Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1576037548', 'doi': None, 'title': "Writing Their Faith into the Law of the Land: Jehovah's Witnesses, the Supreme Court and the Battle for the Meaning of the Free Exercise Clause, 1939-1945", 'display_name': "Writing Their Faith into the Law of the Land: Jehovah's Witnesses, the Supreme Court and the Battle for the Meaning of the Free Exercise Clause, 1939-1945", 'publication_year': 2004, 'publication_date': '2004-12-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1576037548', 'mag': '1576037548'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'http://law.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1606&context=expresso', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S95761057', 'display_name': 'Texas journal on civil liberties & civil rights', 'issn_l': '1930-2045', 'issn': ['1930-2045'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310316159', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Texas School of Law', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310316937', 'https://openalex.org/P4310316159'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Texas at Austin', 'University of Texas School of Law'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': [], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5102508108', 'display_name': 'Patrick J. Flynn', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Patrick J. Flynn', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5102508108'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.0, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 0, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.0, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 0, 'max': 61}, 'biblio': {'volume': '10', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '248', 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13445', 'display_name': 'American Constitutional Law and Politics', 'score': 0.9864, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13445', 'display_name': 'American Constitutional Law and Politics', 'score': 0.9864, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13025', 'display_name': 'American History and Culture', 'score': 0.9829, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1406', 'display_name': 'Marketing'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/14', 'display_name': 'Business, Management and Accounting'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13333', 'display_name': 'American Political and Social Dynamics', 'score': 0.9691, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1202', 'display_name': 'History'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/12', 'display_name': 'Arts and Humanities'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/free-exercise-clause', 'display_name': 'Free Exercise Clause', 'score': 0.8463038}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/original-meaning', 'display_name': 'Original meaning', 'score': 0.4750269}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/establishment-clause', 'display_name': 'Establishment Clause', 'score': 0.45145097}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/precedent', 'display_name': 'Precedent', 'score': 0.43932894}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778272461', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190752', 'display_name': 'Supreme court', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8523862}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C104636517', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5499816', 'display_name': 'Free Exercise Clause', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.8463038}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.8435072}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71043370', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4932206', 'display_name': 'Jurisprudence', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5766426}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.49208444}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780292567', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7102600', 'display_name': 'Original meaning', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.4750269}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778692574', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5410500', 'display_name': 'Faith', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.47182852}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C136576888', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6503501', 'display_name': 'Law of the case', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.45550016}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778323131', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308297', 'display_name': 'Establishment Clause', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.45145097}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C110346835', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665141', 'display_name': 'Precedent', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.43932894}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.40072876}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780876879', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749', 'display_name': 'Meaning (existential)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.38310993}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C87501996', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864400', 'display_name': 'Original jurisdiction', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.30183792}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C50688660', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5178427', 'display_name': 'Court of record', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.29201826}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.14176422}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2994536602', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12616', 'display_name': 'First amendment', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.10938826}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C27206212', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178', 'display_name': 'Theology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.088578165}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111472728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471', 'display_name': 'Epistemology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'http://law.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1606&context=expresso', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S95761057', 'display_name': 'Texas journal on civil liberties & civil rights', 'issn_l': '1930-2045', 'issn': ['1930-2045'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310316159', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Texas School of Law', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310316937', 'https://openalex.org/P4310316159'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Texas at Austin', 'University of Texas School of Law'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16', 'display_name': 'Peace, justice, and strong institutions', 'score': 0.79}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 0, 'referenced_works': [], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W762369378', 'https://openalex.org/W651359769', 'https://openalex.org/W572827376', 'https://openalex.org/W3125951956', 'https://openalex.org/W3124236263', 'https://openalex.org/W2899941423', 'https://openalex.org/W2608329093', 'https://openalex.org/W2316283065', 'https://openalex.org/W2316248020', 'https://openalex.org/W2299177763', 'https://openalex.org/W2278498749', 'https://openalex.org/W2256758351', 'https://openalex.org/W2229996339', 'https://openalex.org/W2080045086', 'https://openalex.org/W1988275993', 'https://openalex.org/W1984332596', 'https://openalex.org/W183048711', 'https://openalex.org/W1576755807', 'https://openalex.org/W1572358359', 'https://openalex.org/W110841637'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'The': [0, 21, 80, 190, 339, 382, 402, 415, 515, 609], 'Supreme': [1, 91, 125, 180, 313, 363, 475, 502, 553, 603], 'Court': [2, 126, 142, 164, 186, 314, 364, 377, 407, 476, 503, 516, 554, 604], 'recently': [3], 'upheld': [4], 'the': [5, 36, 45, 55, 59, 63, 69, 74, 90, 104, 115, 121, 124, 128, 141, 148, 154, 161, 163, 168, 179, 184, 188, 208, 216, 219, 232, 241, 262, 266, 271, 285, 288, 295, 299, 318, 321, 324, 327, 332, 362, 376, 386, 392, 406, 411, 421, 425, 438, 452, 457, 463, 467, 474, 486, 490, 501, 510, 518, 524, 533, 539, 552, 566, 578, 589, 599, 612, 617, 626], 'free': [6, 70, 107, 235], 'exercise': [7, 64, 71, 108, 236], 'rights': [8, 419, 431], 'of': [9, 48, 65, 85, 103, 150, 167, 210, 218, 227, 301, 329, 336, 354, 385, 405, 451, 459, 538, 561, 588, 598, 611, 629], 'a': [10, 19, 274, 292, 346, 352, 445, 623], 'religious': [11], 'group': [12], 'to': [13, 28, 100, 131, 178, 253, 297, 304, 320, 343, 375, 398, 456, 576], 'canvas': [14], 'door-to-door': [15, 33], 'without': [16], 'first': [17], 'obtaining': [18], 'permit.2': [20], "Jehovah's": [22, 81, 289, 439, 468, 491, 508, 511, 570, 613], 'Witnesses': [23, 82, 290, 469, 492, 512], 'asserted': [24], 'that': [25, 54, 229, 349, 435, 447, 498, 565], 'their': [26, 30, 66, 98, 133, 211, 255, 302, 307, 337, 460, 471, 530, 630], 'right': [27, 303], 'practice': [29, 254, 306, 458], 'faith': [31, 214, 308], 'through': [32, 44], 'contacts': [34], 'overrode': [35], "government's": [37, 46], 'interest': [38], 'in': [39, 57, 94, 111, 171, 187, 202, 282, 396, 400, 413, 428, 444, 523, 536, 556, 581, 602], 'restricting': [40], 'such': [41], 'activities,': [42], 'even': [43], 'use': [47, 112], 'neutral': [151], 'laws.3': [50], 'It': [51], 'was': [52], 'fitting': [53], 'Court,': [56, 162, 181], 'finding': [58], "Witnesses'": [60, 129, 440, 614], 'activities': [61], 'were': [62, 158, 569], 'religion,': [67], 'cited': [68], 'decisions': [72], 'from': [73, 147, 341, 389], 'late': [75, 116], '1930s': [76, 117, 267], 'and': [77, 93, 118, 201, 249, 268, 284, 323, 334, 357, 380, 420, 479], 'early': [78, 119], '1940s.4': [79], 'brought': [83, 470], 'most': [84], 'those': [86, 430], 'original': [87], 'cases': [88, 130, 157, 506], 'before': [89, 160, 473], 'Court,5': [92], 'doing': [95], 'so,': [96], 'used': [97, 127], 'beliefs': [99, 423, 441], 'establish': [101, 132, 298], 'much': [102, 139], 'First': [105, 198, 233, 618], 'Amendment': [106, 199, 619], 'law': [109, 217], 'still': [110], 'today.': [113], 'During': [114, 265, 434, 462], '1940s,': [120, 269], 'Justices': [122, 177, 191, 206, 387], 'on': [123, 294, 493, 529, 546], 'own': [134, 212, 591], 'constitutional': [135, 213], 'faiths': [136], 'about': [137, 239, 424], 'how': [138], 'protection': [140], 'should': [143, 243], 'give': [144], 'these': [145, 156, 205], 'practices': [146], 'effects': [149], 'laws.': [152], 'At': [153], 'time': [155], 'coming': [159], 'underwent': [165], 'one': [166, 316, 537, 597], 'greatest,': [169], 'changeovers': [170], 'its': [172], 'history.': [173], 'Roosevelt': [174, 195, 360], 'appointed': [175, 192], 'nine': [176, 373], 'virtually': [182], 'remaking': [183], 'entire': [185], 'process.': [189], 'by': [193], 'President': [194], 'essentially': [196], 'remade': [197], 'law,': [200], 'so': [203], 'doing,': [204], 'pursued': [207], 'integration': [209], 'into': [215], 'land.6': [220], 'This': [221, 585], 'article': [222], 'tracks': [223], 'this': [224], 'remarkable': [225, 347], 'confluence': [226, 353], 'forces': [228], 'together': [230], 'created': [231], "Amendment's": [234], 'jurisprudence.7': [237], 'Arguments': [238], 'where': [240], 'balance': [242], 'be': [244, 574], 'struck': [245], 'between': [246, 378], 'government': [247, 310], 'regulation': [248], 'an': [250], "individual's": [251], 'freedom': [252], 'religion': [256], 'are': [257], 'nearly': [258], 'as': [259, 261, 351, 369], 'old': [260], 'Republic': [263], 'itself.8': [264], 'while': [270], 'world': [272], 'waged': [273], 'war': [275, 293], 'pitting': [276], 'democratic': [277], 'governments': [278], 'against': [279, 309], 'totalitarian': [280], 'regimes': [281], 'Europe': [283], 'South': [286], 'Pacific,': [287], 'fought': [291], 'home-front': [296], 'primacy': [300], 'freely': [305], 'interference.': [311], 'Two': [312], 'decisions,': [315], 'involving': [317, 326, 507], 'salute': [319, 577], 'flag': [322, 580], 'other': [325, 540], 'Pledge': [328], 'Allegiance,': [330], 'marked': [331], 'beginning': [333], 'end': [335], 'struggle.9': [338], 'road': [340], 'Gobitis10': [342], 'Barnette11': [344], 'is': [345], 'story': [348, 610], 'serves': [350], 'history,': [355], 'theology': [356], 'law.': [358], 'Franklin': [359], 'transformed': [361], 'during': [365], 'his': [366], 'four': [367], 'terms': [368], 'President.': [370], 'He': [371], 'made': [372, 448], 'appointments': [374], '1937': [379, 397], '1943.12': [381], 'average': [383], 'age': [384], 'dropped': [388], 'seventy-two': [390], 'for': [391, 417, 489, 520, 616], 'Nine': [393], 'Old': [394], 'Men': [395], 'fifty-six': [399], '1943.13': [401], 'judicial': [403], 'philosophies': [404], 'changed': [408], 'along': [409], 'with': [410, 622], 'change': [412], 'personnel.': [414], 'solicitude': [416], 'individual': [418], "Justices'": [422], "Court's": [426, 464, 590], 'role': [427], 'protecting': [429], 'both': [432], 'increased.': [433], 'same': [436], 'period,': [437, 466], 'had': [442], 'evolved': [443], 'way': [446], 'aggressive': [449], 'preaching': [450], 'good': [453], 'news': [454], 'central': [455], 'faith.14': [461], 'transition': [465], 'arguments': [472], 'eight': [477, 483], 'times,': [478], 'they': [480], 'lost': [481], 'all': [482], 'times.15': [484], 'But': [485], 'tide': [487], 'turned': [488], 'May': [494], '3,': [495], '1943.': [496], 'On': [497], 'single': [499], 'day,': [500], 'decided': [504, 555], 'thirteen': [505], 'Witnesses;': [509], 'won': [513], 'twelve.16': [514], 'found': [517], 'request': [519], 'injunctive': [521], 'relief': [522], 'thirteenth': [525], 'case': [526], 'moot': [527], 'based': [528], 'striking': [531], 'down': [532], 'relevant': [534], 'statute': [535], 'twelve': [541], 'cases.17': [542], 'One': [543], 'month': [544], 'later,': [545], 'Flag': [547], 'Day,': [548], 'June': [549], '14th,': [550], '1943,': [551], 'West': [557], 'Virginia': [558], 'State': [559], 'Board': [560], 'Education': [562], 'v.': [563], 'Barnette,18': [564], 'schoolchildren,': [567], 'who': [568], 'Witnesses,': [571], 'could': [572], 'not': [573], 'compelled': [575], 'American': [579], 'public': [582], 'school': [583], 'classrooms.': [584], 'stunning': [586], 'reversal': [587], 'recent': [592], 'precedent19': [593], 'has': [594], 'been': [595], 'called': [596], 'strongest': [600], 'opinions': [601], 'history.20': [605], 'I.': [606], 'THE': [607], 'WITNESSES': [608], 'battle': [615], 'must': [620], 'begin': [621], 'look': [624], 'at': [625], 'unique': [627], 'characteristics': [628], 'faith.': [631], '…': [632]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1576037548', 'counts_by_year': [], 'updated_date': '2024-12-14T00:32:56.906498', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}