Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1565608688', 'doi': None, 'title': 'Humanitarian Intervention at a Crossroads', 'display_name': 'Humanitarian Intervention at a Crossroads', 'publication_year': 2000, 'publication_date': '2000-05-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1565608688', 'mag': '1565608688'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1139&context=fac_schol', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764488310', 'display_name': 'William and Mary law review', 'issn_l': '0043-5589', 'issn': ['0043-5589'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319847', 'host_organization_name': 'Routledge', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319847'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Routledge'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': [], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5017595287', 'display_name': 'Bartram Brown', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I180949307', 'display_name': 'Illinois Institute of Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/037t3ry66', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I180949307']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Bartram S Brown', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Illinois Institute of Technology'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Illinois Institute of Technology', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I180949307']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5017595287'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I180949307'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 14.215, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 22, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.888167, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 85, 'max': 86}, 'biblio': {'volume': '41', 'issue': '5', 'first_page': '1683', 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12752', 'display_name': 'Global Peace and Security Dynamics', 'score': 0.9866, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12752', 'display_name': 'Global Peace and Security Dynamics', 'score': 0.9866, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T14086', 'display_name': 'Military and Defense Studies', 'score': 0.9651, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10749', 'display_name': 'International Law and Human Rights', 'score': 0.9638, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/principle-of-legality', 'display_name': 'Principle of legality', 'score': 0.6318383}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/humanitarian-intervention', 'display_name': 'Humanitarian Intervention', 'score': 0.51239306}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.7410116}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C42027317', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2307054', 'display_name': 'Principle of legality', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6318383}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780665704', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298', 'display_name': 'Intervention (counseling)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5930646}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C94625758', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163', 'display_name': 'Politics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5843036}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.53475845}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777095168', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143267', 'display_name': 'Humanitarian intervention', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.51239306}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C37736160', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315', 'display_name': 'Adversarial system', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44710335}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C203133693', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283', 'display_name': 'Terrorism', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4391537}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.39226115}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C118552586', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867', 'display_name': 'Psychiatry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1139&context=fac_schol', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764488310', 'display_name': 'William and Mary law review', 'issn_l': '0043-5589', 'issn': ['0043-5589'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319847', 'host_organization_name': 'Routledge', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319847'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Routledge'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.66, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16', 'display_name': 'Peace, justice, and strong institutions'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 0, 'referenced_works': [], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W634265895', 'https://openalex.org/W2752900155', 'https://openalex.org/W2321009527', 'https://openalex.org/W2212184717', 'https://openalex.org/W2163307947', 'https://openalex.org/W2065704752', 'https://openalex.org/W2061288946', 'https://openalex.org/W2057187605', 'https://openalex.org/W2051501908', 'https://openalex.org/W2041277644', 'https://openalex.org/W2022183040', 'https://openalex.org/W2021155123', 'https://openalex.org/W2012597348', 'https://openalex.org/W1981364594', 'https://openalex.org/W1976044556', 'https://openalex.org/W1969373892', 'https://openalex.org/W1966332156', 'https://openalex.org/W1590153679', 'https://openalex.org/W1532503934', 'https://openalex.org/W1118300554'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'I': [0, 12, 23, 32], 'am': [1, 9, 33], 'free,': [2], 'shielded': [3], 'from': [4, 396, 420, 497], 'your': [5], 'severities,': [6], 'yet': [7, 17], 'who': [8, 270], 'I?': [10], '...': [11], "haven't": [13], 'killed': [14], 'anyone?': [15], 'Not': [16, 197], 'to': [18, 35, 92, 139, 213, 281, 296, 310, 322, 345, 354, 380, 382, 393, 491, 550, 580, 615], 'be': [19, 237, 292, 427, 559], 'sure!': [20], 'But': [21], 'have': [22, 200, 264, 278, 363, 490], 'not': [24, 49, 118], 'let': [25], 'deserving': [26], 'creatures': [27], 'die?': [28], 'Maybe.': [29], 'And': [30], 'maybe': [31], 'ready': [34], 'do': [36], 'so': [37, 195], 'again.': [38], 'Albert': [39], 'Camus(1)': [40], 'INTRODUCTION': [41], 'The': [42, 247, 544, 553, 563, 588, 603], '1999': [43], 'NATO': [44, 73, 115, 135, 163, 171, 260, 459], 'bombing': [45, 71, 90, 116], 'of': [46, 61, 88, 107, 111, 145, 206, 228, 231, 243, 275, 300, 317, 350, 391, 400, 416, 430, 433, 439, 468, 478, 504, 518, 525, 532, 571, 578, 593, 600, 621], 'Yugoslavia': [47], 'was': [48, 91, 117, 137, 185, 520], 'a': [50, 58, 143, 279, 288, 305, 386, 466, 569], 'typical': [51], 'armed': [52], 'confrontation,': [53], 'and': [54, 155, 161, 179, 187, 224, 259, 361, 370, 484, 538, 586], 'it': [55, 174, 302], 'has': [56, 192, 454, 460], 'raised': [57, 201], 'challenging': [59], 'set': [60, 227], 'legal': [62, 128, 150, 190, 284, 343, 510], 'issues.': [63], 'On': [64], 'the': [65, 78, 86, 89, 99, 105, 114, 121, 132, 134, 149, 153, 158, 168, 177, 183, 204, 215, 241, 244, 253, 256, 273, 298, 315, 333, 338, 348, 356, 375, 389, 407, 414, 442, 451, 476, 485, 498, 505, 516, 526, 530, 541, 572, 576, 594, 597, 601, 608, 613, 618], 'day': [66], 'that': [67, 85, 176, 262, 307, 487, 556, 607], 'Operation': [68], 'Allied': [69], 'Force': [70], 'began,': [72], 'Secretary-General': [74, 136], 'Javier': [75], 'Solana': [76], 'claimed': [77], 'moral': [79, 178], 'high': [80], 'ground': [81], 'when': [82, 287, 326, 568], 'he': [83], 'stated': [84], 'goal': [87], 'stop': [93], 'further': [94], 'humanitarian': [377], 'catastrophe.(2)': [96], 'Yet': [97], 'unlike': [98], 'Gulf': [100], 'War,': [101], 'which': [102, 406], 'also': [103, 605], 'involved': [104], 'use': [106, 299, 316, 415, 517, 577], 'force': [108, 318, 417, 519, 557, 579], 'on': [109, 252, 388, 515], 'behalf': [110], 'fundamental': [112, 401], 'principles,': [113], 'authorized': [119], 'by': [120, 294, 385], 'United': [122, 159, 257, 609], 'Nations': [123, 610], 'Security': [124, 245, 408, 573], 'Council,': [125], 'leaving': [126], 'its': [127, 283, 533, 622], 'basis': [129], 'unclear.': [130], 'From': [131], 'beginning,': [133], 'careful': [138, 211], 'avoid': [140], 'explicitly': [141], 'invoking': [142], 'right': [144, 274, 432, 467, 480], 'intervention': [147, 208, 234, 277, 352], 'as': [148, 529], 'justification': [151, 181, 191, 313], 'for': [152, 182, 314, 450, 535], 'mission,(3)': [154], 'officials': [156], 'in': [157, 337, 405, 456, 540, 561, 617], 'States': [160, 258], 'other': [162, 323, 591], 'countries': [164], 'followed': [165], 'suit.': [166], 'At': [167], 'same': [169], 'time,': [170], 'leaders': [172], 'made': [173], 'clear': [175, 342], 'political': [180], 'mission': [184], 'humanitarian,(4)': [186], 'no': [188], 'alternative': [189], 'been': [193], 'offered': [194], 'far.(5)': [196], 'surprisingly,': [198], 'commentators': [199], 'questions': [202], 'concerning': [203], 'legality': [205, 425], 'despite': [209], "NATO's": [210], 'attempts': [212], 'skirt': [214], 'issue.': [216], 'This': [217, 312, 372, 494], 'Essay': [218, 373], 'argues': [219], 'that,': [220], 'under': [221, 481], 'an': [222, 364], 'appropriate': [223], 'narrowly': [225, 379], 'defined': [226], 'circumstances,': [229], 'acts': [230], 'forcible': [232, 383], 'can': [235, 291, 426], 'indeed': [236], 'legal,': [238], 'even': [239], 'without': [240], 'authorization': [242], 'Council.': [246], 'principal': [248], 'focus,': [249], 'however,': [250], 'is': [251, 308, 319, 447, 555], 'task': [254], 'facing': [255], 'now': [261], 'they': [263], 'invoked': [265, 293], 'this': [266, 330, 421, 479, 551], 'controversial': [267], 'doctrine.(6)': [268], 'Those': [269], 'rely': [271], 'upon': [272, 367, 465], 'responsibility': [280], 'define': [282], 'parameters.': [285], 'Indeed,': [286], 'vague': [289], 'doctrine': [290], 'states': [295, 328, 336, 360], 'justify': [297], 'force,': [301], 'offers': [303], 'them': [304], 'license': [306, 331], 'subject': [309], 'abuse.': [311], 'inherently': [320], 'threatening': [321], 'states,': [324], 'particularly': [325], 'those': [327], 'claiming': [329], 'are': [332, 418], 'most': [334, 437], 'powerful': [335], 'international': [339, 368, 482, 509, 542, 584], 'community.': [340], 'Without': [341], 'standards': [344], 'limit': [346, 492], 'it,': [347], 'practice': [349], 'threatens': [353], 'undermine': [355], 'friendly': [357], 'relations': [358], 'among': [359], 'could': [362], 'adverse': [365], 'impact': [366], 'peace': [369, 539, 585], 'security.': [371], 'uses': [374], 'term': [376], 'intervention(7)': [378], 'refer': [381], 'action': [384], 'state': [387], 'territory': [390], 'another': [392], 'protect': [394, 581], 'individuals': [395], 'continuing': [397], 'grave': [398], 'violations': [399, 452], 'human': [402], 'rights.(8)': [403], 'Cases': [404], 'Council': [409, 574], 'or': [410, 453, 582], 'local': [411], 'government': [412, 445], 'authorizes': [413, 575], 'excluded': [419], 'definition': [422], 'because': [423], 'their': [424], 'established': [428], 'independently': [429], 'any': [431], 'intervention.(9)': [435], 'In': [436], 'scenarios': [438], 'intervention,(10)': [441], 'territorial': [443], "state's": [444], 'either': [446], 'directly': [448], 'responsible': [449], 'acquiesced': [455], 'them.(11)': [457], 'Although': [458], 'relied,': [461], 'at': [462], 'least': [463], 'implicitly,': [464], 'intervention,': [470], 'serious': [471], 'doubts': [472], 'remain': [473], 'regarding': [474], 'both': [475], 'status': [477], 'law': [483], 'conditions': [486], 'would': [488], 'necessarily': [489], 'it.': [493], 'confusion': [495], 'stems': [496], 'tension': [499], 'between': [500], 'two': [501, 548], 'key': [502], 'aspects': [503], 'post-World': [506], 'War': [507], 'II': [508], 'order.': [511], 'A': [512], 'strict': [513], 'prohibition': [514], 'incorporated': [521], 'into': [522], 'Article': [523], '2(4)': [524], 'U.N.': [527], 'Charter(12)': [528], 'cornerstone': [531], 'strategy': [534], 'promoting': [536], 'order': [537], 'system.(13)': [543], 'Charter': [545, 604], 'recognizes': [546], 'only': [547, 567], 'exceptions': [549], 'prohibition.': [552], 'first': [554], 'may': [558], 'used': [560], 'self-defense.(14)': [562], 'second': [564], 'exception': [565], 'applies': [566], 'decision': [570], 'maintain': [583], 'security.(15)': [587], 'prohibition,': [589], 'like': [590], 'parts': [592], 'Charter,(16)': [595], 'reinforces': [596], 'sovereign': [598], 'rights': [599], 'state.': [602], 'affirms': [606], 'itself': [611], 'lacks': [612], 'authority': [614], 'intervene': [616], 'domestic': [619], 'jurisdiction': [620], 'members.': [623], '…': [624]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1565608688', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 3}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-16T07:09:48.433986', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}