Title: Scenarios for Sustainable Final Waste Treatment in Developing Country
Abstract: Worldwide, the waste management sector contributes approximately 3 – 5 % of total anthropogenic emission in 2005. Compared to the total emission, this percentage is relative minor [1]. Yet, the waste sector is in a state that it moves from being a minor source of global emissions to becoming a major saver of emissions [2]. Emission reduction from waste sector can be achieved through waste hierarchy principles including disposal as the least preferred option for managing waste and avoidance and minimization as the most preferred option waste [3]. The implementation of these waste managements can reduce emissions from other sectors of the economy such as energy, forestry, agriculture, mining, transport, and manufacturing sectors. The emission from waste management sector is mainly sourced from landfill through methane which is produced during waste degradation process [1]. Landfills have been practiced for disposing of the waste in developed and developing countries with different level of technical and safety requirements. In developed countries such as EU member states, there is decreasing trend of landfilling for the EU Landfill Directive requiring the reduction of biodegradable waste disposal in landfill [3]. Mean while, landfill is the most common method in waste disposal in developing countries though continuous efforts to promote other waste disposal methods such us recycling, incineration, mechanical and biological treatment. Unfortunately, many developing countries operate an open dump site instead of a controlled landfill [2]. Open dumping method creates environmental damage. It takes up not only more and more valuable land space, but also causes air, water and soil pollution by discharging green house gas i.e. methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and nitrogen oxide (NOx) into atmosphere and chemicals into the earth and groundwater which can threaten human health, plants and animals.