Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1518617829', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1990.tb01583.x', 'title': 'Cryopreservation of Mammalian Sperm: What We Ask Them to Survive', 'display_name': 'Cryopreservation of Mammalian Sperm: What We Ask Them to Survive', 'publication_year': 1990, 'publication_date': '1990-01-02', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1518617829', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1990.tb01583.x', 'mag': '1518617829', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2179184'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1990.tb01583.x', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1990.tb01583.x', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S90729755', 'display_name': 'Andrology', 'issn_l': '2047-2919', 'issn': ['2047-2919', '2047-2927'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'bronze', 'oa_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1990.tb01583.x', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5114012730', 'display_name': 'Roy H. Hammerstedt', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I130769515', 'display_name': 'Pennsylvania State University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04p491231', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I130769515']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'ROY H. HAMMERSTEDT', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Biochemistry Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Biochemistry Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I130769515']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5109356130', 'display_name': 'James K. Graham', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I130769515', 'display_name': 'Pennsylvania State University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04p491231', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I130769515']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'JAMES K. GRAHAM', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Biochemistry Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Biochemistry Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I130769515']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5021794204', 'display_name': 'John P. Nolan', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5845-3764'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I130769515', 'display_name': 'Pennsylvania State University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04p491231', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I130769515']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'JOHN P. NOLAN', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Biochemistry Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Biochemistry Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I130769515']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 9.329, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 762, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.99137, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '11', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '73', 'last_page': '88'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10116', 'display_name': 'Sperm and Testicular Function', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2743', 'display_name': 'Reproductive Medicine'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10116', 'display_name': 'Sperm and Testicular Function', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2743', 'display_name': 'Reproductive Medicine'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10364', 'display_name': 'Reproductive Biology and Fertility', 'score': 0.9996, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2739', 'display_name': 'Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11505', 'display_name': 'Reproductive biology and impacts on aquatic species', 'score': 0.9978, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1314', 'display_name': 'Physiology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/cryoprotectant', 'display_name': 'Cryoprotectant', 'score': 0.9041775}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C68528507', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q692267', 'display_name': 'Cryoprotectant', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.9041775}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781087480', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17145', 'display_name': 'Sperm', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7511885}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C179933525', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144664', 'display_name': 'Cryopreservation', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6811732}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779343474', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175', 'display_name': 'Context (archaeology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.64890385}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5763636}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C14036430', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076', 'display_name': 'Function (biology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.43216637}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C95444343', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141', 'display_name': 'Cell biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3345281}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C78458016', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400', 'display_name': 'Evolutionary biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.320027}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C196843134', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33196', 'display_name': 'Embryo', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.13749292}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.11652824}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C151730666', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205', 'display_name': 'Paleontology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D015925', 'descriptor_name': 'Cryopreservation', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003451', 'descriptor_name': 'Cryoprotective Agents', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000494', 'qualifier_name': 'pharmacology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013094', 'descriptor_name': 'Spermatozoa', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000166', 'qualifier_name': 'cytology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000818', 'descriptor_name': 'Animals', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002417', 'descriptor_name': 'Cattle', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002470', 'descriptor_name': 'Cell Survival', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000187', 'qualifier_name': 'drug effects', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002470', 'descriptor_name': 'Cell Survival', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D015925', 'descriptor_name': 'Cryopreservation', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000009', 'qualifier_name': 'adverse effects', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003451', 'descriptor_name': 'Cryoprotective Agents', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008297', 'descriptor_name': 'Male', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013094', 'descriptor_name': 'Spermatozoa', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1990.tb01583.x', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1990.tb01583.x', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S90729755', 'display_name': 'Andrology', 'issn_l': '2047-2919', 'issn': ['2047-2919', '2047-2927'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2179184', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1990.tb01583.x', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1990.tb01583.x', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S90729755', 'display_name': 'Andrology', 'issn_l': '2047-2919', 'issn': ['2047-2919', '2047-2927'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Life on land', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15', 'score': 0.51}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 81, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1498370123', 'https://openalex.org/W1520927592', 'https://openalex.org/W1522628914', 'https://openalex.org/W1537945918', 'https://openalex.org/W1541443607', 'https://openalex.org/W1545462020', 'https://openalex.org/W1555827664', 'https://openalex.org/W1586919088', 'https://openalex.org/W174376280', 'https://openalex.org/W1967016472', 'https://openalex.org/W1972464165', 'https://openalex.org/W1973059789', 'https://openalex.org/W1974348711', 'https://openalex.org/W1975482760', 'https://openalex.org/W1980023194', 'https://openalex.org/W1983751937', 'https://openalex.org/W1985420535', 'https://openalex.org/W1988450880', 'https://openalex.org/W1988907174', 'https://openalex.org/W1991655565', 'https://openalex.org/W1992904138', 'https://openalex.org/W1993992511', 'https://openalex.org/W1997300769', 'https://openalex.org/W1998217227', 'https://openalex.org/W1999099572', 'https://openalex.org/W1999170942', 'https://openalex.org/W2000197800', 'https://openalex.org/W2002115582', 'https://openalex.org/W2003040907', 'https://openalex.org/W2003507857', 'https://openalex.org/W2007501724', 'https://openalex.org/W2007841685', 'https://openalex.org/W2008030275', 'https://openalex.org/W2009664995', 'https://openalex.org/W2012162008', 'https://openalex.org/W2012500127', 'https://openalex.org/W2014380192', 'https://openalex.org/W2016889802', 'https://openalex.org/W2019263613', 'https://openalex.org/W2024522705', 'https://openalex.org/W2025585584', 'https://openalex.org/W2029799859', 'https://openalex.org/W2032190741', 'https://openalex.org/W2033434335', 'https://openalex.org/W2033917963', 'https://openalex.org/W2036715864', 'https://openalex.org/W2040828478', 'https://openalex.org/W2043615134', 'https://openalex.org/W2043932305', 'https://openalex.org/W2045573046', 'https://openalex.org/W2046469744', 'https://openalex.org/W2055291801', 'https://openalex.org/W2056324784', 'https://openalex.org/W2057990303', 'https://openalex.org/W2073103795', 'https://openalex.org/W2080977102', 'https://openalex.org/W2082575936', 'https://openalex.org/W2086474578', 'https://openalex.org/W2089110594', 'https://openalex.org/W2089852581', 'https://openalex.org/W2091030424', 'https://openalex.org/W2094013878', 'https://openalex.org/W2095136374', 'https://openalex.org/W2105312554', 'https://openalex.org/W2110934533', 'https://openalex.org/W2120952717', 'https://openalex.org/W2128562773', 'https://openalex.org/W2147426052', 'https://openalex.org/W2150468051', 'https://openalex.org/W2161592164', 'https://openalex.org/W2162125264', 'https://openalex.org/W2165852855', 'https://openalex.org/W2255661867', 'https://openalex.org/W2406664710', 'https://openalex.org/W2415349861', 'https://openalex.org/W2441428118', 'https://openalex.org/W2463964895', 'https://openalex.org/W2734423285', 'https://openalex.org/W4251588185', 'https://openalex.org/W626135237', 'https://openalex.org/W652036338'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4313477818', 'https://openalex.org/W4313331080', 'https://openalex.org/W3208915894', 'https://openalex.org/W3045600643', 'https://openalex.org/W2904783106', 'https://openalex.org/W2471962316', 'https://openalex.org/W2386257366', 'https://openalex.org/W2364959059', 'https://openalex.org/W2095372620', 'https://openalex.org/W2027574764'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Techniques': [0], 'for': [1, 15, 57, 152], 'freezing': [2, 153], 'bull': [3, 154], 'sperm': [4, 17, 58, 155], 'developed': [5], 'over': [6], 'the': [7, 65, 83, 108, 130, 133, 144, 147, 158], 'past': [8], '40': [9], 'years': [10], 'have': [11, 49], 'not': [12], 'yielded': [13], 'protocols': [14, 56], 'preserving': [16], 'from': [18, 59], 'other': [19, 60], 'species.': [20, 61], 'Recent': [21], 'advances': [22], 'in': [23, 118, 143], 'our': [24], 'understanding': [25], 'of': [26, 37, 44, 53, 73, 79, 85, 132, 146], 'cell': [27, 99], 'membrane': [28, 80, 86, 114], 'structure': [29, 81, 115], 'function': [30, 117], 'and': [31, 82, 90, 101, 116, 127, 149], 'metabolism': [32], 'now': [33], 'permit': [34], 'alternative': [35], 'modes': [36], 'investigation.': [38], 'These': [39, 139], 'data': [40], 'will': [41, 112], 'allow': [42], 'development': [43], 'unique': [45], 'studies': [46], 'which': [47], 'should': [48], 'a': [50, 70, 167], 'higher': [51], 'probability': [52], 'yielding': [54], 'successful': [55, 150], 'In': [62], 'this': [63], 'review': [64, 76], 'authors': [66], 'will:': [67], '(1)': [68], 'provide': [69], 'general': [71], 'overview': [72], 'cryopreservation;': [74], '(2)': [75], 'emerging': [77], 'concepts': [78, 140], 'relationship': [84], 'composition': [87], 'to': [88, 120, 156, 165], 'water': [89], 'cryoprotectant': [91], 'movement;': [92], '(3)': [93], 'emphasize': [94, 129], 'how': [95], 'these': [96], 'parameters': [97], 'affect': [98], 'volume': [100], 'surface': [102], 'areas;': [103], '(4)': [104], 'focus': [105], 'attention': [106], 'on': [107, 124, 136], 'concept': [109], 'that': [110, 161], 'cryoprotectants': [111], 'alter': [113], 'addition': [119], 'their': [121], 'well-recognized': [122], 'effects': [123], 'bulk': [125], 'solvent;': [126], '(5)': [128], 'effect': [131], 'processing': [134], 'protocol': [135, 151], 'metabolic': [137], 'balance.': [138], 'are': [141], 'reintroduced': [142], 'context': [145], 'established': [148], 'illustrate': [157], 'molecular': [159], 'responses': [160], 'may': [162], 'be': [163], 'necessary': [164], 'survive': [166], 'freeze-thaw': [168], 'cycle.': [169]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1518617829', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 29}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 29}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 20}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 17}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 42}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 26}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 18}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 47}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 32}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 33}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 38}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 47}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-07T07:51:19.859779', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}