Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1546669139', 'doi': None, 'title': 'Capacity, Output, and Sequential Entry', 'display_name': 'Capacity, Output, and Sequential Entry', 'publication_year': 1981, 'publication_date': '1981-06-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1546669139', 'mag': '1546669139'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v71y1981i3p503-14.html', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S23254222', 'display_name': 'American Economic Review', 'issn_l': '0002-8282', 'issn': ['0002-8282', '1944-7981'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315912', 'host_organization_name': 'American Economic Association', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315912'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Economic Association'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'posted-content', 'indexed_in': [], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5071438332', 'display_name': 'Daniel F. Spulber', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2697-6522'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Daniel F. Spulber', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Strategy'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Strategy', 'institution_ids': []}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5071438332'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 4.744, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 93, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.95823, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 96, 'max': 97}, 'biblio': {'volume': '71', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '503', 'last_page': '514'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11031', 'display_name': 'Game Theory and Applications', 'score': 0.9984, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1803', 'display_name': 'Management Science and Operations Research'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/18', 'display_name': 'Decision Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11031', 'display_name': 'Game Theory and Applications', 'score': 0.9984, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1803', 'display_name': 'Management Science and Operations Research'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/18', 'display_name': 'Decision Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12137', 'display_name': 'Economic theories and models', 'score': 0.9982, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11043', 'display_name': 'Merger and Competition Analysis', 'score': 0.9921, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/stackelberg-competition', 'display_name': 'Stackelberg competition', 'score': 0.6543727}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/constant', 'display_name': 'Constant (computer programming)', 'score': 0.5639113}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/deterrence-theory', 'display_name': 'Deterrence theory', 'score': 0.54366213}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/investment', 'display_name': 'Investment', 'score': 0.48861867}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/free-entry', 'display_name': 'Free entry', 'score': 0.47606155}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/capacity-utilization', 'display_name': 'Capacity utilization', 'score': 0.46892506}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.68217254}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199510392', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184602', 'display_name': 'Stackelberg competition', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6543727}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C175444787', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072', 'display_name': 'Microeconomics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.6400947}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777027219', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190', 'display_name': 'Constant (computer programming)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5639113}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C60643870', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1949683', 'display_name': 'Deterrence theory', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.54366213}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C16520705', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q601799', 'display_name': 'Cournot competition', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.50145054}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C27548731', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272', 'display_name': 'Investment (military)', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.48861867}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781090088', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5500218', 'display_name': 'Free entry', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.47606155}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C13166094', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1597271', 'display_name': 'Capacity utilization', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46892506}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778348673', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302', 'display_name': 'Production (economics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.41819102}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.15123129}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C94625758', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163', 'display_name': 'Politics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185544564', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197', 'display_name': 'Nuclear physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199360897', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143', 'display_name': 'Programming language', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v71y1981i3p503-14.html', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S23254222', 'display_name': 'American Economic Review', 'issn_l': '0002-8282', 'issn': ['0002-8282', '1944-7981'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315912', 'host_organization_name': 'American Economic Association', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315912'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Economic Association'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.47, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9', 'display_name': 'Industry, innovation and infrastructure'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 21, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1498634529', 'https://openalex.org/W1542859168', 'https://openalex.org/W1749131318', 'https://openalex.org/W1966334506', 'https://openalex.org/W1978885404', 'https://openalex.org/W1990689979', 'https://openalex.org/W1998691772', 'https://openalex.org/W2048616065', 'https://openalex.org/W2051620183', 'https://openalex.org/W2054454859', 'https://openalex.org/W2079211860', 'https://openalex.org/W2080849740', 'https://openalex.org/W2082121535', 'https://openalex.org/W2105828471', 'https://openalex.org/W2165415996', 'https://openalex.org/W2278711198', 'https://openalex.org/W2326021221', 'https://openalex.org/W2330024298', 'https://openalex.org/W2490798711', 'https://openalex.org/W3124201178', 'https://openalex.org/W610430929'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W2800735604', 'https://openalex.org/W2151213521', 'https://openalex.org/W2140116864', 'https://openalex.org/W2128168853', 'https://openalex.org/W2105828471', 'https://openalex.org/W2079211860', 'https://openalex.org/W2070784817', 'https://openalex.org/W2063692888', 'https://openalex.org/W2047212489', 'https://openalex.org/W2025427504', 'https://openalex.org/W2021129825', 'https://openalex.org/W2009727629', 'https://openalex.org/W1998691772', 'https://openalex.org/W1978885404', 'https://openalex.org/W1974490199', 'https://openalex.org/W1572586719', 'https://openalex.org/W1568319267', 'https://openalex.org/W1562875783', 'https://openalex.org/W1520141407', 'https://openalex.org/W1498634529'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Two': [0], 'crucial': [1], 'assumptions': [2, 34, 103], 'frequently': [3], 'made': [4], 'in': [5, 46, 124, 142, 252, 260, 342, 424], 'industrial': [6], 'organization': [7], 'are': [8, 57, 96, 210, 232, 267], 'that': [9, 202, 259, 288, 303, 312], 'an': [10, 37, 67, 174, 195, 390, 411], 'established': [11, 68, 126, 237, 262, 292, 304, 371, 380, 418], 'firm': [12, 69, 238, 263, 381, 419], 'deters': [13, 313], 'entry': [14, 110, 123, 181, 205, 250, 266, 300, 314], 'either': [15, 94], 'by': [16, 25], 'a': [17, 119, 129, 136, 165, 240, 310, 326, 383, 398, 421], 'constant': [18, 166, 241, 298, 308], 'high': [19, 26], 'output': [20, 62, 147, 167, 176, 200, 242, 297, 307, 374, 392, 400, 415], '(the': [21, 29], 'Sylos': [22, 215, 275, 337, 354], 'Postulate)': [23], 'or': [24, 217, 243, 316], 'excess': [27, 185, 192, 246], 'capacity': [28, 186, 193, 247, 409], 'Excess': [30, 219], 'Capacity': [31, 220], 'Hypothesis).': [32], 'These': [33], 'may': [35, 70], 'be': [36], 'accurate': [38], 'description': [39], 'of': [40, 44, 53, 66, 78, 90, 108, 122, 151, 158, 173, 367], 'the': [41, 51, 54, 60, 88, 105, 149, 156, 159, 214, 218, 236, 331, 336, 343, 353, 358, 364, 370, 376, 379, 405, 417, 425], 'observed': [42], 'conduct': [43], 'firms': [45, 127, 293, 305, 362], 'some': [47], 'industries.': [48], 'However,': [49], 'when': [50, 248], 'rules': [52], 'post-entry': [55, 160, 426], 'game': [56], 'clearly': [58], 'specified,': [59], 'optimal': [61, 225], 'and': [63, 145, 179, 198, 346, 363, 416], 'investment': [64], 'strategies': [65], 'depart': [71], 'considerably': [72], 'from': [73, 270], 'these': [74, 102, 271], 'behavioral': [75], 'assumptions.': [76], 'Because': [77], 'this': [79, 163], 'possible': [80], 'inconsistency': [81], 'with': [82, 382], 'rational': [83], 'behavior,': [84], 'any': [85], 'conclusions': [86], 'about': [87], 'formation': [89], 'industry': [91], 'based': [92], 'upon': [93], 'assumption': [95], 'highly': [97], 'suspect.': [98], 'What': [99], 'is': [100, 112, 182, 206, 319, 410, 420], 'more,': [101], 'avoid': [104], 'main': [106], 'issue': [107], 'whether': [109, 315], 'deterrence': [111], 'worthwhile': [113], 'at': [114, 155, 194, 309], 'all.': [115], 'This': [116], 'paper': [117], 'presents': [118], 'dynamic': [120, 365], 'model': [121], 'which': [125, 213, 235], 'pursue': [128], 'Cournot': [130], 'Nash': [131], '(alternatively': [132], 'Stackelberg)': [133], 'strategy': [134, 169, 188], 'toward': [135], 'potential': [137, 289], 'entrant.': [138], 'The': [139, 256, 274], 'entrant': [140], 'behaves': [141], 'Cournot-Nash': [143], 'fashion': [144], 'chooses': [146], 'on': [148, 330, 349, 414], 'basis': [150], 'expected': [152], 'postentry': [153], 'profits': [154], 'equilibrium': [157], 'game.': [161], 'Within': [162], 'framework,': [164], 'entry-deterring': [168, 175, 187, 196, 226, 391], 'would': [170, 189], 'involve': [171, 190], 'maintenance': [172], 'level': [177, 197, 203, 311, 393, 401], 'before': [178, 402], 'after': [180, 204], 'threatened.': [183, 207], 'An': [184], 'holding': [191], 'increasing': [199], 'to': [201, 265, 294, 321, 388], 'Special': [208], 'conditions': [209, 231], 'presented': [211], 'under': [212, 234], 'Postulate': [216, 276, 338, 355], 'Hypothesis': [221], 'will': [222, 394], 'accurately': [223], 'describe': [224], 'strategies.': [227], 'In': [228], 'addition,': [229], 'special': [230, 272, 406], 'examined': [233], 'maintains': [239], 'holds': [244], 'pre-entry': [245], 'large-scale': [249], 'does': [251], 'fact': [253], 'take': [254], 'place.': [255], 'analysis': [257], 'shows': [258], 'general,': [261], 'reactions': [264], 'quite': [268], 'different': [269], 'cases.': [273], '(see': [277], 'Joseph': [278], 'Bain;': [279], 'Paolo': [280], 'Sylos-Labini;': [281], 'Franco': [282], 'Modigliani,': [283], '1958)': [284, 335], 'asserts': [285], 'not': [286, 317], 'only': [287], 'entrants': [290], 'expect': [291], 'maintain': [295], 'their': [296], 'as': [299, 325], 'occurs,': [301], 'but': [302], 'keep': [306], 'it': [318], 'profitable': [320], 'do': [322], 'so.': [323], 'Hailed': [324], 'welcome': [327], 'major': [328], 'breakthrough': [329], 'oligopoly': [332], 'front': [333], '(Modigliani,': [334], 'underlies': [339], 'many': [340], 'papers': [341], 'large': [344], 'theoretical': [345], 'empirical': [347], 'literature': [348], 'limit': [350], "pricing.'": [351], 'Yet': [352], 'ignores': [356], 'both': [357], 'strategic': [359], 'interaction': [360], 'between': [361], 'aspects': [366], 'entry.2': [368], 'Unless': [369], "firm's": [372], 'monopoly': [373], 'exceeds': [375], 'entrydeterring': [377], 'level,': [378], 'general': [384], 'cost': [385], 'function': [386], 'able': [387], 'choose': [389], 'instead': [395], 'always': [396], 'desire': [397], 'lower': [399], 'entry.': [403], 'For': [404], 'case': [407], 'where': [408], 'upper': [412], 'bound': [413], 'Stackelberg': [422], 'leader': [423], 'game,': [427]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1546669139', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 3}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-14T20:37:51.305363', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}