', 'https://openalex.org/W2003337582', 'https://openalex.org/W2003453797', 'https://openalex.org/W2003583308', 'https://openalex.org/W2003604468', 'https://openalex.org/W2003823779', 'https://openalex.org/W2008249034', 'https://openalex.org/W2013434566', 'https://openalex.org/W2016376295', 'https://openalex.org/W2018021845', 'https://openalex.org/W2020882728', 'https://openalex.org/W2024437866', 'https://openalex.org/W2024913744', 'https://openalex.org/W2025479383', 'https://openalex.org/W2028303382', 'https://openalex.org/W2030331367', 'https://openalex.org/W2035082471', 'https://openalex.org/W2036111024', 'https://openalex.org/W2036408610', 'https://openalex.org/W2042731928', 'https://openalex.org/W2043359802', 'https://openalex.org/W2043590510', 'https://openalex.org/W2047044439', 'https://openalex.org/W2049293477', 'https://openalex.org/W2049968223', 'https://openalex.org/W2050207924', 'https://openalex.org/W2051353156', 'https://openalex.org/W2053806684', 'https://openalex.org/W2055126213', 'https://openalex.org/W2055431131', 'https://openalex.org/W2059952417', 'https://openalex.org/W2060285216', 'https://openalex.org/W2060875440', 'https://openalex.org/W2061255047', 'https://openalex.org/W2062631099', 'https://openalex.org/W2063998898', 'https://openalex.org/W2069294285', 'https://openalex.org/W2075010970', 'https://openalex.org/W2076249077', 'https://openalex.org/W2077942682', 'https://openalex.org/W2079037423', 'https://openalex.org/W2083949851', 'https://openalex.org/W2085301448', 'https://openalex.org/W2087268950', 'https://openalex.org/W2090815903', 'https://openalex.org/W2092736992', 'https://openalex.org/W2096757043', 'https://openalex.org/W2104020392', 'https://openalex.org/W2109516103', 'https://openalex.org/W2113458499', 'https://openalex.org/W2117495048', 'https://openalex.org/W2126829009', 'https://openalex.org/W2128160715', 'https://openalex.org/W2131203239', 'https://openalex.org/W2135679231', 'https://openalex.org/W2135892739', 'https://openalex.org/W2136612963', 'https://openalex.org/W2141195881', 'https://openalex.org/W2145302977', 'https://openalex.org/W2147947485', 'https://openalex.org/W2148001060', 'https://openalex.org/W2150643917', 'https://openalex.org/W2156286595', 'https://openalex.org/W2157059809', 'https://openalex.org/W2171668977', 'https://openalex.org/W2219893903', 'https://openalex.org/W2277252157', 'https://openalex.org/W2284517086', 'https://openalex.org/W2397320519', 'https://openalex.org/W2409679370', 'https://openalex.org/W3143549916', 'https://openalex.org/W4211719', 'https://openalex.org/W4212867161', 'https://openalex.org/W4239850153', 'https://openalex.org/W52737731', 'https://openalex.org/W98487'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4310076785', 'https://openalex.org/W3107395714', 'https://openalex.org/W2965172925', 'https://openalex.org/W2804482952', 'https://openalex.org/W2070239897', 'https://openalex.org/W2038679230', 'https://openalex.org/W2037256941', 'https://openalex.org/W2003392141', 'https://openalex.org/W1984731024', 'https://openalex.org/W1598480899'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Over': [0], 'the': [1, 7, 21, 34, 48, 63, 66, 72, 99, 104, 114, 119], 'last': [2], 'two': [3], 'decades,': [4], 'evidence': [5], 'for': [6], 'involvement': [8], 'of': [9, 47, 65, 69, 103, 113, 121, 126], 'quinolinic': [10], 'acid': [11], '(QUIN)': [12], 'in': [13, 71], 'neuroinflammatory': [14], 'diseases': [15], 'has': [16], 'been': [17, 80], 'exponentially': [18], 'increasing.': [19], 'Within': [20], 'brain,': [22], 'QUIN': [23, 42, 70, 86, 122], 'is': [24, 54], 'produced': [25], 'and': [26, 31, 51, 96, 101, 123], 'released': [27], 'by': [28], 'infiltrating': [29], 'macrophages': [30], 'activated': [32], 'microglia,': [33], 'very': [35], 'cells': [36], 'that': [37, 85], 'are': [38], 'prominent': [39], 'during': [40], 'neuroinflammation.': [41], 'acts': [43, 87], 'as': [44, 52, 88], 'an': [45], 'agonist': [46], 'N-methyl-D-aspartate': [49], 'receptor': [50], 'such': [53], 'considered': [55], 'to': [56, 110], 'be': [57], 'a': [58, 89], 'brain': [59], 'endogenous': [60], 'excitotoxin.': [61], 'Since': [62], 'discovery': [64], 'excitotoxic': [67], 'activity': [68], 'early': [73], '1980s,': [74], 'several': [75], 'other': [76], 'cytotoxic': [77], 'mechanisms': [78], 'have': [79], 'identified.': [81], 'We': [82], 'know': [83], 'today': [84], 'neurotoxin,': [90], 'gliotoxin,': [91], 'proinflammatory': [92], 'mediator,': [93], 'pro-oxidant': [94], 'molecule': [95], 'can': [97], 'alter': [98], 'integrity': [100], 'cohesion': [102], 'blood-brain': [105], 'barrier.': [106], 'This': [107], 'paper': [108], 'aims': [109], 'review': [111], 'some': [112], 'most': [115], 'recent': [116], 'findings': [117], 'about': [118], 'effects': [120], 'its': [124], 'mode': [125], 'action.': [127]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1598480899', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 53}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 48}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 61}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 52}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 61}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 37}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 26}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 33}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 39}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 26}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 23}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 10}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-21T01:45:49.213535', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}