Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1508658463', 'doi': None, 'title': 'Arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh', 'display_name': 'Arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh', 'publication_year': 2001, 'publication_date': '2001-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1508658463', 'mag': '1508658463'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/11986/', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': None, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': [], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5108192192', 'display_name': 'D.G. Kinniburgh', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'D.G. Kinniburgh', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5068511750', 'display_name': 'Pauline Smedley', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6327-308X'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'P.L. Smedley', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 48.063, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 887, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999834, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': None, 'issue': None, 'first_page': None, 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11634', 'display_name': 'Water Quality and Pollution Assessment', 'score': 0.7503, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2312', 'display_name': 'Water Science and Technology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11634', 'display_name': 'Water Quality and Pollution Assessment', 'score': 0.7503, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2312', 'display_name': 'Water Science and Technology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10969', 'display_name': 'Water resources management and optimization', 'score': 0.7234, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2212', 'display_name': 'Ocean Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10710', 'display_name': 'Arsenic contamination and mitigation', 'score': 0.6854, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2304', 'display_name': 'Environmental Chemistry'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/water-well', 'display_name': 'Water well', 'score': 0.51721156}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/groundwater-contamination', 'display_name': 'Groundwater Contamination', 'score': 0.4949171}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C502230775', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q871', 'display_name': 'Arsenic', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.84734595}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C132165134', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4796457', 'display_name': 'Arsenic contamination of groundwater', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.70382786}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C112570922', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60528603', 'display_name': 'Contamination', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6812774}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C76177295', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598', 'display_name': 'Groundwater', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5820526}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C118416809', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43483', 'display_name': 'Water well', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.51721156}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2989071153', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20113712', 'display_name': 'Groundwater contamination', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.4949171}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C75622301', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208791', 'display_name': 'Aquifer', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.48341382}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C69823785', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6185405', 'display_name': 'Alluvium', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.48171097}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C39432304', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847', 'display_name': 'Environmental science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.44942355}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C205649164', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071', 'display_name': 'Geography', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.3702561}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C76886044', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300', 'display_name': 'Hydrology (agriculture)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.36324668}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127313418', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069', 'display_name': 'Geology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.35184157}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185592680', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329', 'display_name': 'Chemistry', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.116404116}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C18903297', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150', 'display_name': 'Ecology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.10573313}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.07584688}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C114793014', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109', 'display_name': 'Geomorphology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.059702992}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C187320778', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130', 'display_name': 'Geotechnical engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C178790620', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351', 'display_name': 'Organic chemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/11986/', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': None, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.76, 'display_name': 'Clean water and sanitation', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 0, 'referenced_works': [], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W576666103', 'https://openalex.org/W2167437752', 'https://openalex.org/W2163366584', 'https://openalex.org/W2149602337', 'https://openalex.org/W2128753028', 'https://openalex.org/W2122591311', 'https://openalex.org/W2116105765', 'https://openalex.org/W2107059050', 'https://openalex.org/W2103242138', 'https://openalex.org/W2099303078', 'https://openalex.org/W2090349830', 'https://openalex.org/W2072826534', 'https://openalex.org/W2067226670', 'https://openalex.org/W2003221509', 'https://openalex.org/W1999706820', 'https://openalex.org/W1978895830', 'https://openalex.org/W1898875569', 'https://openalex.org/W1586092561', 'https://openalex.org/W1552555281', 'https://openalex.org/W1523692346'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'A': [0], 'survey': [1], 'of': [2, 20, 48, 133, 143, 157, 170, 177, 256, 267, 274, 348, 353, 361, 376, 388], 'well': [3, 192], 'waters': [4], '(n=3534)': [5], 'from': [6, 18, 350], 'throughout': [7], 'Bang-': [8], "'\r\nladesh,": [9], 'excluding': [10], 'the': [11, 21, 32, 44, 80, 96, 136, 140, 144, 147, 154, 166, 175, 220, 235, 244, 246, 257, 321, 328, 340, 362, 377, 393], 'Chitt;agong': [12], 'Hill': [13], 'Tracts,': [14], 'has': [15, 280], 'shown\r\nthat': [16], 'water': [17, 38, 111, 258], '27%': [19], "'shallow'": [22], 'tubewells,': [23], 'that': [24, 68], 'is\r\nwells': [25], 'less': [26], 'than': [27, 56], '150': [28, 57], 'm': [29, 58, 335], 'deep,': [30], 'exceeded': [31, 365], 'Bangladesh\r\nstandard': [33], 'for': [34, 234, 369, 397], 'arsenic': [35, 108, 134, 163, 229, 248, 329, 338, 378], 'in': [36, 77, 139, 153, 165, 212, 215, 219, 264, 297, 325, 344], 'drinking': [37], '(50': [39], 'flg': [40, 50, 114, 125], 'L': [41, 126], '-I).': [42], '46%\r\nexceeded': [43], 'WHO': [45, 394], 'guideline': [46, 367, 395], 'value': [47, 368], '10': [49, 124], 'L-I.': [51], 'Figures\r\nfor': [52], "'deep'": [53], 'wells': [54], '(greater': [55], 'deep)': [59], 'were': [60], '1%': [61], 'and\r\n5%,': [62], 'respectively.': [63], 'Since': [64], 'it': [65], 'is': [66, 128, 185, 225, 239, 250, 287, 339], 'believed': [67, 102], 'there': [69, 160, 286], 'are': [70, 88, 161, 355], 'a': [71, 121, 129, 181, 190, 303, 312], 'total': [72], 'of\r\nsome': [73], '6-11': [74], 'million': [75, 100, 118], 'tubewells': [76], 'Bangladesh,': [78], 'mostly\r\nexploiting': [79], 'depth': [81], 'range': [82, 313], '10-50': [83], 'm,': [84], 'some': [85], '1.5-2.5': [86], 'million\r\nwells': [87], 'estimated': [89], 'to': [90, 95, 103, 106, 120, 187, 227, 231, 242, 261, 315], 'be': [91, 104, 194, 232, 309], 'contaminated': [92], 'with': [93, 283, 392], 'arsenic\r\naccording': [94], 'Bangladesh': [97], 'standard.': [98], '35': [99], 'people\r\nare': [101], 'exposed': [105], 'an': [107], 'concentration': [109, 122], 'in\r\ndrinking': [110], 'exceeding': [112, 123], '50': [113], 'L-I': [115], 'and': [116, 146, 152, 205, 276, 358, 379, 385, 399], '57': [117], 'people\r\nexposed': [119], '-I.\r\nThere': [127], 'distinct': [130], 'regional': [131], 'pattern': [132, 375], 'contamination\r\nwith': [135], 'greatest': [137, 342], 'contamination': [138, 149], 'south': [141], 'and\r\nsouth-east': [142], 'country': [145], 'least': [148], 'in\r\nthe': [150], 'north-west': [151], 'uplifted': [155], 'areas': [156, 323], 'north-central\r\nBangladesh.': [158], 'However,': [159], 'occasional': [162], "'hot\r\nspots'": [164], 'generally': [167], 'low-arsenic': [168], 'regions': [169], 'northern\r\n_Bangladesh.': [171], 'In': [172, 320], 'arsenic-contaminated': [173], 'areas,': [174], 'large\r\ndegree': [176], 'well-to-well': [178], 'variation': [179], 'within': [180, 301], 'village': [182], 'means': [183], 'that\r\nit': [184], "diffic'ult": [186], 'predict': [188], 'whether': [189], 'given': [191], 'will': [193], 'contaminated\r\nfrom': [195], 'tests': [196], 'carried': [197], 'out': [198], 'on': [199], 'neighbouring': [200], 'wells.\r\nThe': [201], 'young': [202], '(Holocene)': [203], 'alluvial': [204], 'deltaic': [206], 'deposits': [207], 'are\r\n__': [208], 'm8-s_caffe_c.ted_whereas_the': [209], 'older': [210], 'alluvial_sediments': [211], "the\r\n,I\r\ntion'": [213], 'hypothesis': [214], 'which': [216], 'pyrite': [217], 'oxidation': [218], 'zone': [221], 'of\r\nwater': [222], 'table': [223, 259], 'fluctuation': [224], 'assumed': [226], 'release': [228], 'and\r\nultimately': [230], 'responsible': [233], 'groundwater': [236, 247], 'arsenic\r\nproblem.': [237], 'There': [238], 'no': [240, 290], 'evidence': [241], 'support': [243], 'proposition\r\nthat': [245], 'problem': [249, 343, 381], 'caused': [251], 'by': [252], 'the\r\nrecent': [253], 'seasonal': [254, 293], 'drawdown': [255], 'due': [260], 'a\r\nrecent': [262], 'increase': [263], 'irrigation': [265], 'abstraction.\r\nMonitoring': [266], 'groundwaters': [268, 363], 'at': [269, 277, 311], 'two-weekly': [270], 'intervals': [271], 'at\r\na': [272], 'number': [273], 'sites,': [275], 'different': [278, 384], 'depths,': [279], 'shown': [281], 'some\r\nvariation': [282], 'time': [284], 'but': [285], 'as': [288], 'yet': [289], 'convincing': [291], 'evidence\r\nfor': [292], 'changes.': [294, 319], 'Dramatic': [295], 'changes': [296], 'contamination\r\nare': [298], 'not': [299], 'expected': [300], 'such': [302], 'short': [304], 'timescale.': [305], 'A\r\nmonitoring': [306], 'programme': [307], 'should': [308], 'undertaken': [310], 'of\r\nsites': [314], 'monitor': [316], 'possible': [317], 'long-term': [318], 'three\r\ncontaminated': [322], 'studied': [324], 'most': [326, 331], 'detail,': [327], 'concentration\r\nincreases': [330], 'rapidly': [332], 'between': [333], '10-20': [334], 'below\r\nground': [336], 'level.\r\n\\Vhile': [337], 'single': [341], 'Bangladesh\r\ngroundwaters,': [345], 'other': [346], 'elements': [347], 'concern': [349], 'a\r\nhealth': [351], 'point': [352], 'view,': [354], 'manganese,': [356], 'boron': [357], 'uranium.\r\nSome': [359], '35%': [360], 'sampled': [364], 'the\r\nWHO': [366], 'manganese': [370, 380], '(0.5': [371], 'mg': [372], 'L-I).': [373], 'The\r\nspatial': [374], 'areas\r\nwas': [382], 'significantly': [383], 'only': [386], '33%': [387], 'shallow': [389], 'well\r\nwaters': [390], 'complied': [391], 'values': [396], 'both\r\narsenic': [398], 'manganese.': [400]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1508658463', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 32}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 33}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 30}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 34}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 34}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 40}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 57}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 53}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 50}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 55}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-12T12:41:31.311386', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}