Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1548849838', 'doi': None, 'title': 'A DIF Analysis of Item-Level Mode Effects for Computerized and Paper-and-Pencil Tests.', 'display_name': 'A DIF Analysis of Item-Level Mode Effects for Computerized and Paper-and-Pencil Tests.', 'publication_year': 2004, 'publication_date': '2004-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1548849838', 'mag': '1548849838'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED477932.pdf', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': None, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': [], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5067933376', 'display_name': 'Richard D. Schwarz', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Richard D. Schwarz', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5089290420', 'display_name': 'Changhua Sun Rich', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Changhua Rich', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5088944900', 'display_name': 'Tracy Podrabsky', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Tracy Podrabsky', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.792, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 12, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.800114, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 82, 'max': 83}, 'biblio': {'volume': '2003', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': None, 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10467', 'display_name': 'Psychometric Methodologies and Testing', 'score': 0.9981, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1803', 'display_name': 'Management Science and Operations Research'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/18', 'display_name': 'Decision Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10467', 'display_name': 'Psychometric Methodologies and Testing', 'score': 0.9981, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1803', 'display_name': 'Management Science and Operations Research'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/18', 'display_name': 'Decision Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12515', 'display_name': 'Gender and Technology in Education', 'score': 0.967, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3318', 'display_name': 'Gender Studies'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13748', 'display_name': 'Advanced Statistical Modeling Techniques', 'score': 0.9198, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1705', 'display_name': 'Computer Networks and Communications'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/comparability', 'display_name': 'Comparability', 'score': 0.8700743}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-item-functioning', 'display_name': 'Differential item functioning', 'score': 0.7394531}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/aptitude', 'display_name': 'Aptitude', 'score': 0.42263007}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C197947376', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5155608', 'display_name': 'Comparability', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8700743}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C181447626', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1224359', 'display_name': 'Differential item functioning', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.7394531}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C102366305', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1097688', 'display_name': 'Nonparametric statistics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.69798803}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C188087704', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577', 'display_name': 'Standardization', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6743938}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C19875794', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207340', 'display_name': 'Item response theory', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.59594524}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C105795698', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483', 'display_name': 'Statistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.54222447}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.52167916}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777267654', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023', 'display_name': 'Test (biology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46637613}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C48561166', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1347367', 'display_name': 'Aptitude', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.42263007}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C171606756', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132', 'display_name': 'Psychometrics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.36422968}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C145420912', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077', 'display_name': 'Mathematics education', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3303592}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.31750953}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.31338757}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C151730666', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205', 'display_name': 'Paleontology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C114614502', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592', 'display_name': 'Combinatorics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111919701', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135', 'display_name': 'Operating system', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED477932.pdf', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': None, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.78, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4', 'display_name': 'Quality education'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 1, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1535520578'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W49556321', 'https://openalex.org/W3974484', 'https://openalex.org/W343523061', 'https://openalex.org/W3177134697', 'https://openalex.org/W296755250', 'https://openalex.org/W288212059', 'https://openalex.org/W280449819', 'https://openalex.org/W275167886', 'https://openalex.org/W263270389', 'https://openalex.org/W219850585', 'https://openalex.org/W2188631007', 'https://openalex.org/W2161521556', 'https://openalex.org/W2137239648', 'https://openalex.org/W2125510309', 'https://openalex.org/W2095682070', 'https://openalex.org/W2080706340', 'https://openalex.org/W1975523399', 'https://openalex.org/W1753851269', 'https://openalex.org/W1676037384', 'https://openalex.org/W142871534'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'This': [0, 286, 671, 725, 787], 'paper': [1, 88, 672], 'studied': [2], 'the': [3, 17, 23, 26, 122, 127, 153, 157, 180, 188, 192, 219, 233, 238, 244, 261, 268, 294, 429, 443, 461, 478, 519, 564, 674, 742, 745, 758, 762, 766, 773, 782, 785, 794, 830, 863, 870, 888, 923, 934], 'usefulness': [4], 'of': [5, 25, 32, 65, 100, 114, 142, 147, 191, 229, 243, 276, 310, 351, 411, 431, 454, 465, 477, 497, 521, 566, 582, 594, 619, 643, 656, 669, 676, 689, 696, 737, 744, 775, 779, 784, 797, 801, 836, 847, 857, 865, 872, 880, 890, 926], 'differential': [6, 43, 677], 'item': [7, 220, 234, 678, 892], 'functioning': [8, 679], '(DIF)': [9, 681], 'methodology': [10, 209, 680, 726, 808], 'for': [11, 90, 152, 214, 355, 391, 624, 820], 'examining': [12, 215], 'potential': [13, 713], 'mode': [14, 200, 228, 620, 668, 736, 749, 764], 'effects.': [15], 'Although': [16], 'goal': [18], 'was': [19, 70], 'not': [20, 319, 661], 'to': [21, 34, 42, 57, 78, 83, 134, 199, 226, 305, 379, 408, 427, 470, 494, 508, 538, 546, 552, 555, 571, 599, 667, 682, 698, 711, 731, 805, 817, 850, 861, 886, 931], 'validate': [22], 'comparability': [24, 430, 635, 746, 928], 'assessments': [27, 401, 835, 881, 900], 'per': [28], 'se,': [29], 'it': [30, 424, 549], 'is': [31, 425, 705, 930], 'interest': [33], 'speculate': [35], 'why': [36], 'some': [37, 140, 495], 'formats': [38, 848, 893], 'could': [39, 487, 527, 568, 754], 'give': [40], 'rise': [41], 'performance.': [44], 'Data': [45], 'were': [46, 55, 61, 95, 109, 132, 150, 178, 197, 803, 882, 901], 'obtained': [47, 96], 'from': [48, 97, 267, 293, 446, 529, 876], 'two': [49, 168, 877], 'instruments': [50], 'on': [51, 603, 741, 906], 'which': [52, 663], 'validation': [53], 'studies': [54, 929], 'conducted': [56], 'determine': [58], 'if': [59, 485], 'scores': [60, 432, 444, 486, 504, 936], 'comparable': [62, 451, 503], 'across': [63, 433, 452, 490, 580, 687, 735, 855], 'modes': [64, 89, 435, 453, 464, 581, 688, 778, 800, 856], 'administration.': [66, 455, 670, 691, 739, 858], 'The': [67, 165], 'first': [68], 'instrument': [69], 'a': [71, 98, 211, 416, 441, 541, 641, 694], 'norm-referenced': [72], 'aptitude': [73], 'test': [74, 448, 515, 658, 690, 738], 'called': [75], 'InView,': [76], 'administered': [77, 404, 523], 'students': [79, 196, 535, 606, 627, 826], 'in': [80, 85, 187, 315, 405, 418, 525, 544, 563, 573, 630, 649, 685, 708, 792, 853, 884], 'grades': [81, 406], '4': [82, 250], '9': [84], 'computer': [86, 115, 522], 'and': [87, 117, 126, 171, 175, 241, 252, 279, 357, 388, 513, 550, 607, 761, 868, 918], 'this': [91, 316, 700, 921], 'study.': [92], 'Additional': [93], 'data': [94], 'Test': [99, 107], 'Adult': [101], 'Basic': [102], 'Education': [103], '(TABE),': [104], 'also': [105, 585, 809], 'norm-referenced.': [106], 'takers': [108], 'asked': [110], 'about': [111], 'their': [112, 392], 'levels': [113, 141, 593], 'experience': [116], 'preferences.': [118], 'Two': [119], 'DIF': [120, 208, 245, 349, 701, 704, 770, 807, 841, 873], 'statistics,': [121], 'Linn-Harnisch': [123], 'procedure': [124], '(1981)': [125], 'nonparametric': [128], 'Standardized': [129], 'Mean': [130], 'Difference': [131], 'used': [133, 225, 707, 816, 916], 'assess': [135], 'DIF.': [136], 'Results': [137], 'show': [138, 206], 'that': [139, 149, 207, 222, 263, 423, 467, 556, 590, 813, 825, 915, 933], 'InView': [143], 'had': [144, 162, 167], 'substantial': [145], 'numbers': [146], 'items': [148, 664, 819], 'flagged': [151, 169], 'online': [154], 'comparisons': [155], 'with': [156, 183, 588, 833, 894, 912], 'standardization': [158, 176, 913], 'study,': [159, 747], 'while': [160], 'others': [161], 'relatively': [163], 'few.': [164], 'TABE': [166], 'items,': [170], 'differences': [172, 186, 217, 231, 462, 562, 648, 684, 715, 734, 776, 852], 'between': [173, 463, 473, 510, 777, 799], 'computer-based': [174, 400, 907], 'groups': [177, 719], 'throughout': [179], 'ability': [181, 838], 'range': [182], 'more': [184], 'apparent': [185], 'lower': [189], 'portion': [190], 'distribution.': [193], 'In': [194, 859], 'general,': [195], 'neutral': [198], 'or': [201, 296, 312, 325, 628, 652, 723], 'preferred': [202], 'computer-administered': [203], 'tests.': [204], 'Findings': [205], 'presents': [210], 'well-studied': [212], 'method': [213], 'group': [216, 733, 760], 'at': [218, 232, 371, 781], 'level': [221, 783], 'can': [223, 264, 457, 727, 814, 843], 'be': [224, 265, 450, 458, 482, 488, 586, 729, 755, 789, 815, 910], 'examine': [227, 683, 712, 732], 'administration': [230, 466, 583, 780, 802], 'level.': [235], 'Appendixes': [236], 'contain': [237], 'student': [239, 904], 'surveys': [240], 'derivations': [242], 'methods.': [246], '(Contains': [247], '10': [248, 253], 'figures,': [249], 'tables,': [251], 'references.)': [254], '(SLD)': [255], 'Reproductions': [256], 'supplied': [257], 'by': [258, 361, 640], 'EDRS': [259], 'are': [260, 402, 468, 505, 536, 665, 693], 'best': [262], 'made': [266, 304], 'original': [269], 'document.': [270], 'U.S.': [271], 'DEPARTMENT': [272], 'OF': [273], 'EDUCATION': [274], 'Office': [275], 'Educational': [277], 'Research': [278], 'Improvement': [280], 'EDUCATIONAL': [281, 343], 'RESOURCES': [282, 344], 'INFORMATION': [283, 345], 'CENTER': [284, 346], '(ERIC)': [285, 347], 'document': [287, 317], 'has': [288, 601, 636], 'been': [289, 303, 638], 'reproduced': [290], 'as': [291, 460, 646, 721, 751, 757, 765, 829], 'received': [292], 'person': [295], 'organization': [297], 'originating': [298], 'it.': [299], 'Minor': [300], 'changes': [301], 'have': [302, 415, 591], 'improve': [306], 'reproduction': [307], 'quality.': [308], 'Points': [309], 'view': [311], 'opinions': [313], 'stated': [314], 'do': [318], 'necessarily': [320], 'represent': [321], 'official': [322], 'OERI': [323], 'position': [324], 'policy.': [326], '1': [327], 'PERMISSION': [328], 'TO': [329, 341], 'REPRODUCE': [330], 'AND': [331], 'DISSEMINATE': [332], 'THIS': [333], 'MATERIAL': [334], 'HAS': [335], 'BEEN': [336], 'GRANTED': [337], 'BY': [338], 'C.': [339], 'Rich': [340, 366], 'THE': [342], 'A': [348], 'Analysis': [350], 'Item-Level': [352], 'Mode': [353], 'Effects': [354], 'Computerized': [356], 'Paperand': [358], '-Pencil': [359], 'Tests': [360], 'Richard': [362], 'D.': [363], 'Schwarz': [364], 'Changhua': [365], 'Tracy': [367], 'Podrabsky': [368], 'CTB/McGraw-Hill': [369], 'Presented': [370], 'NCME': [372], 'Chicago,': [373], 'April': [374], '2003': [375], 'We': [376], 'would': [377, 481, 788], 'like': [378], 'acknowledge': [380], 'Ping': [381], 'Wan,': [382], 'Cristina': [383], 'I': [384], 'langakoon,': [385], 'Bob': [386], 'Kelly,': [387], 'Raylene': [389], 'Potter': [390], 'programming': [393], 'assistance.': [394], 'BESTCOPYAVA0': [395], '0': [396], '1,1': [397], 'BLE': [398], 'Increasingly,': [399], 'being': [403], '2': [407], '12.': [409], 'Many': [410], 'these': [412, 434, 866, 899, 927], 'computerized': [413, 834], 'tests': [414, 524, 812, 908], 'legacy': [417], 'paperand': [419, 511, 530, 752], '-pencil': [420, 531, 753], 'administrations': [421, 491], 'such': [422, 645, 720, 750], 'necessary': [426], 'establish': [428, 932], '(Mead': [436], '&': [437, 576, 614], 'Drasgow,': [438], '1993).': [439, 616], 'As': [440], 'goal,': [442], 'emanating': [445], 'each': [447], 'should': [449], 'Comparability': [456], 'defined': [459], 'equivalent': [469], 'those': [471], 'observed': [472], 'alternate': [474], '(parallel)': [475], 'forms': [476], 'test.': [479], 'It': [480], 'very': [483], 'convenient': [484], 'compared': [489, 911], 'without': [492], 'resorting': [493], 'type': [496], 'score': [498], 'transformation': [499], '(i.e.,': [500], 'equating).': [501], 'However,': [502], 'sometimes': [506], 'difficult': [507], 'achieve': [509], 'pencil': [512, 917], 'linear': [514], 'administrations.': [516], 'For': [517, 558], 'instance,': [518], 'usability': [520], 'Reading': [526], 'differ': [528], 'versions': [532], 'when': [533], 'younger': [534, 559], 'required': [537], 'scroll': [539], 'through': [540], 'reading': [542, 837], 'passage': [543], 'order': [545, 860, 885], 'both': [547, 902], 'read': [548], 'respond': [551], 'questions': [553], 'related': [554], 'passage.': [557], 'students,': [560], 'perceptual': [561], 'display': [565], 'information': [567, 875], 'potentially': [569], 'lead': [570, 849], 'disparities': [572], 'performance': [574, 686, 714, 854, 905], '(Choi': [575], 'Tinker,': [577], '2000).': [578], 'Differences': [579], 'might': [584, 622], 'evident': [587], 'adults': [589, 629], 'low': [592], 'functional': [595], 'literacy.': [596], 'Most': [597], 'research': [598], 'date': [600], 'focused': [602], 'college': [604, 608], 'bound': [605], 'graduates': [609], '(Schaeffer,': [610], 'Reese,': [611], 'Steffen,': [612], 'McKinley': [613], 'Mills,': [615], 'Other': [617], 'sources': [618, 796], 'effects': [621], 'emerge': [623], 'school': [625], 'age': [626], 'alternative': [631], 'educational': [632], 'settings.': [633], 'Cross-mode': [634], 'traditionally': [637], 'assessed': [639], 'variety': [642], 'methods': [644], 'correlations,': [647], 'scale': [650], 'scores,': [651], 'effect': [653, 889], 'sizes.': [654], 'Comparison': [655], 'overall': [657], 'statistics': [659], 'will': [660, 909], 'reveal': [662], 'sensitive': [666], 'proposes': [673], 'use': [675], 'There': [692], 'number': [695], 'advantages': [697], 'using': [699], 'approach.': [702], 'First,': [703], 'routinely': [706], 'testing': [709], 'programs': [710], 'among': [716], 'various': [717], 'demographic': [718], 'gender': [722], 'ethnicity.': [724], 'easily': [728], 'redeployed': [730], 'Depending': [740], 'nature': [743], 'one': [748], 'designated': [756], 'reference': [759], 'other': [763], 'focal': [767], 'group.': [768], 'Using': [769], 'procedures': [771], 'permits': [772], 'examination': [774], 'item.': [786], 'particularly': [790], 'important': [791], 'determining': [793], 'precise': [795], 'noncomparablitiy': [798], 'they': [804], 'occur.': [806], 'provides': [810], 'statistical': [811], 'flag': [818], 'further': [821], 'examination.': [822], 'Surveys': [823], 'suggest': [824], 'perceived': [827], 'scrolling': [828], 'biggest': [831], 'problem': [832], '(Swanson,': [839], '2002).': [840], 'analysis': [842], 'confirm': [844], 'what': [845], 'types': [846, 879], 'significant': [851], 'increase': [862], 'generalizability': [864], 'findings': [867], 'demonstrate': [869], 'utility': [871], 'methods,': [874], 'different': [878, 891], 'utilized': [883], 'investigate': [887], 'varying': [895], 'grade': [896], 'levels.': [897], 'Since': [898], 'norm-referenced,': [903], 'samples': [914], 'paper.': [919], 'Within': [920], 'context,': [922], 'primary': [924], 'objective': [925], 'on-line': [935]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1548849838', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-07T18:59:26.267671', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}