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'occurrence': [44], 'among': [45, 57, 108, 178], 'vertebrates,': [46, 431], 'but': [47, 316], 'comparative': [49], 'distribution': [50, 174], 'structural': [52, 442], 'diversity': [53], 'matrotrophic': [55, 152, 169, 243, 257, 297, 307], 'expression': [56], 'invertebrates': [58], 'wanting.': [60], 'In': [61, 110, 155, 212, 253, 330], 'first': [63], 'comprehensive': [64], 'analysis': [65], 'matrotrophy': [67, 113, 188], 'across': [68], 'animal': [70, 92], 'kingdom,': [71], 'we': [72], 'report': [73], 'that': [74, 103, 163], 'regardless': [75], 'degree': [78], 'expression,': [80], 'it': [81, 126, 217], 'established': [83], 'or': [84, 119, 131, 150, 165, 328, 342], 'inferred': [85], 'in': [86, 124, 196, 222, 265, 314, 421, 430], 'at': [87, 192, 439], 'least': [88, 193], '21': [89], '34': [91], 'phyla,': [93, 112, 138, 255], 'significantly': [94], 'exceeding': [95], 'previous': [96], 'accounts': [97], 'changing': [99], 'old': [101], 'paradigm': [102], 'these': [104], 'phenomena': [105], 'are': [106, 260, 274, 281, 309, 318, 338], 'infrequent': [107], 'invertebrates.': [109], '10': [111], 'represented': [115], 'by': [116, 324], 'only': [117], 'a': [120, 325, 331], 'few': [121], 'species,': [122], 'whereas': [123], '11': [125], 'either': [128, 323], 'not': [129], 'uncommon': [130], 'widespread': [132, 246], 'even': [134], 'pervasive.': [135], 'Among': [136], 'invertebrate': [137, 181], 'Platyhelminthes,': [139], 'Arthropoda': [140], 'Bryozoa': [142], 'dominate,': [143], '162,': [145], '83': [146], '53': [148], 'partly': [149], 'wholly': [151], 'families,': [153], 'respectively.': [154], 'comparison,': [156], 'Chordata': [157], 'has': [158, 189], 'more': [159, 245, 319, 399, 406], 'than': [160, 249, 313], '220': [161], 'families': [162], 'include': [164], 'consist': [166], 'entirely': [167], 'species.': [170], 'We': [171], 'analysed': [172], 'reproductive': [176], 'patterns': [177], 'within': [180], 'phyla': [182], 'using': [183], 'recently': [184], 'published': [185], 'molecular': [186], 'phylogenies:': [187], 'seemingly': [190], 'evolved': [191, 220], '140': [194], 'times': [195], 'all': [197, 236, 440], 'major': [198], 'superclades:': [199], 'Parazoa': [200], 'Eumetazoa,': [202], 'Radiata': [203], 'Bilateria,': [205], 'Protostomia': [206], 'Deuterostomia,': [208], 'Lophotrochozoa': [209], 'Ecdysozoa.': [211], 'Cycliophora': [213], 'some': [215], 'Digenea,': [216], 'may': [218], 'have': [219], 'twice': [221], 'same': [224], 'life': [225], 'cycle.': [226], 'provisioning': [228], 'developing': [230], 'young': [231], 'associated': [233], 'almost': [235], 'types': [238, 259], 'incubation': [240, 258], 'chambers,': [241], 'viviparity': [244], '(20': [247], 'phyla)': [248], 'brooding': [250], '(10': [251], 'phyla).': [252], 'nine': [254], 'both': [256], 'present.': [261], 'Matrotrophy': [262], 'expressed': [264], 'five': [266], 'nutritive': [267, 349], 'modes,': [268], 'which': [270], 'histotrophy': [271], 'placentotrophy': [273], 'prevalent.': [276], 'Oophagy,': [277], 'embryophagy': [278], 'histophagy': [280], 'rarer,': [282], 'plausibly': [283], 'evolving': [284], 'through': [285], 'heterochronous': [286], 'development': [287], 'embryonic': [290], 'mouthparts': [291], 'digestive': [293], 'system.': [294], 'During': [295], 'modes': [298], 'can': [299], 'shift,': [300], 'intergrade,': [301], 'be': [303], 'performed': [304], 'simultaneously.': [305], 'Invertebrate': [306], 'adaptations': [308], 'less': [310], 'complex': [311], 'structurally': [312], 'chordates,': [315], 'they': [317], 'diverse,': [320], 'being': [321], 'formed': [322], 'parent,': [326, 388], 'embryo,': [327], 'both.': [329], 'still': [334], 'preliminary': [335], 'sense,': [336], 'there': [337], 'indications': [339], 'trends': [341], 'grades': [343], 'evolutionarily': [345], 'increasing': [346, 372], 'complexity': [347], 'structures:': [350], 'formation': [351], '(': [353, 389, 411], 'i': [354], ')': [355, 391, 413], 'local': [356], 'zones': [357], 'enhanced': [359], 'nutritional': [360, 408], 'transport': [361], '(placental': [362], 'analogues),': [363], 'including': [364], 'specialized': [365], 'parent–offspring': [366], 'cell': [367], 'complexes': [368], 'various': [370], 'appendages': [371], 'entire': [374], 'secreting': [375], 'absorbing': [377], 'surfaces': [378], 'as': [379, 381], 'contact': [383], 'surface': [384], 'between': [385], 'embryo': [386], 'ii': [390], 'compartmentalization': [392], 'common': [395], 'incubatory': [396], 'space': [397], 'into': [398], 'compact': [400], '‘isolated’': [402], 'chambers': [403], 'presumably': [405], 'effective': [407], 'relationships,': [409], 'iii': [412], 'internal': [414], 'secretory': [415], '(‘milk’)': [416], 'glands.': [417], 'Some': [418], 'placental': [419, 428], 'analogues': [420], 'onychophorans': [422], 'arthropods': [424], 'mimic': [425], 'simplest': [427], 'variants': [429], 'comprising': [432], 'striking': [433], 'examples': [434], 'convergent': [436], 'evolution': [437], 'acting': [438], 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