Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1584780511', 'doi': None, 'title': 'The evolution and regulation of hedge funds', 'display_name': 'The evolution and regulation of hedge funds', 'publication_year': 2007, 'publication_date': '2007-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1584780511', 'mag': '1584780511'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:bfr:fisrev:2007:10:2', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764451476', 'display_name': 'Financial Stability Review', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'posted-content', 'indexed_in': [], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5065665952', 'display_name': 'Andrew Crockett', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'A. Crockett', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5065665952'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 2.174, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 15, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.834918, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 86, 'max': 87}, 'biblio': {'volume': None, 'issue': '10', 'first_page': '19', 'last_page': '28'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10127', 'display_name': 'Banking stability, regulation, efficiency', 'score': 0.9853, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2003', 'display_name': 'Finance'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10127', 'display_name': 'Banking stability, regulation, efficiency', 'score': 0.9853, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2003', 'display_name': 'Finance'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13901', 'display_name': 'State Capitalism and Financial Governance', 'score': 0.9847, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1408', 'display_name': 'Strategy and Management'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/14', 'display_name': 'Business, Management and Accounting'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12394', 'display_name': 'Insurance and Financial Risk Management', 'score': 0.9769, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/alternative-beta', 'display_name': 'Alternative beta', 'score': 0.8027303}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/hedge-accounting', 'display_name': 'Hedge accounting', 'score': 0.5283511}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage', 'display_name': 'Leverage (statistics)', 'score': 0.50232744}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/commodity-pool', 'display_name': 'Commodity pool', 'score': 0.43533343}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/returns-based-style-analysis', 'display_name': 'Returns-based style analysis', 'score': 0.43505985}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/investment-style', 'display_name': 'Investment style', 'score': 0.41181225}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C204434749', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105611', 'display_name': 'Hedge fund', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8937509}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C34375142', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156684', 'display_name': 'Fund of funds', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.8101758}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C18123600', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4736495', 'display_name': 'Alternative beta', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.8027303}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C43089589', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5570807', 'display_name': 'Global assets under management', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.6905503}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C155301685', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q493177', 'display_name': 'Open-end fund', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.67227536}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C206757995', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665188', 'display_name': 'Institutional investor', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5526477}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144133560', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453', 'display_name': 'Business', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5361979}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C36444102', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1593242', 'display_name': 'Hedge accounting', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.5283511}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153083717', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263', 'display_name': 'Leverage (statistics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.50232744}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C64589626', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7142812', 'display_name': 'Passive management', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.5005894}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C134221152', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4736525', 'display_name': 'Alternative investment', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.48219195}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C84355842', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q361863', 'display_name': 'Closed-end fund', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.45674318}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C190622953', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5153170', 'display_name': 'Commodity pool', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.43533343}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C40331085', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17082595', 'display_name': 'Returns-based style analysis', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.43505985}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C103144560', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2670999', 'display_name': 'Investment strategy', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.42403254}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C94644931', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6060889', 'display_name': 'Investment style', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.41181225}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.36980766}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C10138342', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015', 'display_name': 'Finance', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.35962856}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C183582576', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184783', 'display_name': 'Market liquidity', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.19587454}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C169549615', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q939134', 'display_name': 'Return on investment', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.11478725}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C39389867', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767', 'display_name': 'Corporate governance', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.1014626}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C181308471', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25245118', 'display_name': 'Open-ended investment company', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.07607791}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C175444787', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072', 'display_name': 'Microeconomics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.065938056}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C181622380', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911', 'display_name': 'Profit (economics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0610376}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C119857082', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539', 'display_name': 'Machine learning', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:bfr:fisrev:2007:10:2', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764451476', 'display_name': 'Financial Stability Review', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.47, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17', 'display_name': 'Partnerships for the goals'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 1, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3122573348'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W99436890', 'https://openalex.org/W354778802', 'https://openalex.org/W3123281004', 'https://openalex.org/W3121640073', 'https://openalex.org/W307031237', 'https://openalex.org/W3043926901', 'https://openalex.org/W2182318528', 'https://openalex.org/W2152803787', 'https://openalex.org/W2027228947', 'https://openalex.org/W1952218362', 'https://openalex.org/W1778981936', 'https://openalex.org/W16831015', 'https://openalex.org/W1607168264', 'https://openalex.org/W1590840111', 'https://openalex.org/W1586428748', 'https://openalex.org/W1559228645', 'https://openalex.org/W1553405558', 'https://openalex.org/W1509899337', 'https://openalex.org/W1496755588', 'https://openalex.org/W1480449950'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Hedge': [0], 'funds': [1, 17, 46, 67, 168, 187, 230, 366], 'have': [2, 96, 137, 272, 445], 'attracted': [3], 'increased': [4], 'attention': [5, 58, 298], 'in': [6, 15, 41, 69, 80, 91, 140, 144, 192, 255, 274, 283, 368, 394, 428], 'recent': [7, 114, 426], 'years.': [8, 128], 'In': [9, 54, 184, 402], 'part,': [10, 55], 'this': [11, 34, 185, 403], 'is': [12, 18, 133, 217], 'because': [13, 161], 'investment': [14, 31, 163, 211, 418], 'hedge': [16, 66, 85, 117, 229, 333, 365, 387, 414], 'becoming': [19], '“mainstream”.': [20], 'A': [21], 'wider': [22], 'range': [23], 'of': [24, 45, 50, 63, 84, 102, 107, 109, 165, 228, 238, 250, 259, 289, 331, 345, 364, 382, 440], 'investors': [25, 215], 'has': [26, 35, 59, 203, 231, 235], 'sought': [27], 'exposure': [28], 'to': [29, 136, 171, 174, 206, 271, 306, 347, 358, 399, 424], 'these': [30, 376], 'vehicles,': [32], 'and': [33, 47, 87, 105, 181, 220, 253, 310, 335, 390, 397, 431, 448], 'been': [36, 60, 97, 138, 204, 446], 'associated': [37], 'with': [38, 280, 450], 'rapid': [39, 267], 'growth': [40, 79], 'both': [42, 328], 'the': [43, 48, 61, 78, 81, 92, 100, 110, 113, 141, 162, 166, 199, 224, 226, 236, 248, 257, 275, 286, 307, 311, 319, 329, 361, 391, 410, 429, 441], 'number': [44, 227, 344], 'volume': [49, 237], 'assets': [51, 239], 'under': [52, 240], 'management.': [53, 241], 'too,': [56], 'greater': [57, 89], 'result': [62], 'worries': [64], 'that': [65, 216, 261, 315, 360, 412, 444], 'could': [68, 188, 367], 'some': [70, 303, 332, 357, 369, 439, 451], 'circumstances': [71, 370], 'exert': [72], 'a': [73, 343, 380], 'destabilizing': [74], 'infl': [75], 'uence.': [76], 'With': [77], 'market': [82, 93, 176, 194, 362], 'share': [83], 'funds,': [86, 118, 334], 'their': [88, 119, 336, 339], '“visibility”': [90], 'place,': [94], 'concerns': [95, 443], 'expressed': [98, 447], 'about': [99, 278], 'consequences': [101], 'limited': [103], 'transparency': [104], 'lack': [106, 249], 'regulation': [108], 'industry.': [111], 'Despite': [112], 'focus': [115], 'on': [116, 386, 423, 453], 'origins': [120], 'can': [121, 299], 'be': [122, 172, 263, 300], 'traced': [123], 'back': [124, 302], 'more': [125], 'than': [126], 'fifty': [127], 'The': [129, 150, 265, 322, 351], 'first': [130], 'such': [131], 'fund': [132, 388, 415], 'generally': [134], 'considered': [135], 'established': [139], 'United': [142], 'States': [143], '1949': [145], 'by': [146, 178, 325, 356, 408], 'Alfred': [147], 'Winslow': [148], 'Jones.': [149], 'term': [151, 200], '“hedge': [152, 201], 'fund”,': [153], 'which': [154], 'was': [155, 159, 169, 354, 379], 'coined': [156], 'only': [157], 'later,': [158], 'applied': [160, 205], 'style': [164], 'original': [167], 'designed': [170], 'neutral': [173], 'general': [175], 'movements,': [177], 'combining': [179], 'short': [180], 'long': [182], 'positions.': [183], 'way,': [186], 'pursue': [189], 'absolute': [190], 'returns,': [191], 'varying': [193], 'conditions.': [195], 'More': [196], 'recently,': [197], 'however,': [198, 269], 'fund”': [202], 'any': [207], 'privately': [208], 'offered,': [209], 'collective': [210], 'vehicle': [212], 'for': [213], '“sophisticated”': [214], 'lightly': [218], 'regulated': [219], 'employs': [221], 'leverage.': [222], 'Since': [223], '1950’s,': [225], 'grown': [232], 'steadily,': [233], 'as': [234], 'Precise': [242], 'statistics': [243], 'are': [244], 'not': [245], 'available,': [246], 'given': [247], 'reporting': [251], 'requirements,': [252], 'difficulty': [254], 'defining': [256], 'population': [258], 'institutions': [260], 'should': [262], 'covered.': [264], 'most': [266], 'growth,': [268], 'seems': [270], 'occurred': [273, 316], 'period': [276], 'since': [277], '1990,': [279], 'an': [281], 'interruption': [282], '1998-99': [284], 'following': [285], 'much-publicised': [287], 'near-failure': [288], 'Long': [290], 'Term': [291], 'Capital': [292], 'Management': [293], '(LTCM)': [294], '(Chart': [295], '1).': [296], 'Regulatory': [297], 'dated': [301], 'ten': [304], 'years,': [305], 'LTCM': [308, 326], 'episode,': [309], 'Asian': [312, 352], 'financial': [313], 'crisis': [314, 353], 'at': [317], 'roughly': [318], 'same': [320], 'time.': [321], 'problems': [323], 'encountered': [324], 'demonstrated': [327], 'size': [330], 'capacity,': [337], 'through': [338], 'leveraged': [340], 'position-holding': [341], 'across': [342], 'counterparties,': [346], 'generate': [348], 'system-wide': [349], 'repercussions.': [350], 'thought': [355], 'show': [359], 'power': [363], 'undermine': [371], 'offi': [372, 383], 'cial': [373, 384], 'policies.': [374], 'Following': [375], 'episodes,': [377], 'there': [378], 'spate': [381], 'reports': [385], 'activities': [389], 'issues': [392], 'involved': [393], 'deciding': [395], 'whether': [396], 'how': [398], 'regulate': [400], 'them.': [401], 'paper,': [404], 'I': [405, 420, 436], 'will': [406, 421, 437], 'begin': [407], 'analyzing': [409], 'characteristics': [411], 'distinguish': [413], 'from': [416], 'other': [417], 'vehicles.': [419], 'go': [422], 'consider': [425], 'trends': [427], 'industry': [430], 'potential': [432], 'future': [433], 'developments.': [434], 'Then': [435], 'assess': [438], 'regulatory': [442, 455], 'conclude': [449], 'remarks': [452], 'alternative': [454], 'approaches.': [456]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1584780511', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-11T19:16:14.526770', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}